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{{short description|Secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages}}{{redirect|Lip rounding|the lip rounding of vowels|Roundedness}}{{about|labial rounding|internal rounding|sulcalization}}

factoids

factoids

{{Sound change}}Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded.The most common labialized consonants are labialized velars. Most other labialized sounds also have simultaneous velarization, and the process may then be more precisely called labio-velarization. The “labialization” of bilabial consonants often refers to protrusion instead of a secondary articulatory feature velarization. [pÊ·] doesn’t mean [pË ] although [w] refers to a labial–velar approximant. In phonology, labialization may also refer to a type of assimilation process.

Occurrence

Labialization is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world’s languages. It is phonemically contrastive in Northwest Caucasian (e.g. Adyghe), Athabaskan, and Salishan language families, among others. This contrast is reconstructed also for Proto-Indo-European, the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages; and it survives in Latin and some Romance languages. It is also found in the Cushitic and Ethio-Semitic languages.American English labializes {{IPA|/r, ʃ, Ê’, tʃ, dÊ’/}} to various degrees.A few languages, including Arrernte and Mba, have contrastive labialized forms for almost all of their consonants.In many Salishan languages, such as Klallam, velar consonants only occur in their labialized forms (except /k/, which occurs in some loanwords). However, uvular consonants occur abundantly labialized and unrounded.

Types

factoids

Out of 706 language inventories surveyed by {{Harvcoltxt|Ruhlen|1976}}, labialization occurred most often with velar (42%) and uvular (15%) segments and least often with dental and alveolar segments. With non-dorsal consonants, labialization may include velarization as well. Labialization is not restricted to lip-rounding. The following articulations have either been described as labialization or been found as allophonic realizations of prototypical labialization:

• Labiodental frication, found in AbkhazBOOK,books.google.com/books?id=ApzO7A7-xcUC&q=abkhaz+labialized, Annual Review of Anthropology, 1977, 9780824319069, Siegel, Bernard J., Annual Reviews Incorporated,
• Complete bilabial closure, {{IPA|[dÍ¡b, tÍ¡p, tÍ¡pʼ]}}, found in Abkhaz and Ubykh
• “Labialization” ({{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/É¡Ê·/}}, and {{IPA|/kÊ·/}}) without noticeable rounding (protrusion) of the lips, found in the Iroquoian languages{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}. It may be that they are compressed.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
• Rounding without velarization, found in Shona{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} and in the Bzyb dialect of Abkhaz.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

Eastern Arrernte has labialization at all places and manners of articulation; this derives historically from adjacent rounded vowels, as is also the case of the Northwest Caucasian languages. Marshallese also has phonemic labialization as a secondary articulation at all places of articulation except for labial consonants and coronal obstruents.In North America, languages from a number of families have sounds that sound labialized (and vowels that sound rounded) without the participation of the lips. See Tillamook language for an example.

Prelabialization

In Slovene, sounds can be prelabialized. Furthermore, the change is phonemic and all phonemes have prelabialized pairs (though not all of their allophones can have pairs). Compare {{Wikt-lang|sl|stati}} ‘stand’ {{IPA|[ˈs̪t̪àːt̪í]}} and {{Wikt-lang|sl|vstati}} ‘stand up’ {{IPA|[ˈʷs̪t̪àːt̪í]}}. The prelabialization part, however, is usually not considered as being part of the same phoneme as prelabialized sound, but rather as an allophone of {{IPA|/Ê‹/}} as it changes depending on the environment, e. g. {{Wikt-lang|sl|vzeti}} ‘take’ {{IPA|[ˈʷz̪èːt̪í]}} and {{Wikt-lang|sl|povzeti}} ‘summarize’ {{IPA|[pou̯ˈz̪èːt̪í]}}.{{citation |last=Jurgec |first=Peter |title=NovejÅ¡e besedje s stališča fonologije Primer slovenščine |page=95 |year=2007 |location=Tromsø |language=sl}} See Slovene phonology for more details.

Transcription

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, labialization of velar consonants is indicated with a raised w modifier {{IPA|[Ê·]}} (Unicode U+02B7), as in {{IPA|/kÊ·/}}. (Elsewhere this diacritic generally indicates simultaneous labialization and velarization.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}) There are also diacritics, respectively {{IPA|[ɔ̹], [ɔ̜]}}, to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding.As a mnemonic, the more-rounded diacritics resemble the rounded vowel {{angbr IPA|É”}}. These are normally used with vowels but may occur with consonants. For example, in the Athabaskan language Hupa, voiceless velar fricatives distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either {{IPA|/x/, /x̹/, /xÊ·/}} or {{IPA|/x/, /x̜ʷ/, /xÊ·/}}.The extensions to the IPA has two additional symbols for degrees of rounding: Spread {{IPA|[ɹ͍]}} and open-rounded {{IPA|[ʒꟹ]}} (as in English). It also has a symbol for labiodentalized sounds, {{IPA|[tᶹ]}}.BOOK, International Phonetic Association, 1999, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, 190, 978-0-52163751-0, If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: {{IPA|[táµ›]}}, {{IPA|[tᵝ]}}, {{IPA|[tÊ™]}}, {{IPA|[táµ–]}}.For simple labialization, {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}} resurrected an old IPA symbol, {{IPA|[ Ì«]}},This is not a subscript w but originally a subscript omega that “recalls the letter w” (Jespersen & Pedersen, 1926, Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration: Proposals of the Copenhagen Conference, April 1925. Oxford University Press). which would be placed above a letter with a descender such as {{IPA|É¡}}. However, their chief example is Shona sv and zv, which they transcribe {{IPA|/sÌ«/}} and {{IPA|/zÌ«/}} but which actually seem to be whistled sibilants, without necessarily being labialized.See weblink. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516193747www.cefala.org/issp2006/cdrom/articles/shosted.pdf|date=May 16, 2008}} Another possibility is to use the IPA diacritic for rounding, distinguishing for example the labialization in English soon {{IPA|[s̹]}} and {{IPA|[sÊ·]}} swoon.John Esling (2010) “Phonetic Notation”, in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed. The open rounding of English {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is also unvelarized.

Assimilation

Labialization also refers to a specific type of assimilatory process where a given sound become labialized due to the influence of neighboring labial sounds. For example, {{IPA|/k/}} may become {{IPA|/kÊ·/}} in the environment of {{IPA|/o/}}, or {{IPA|/a/}} may become {{IPA|/o/}} in the environment of {{IPA|/p/}} or {{IPA|/kÊ·/}}.In the Northwest Caucasian languages as well as some Australian languages rounding has shifted from the vowels to the consonants, producing a wide range of labialized consonants and leaving in some cases only two phonemic vowels. This appears to have been the case in Ubykh and Eastern Arrernte, for example. The labial vowel sounds usually still remain, but only as allophones next to the now-labial consonant sounds.

Examples{| class“wikitable“|+

! colspan =“2” | type! width=“28%” | Phone!IPA! Languages

Stops	plain| protruded voiceless bilabial stop	Labialized voiceless bilabial plosive.ogg	help=no}}| Chaha, Paha

| protruded voiced bilabial stop

Labialized voiced bilabial plosive.ogg	help=no}}	Mayo language>Mayo, Yaqui

| labzd voiceless alveolar stop

Labialized voiceless alveolar plosive.ogg	help=no}}	Archi language>Archi, Abkhaz language	, Lao language>Lao, Paha language	, Ubykh language>Ubykh

| labzd voiced alveolar stop

Labialized voiced alveolar plosive.ogg	help=no}}| Archi, Abkhaz, Ubykh

| labzd voiceless velar stop

Labialized voiceless velar plosive.ogg

help=no}}

Abaza language>Abaza, Abkhaz language

, Adyghe language>Adyghe, Halkomelem, Kabardian language

, Taos, Chipewyan, Hadza, Gwichʼin, Tlingit, Akan language>Akan, Nez Perce, Archi, Cantonese, Wariʼ, Chaha language

, Dahalo language>Dahalo, Hausa language

, Igala language>Igala, Igbo language

, Italian language>Italian, Lao, Latin phonology

, Nahuatl, Nawat language>Nawat, Okinawan language

, Ossetian language>Ossetic, Paha, Portuguese phonology

, Thai language>Thai, Tigrinya language

, Hiw language>Hiw, Ubykh, Slavey language

, Breton language>Breton

| labzd voiced velar stop

Labialized voiced velar plosive.ogg	help=no}}	Abaza language>Abaza, Abkhaz language	, Adyghe, Akan, Archi, Chaha, Dahalo, Hausa, Okinawan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Hadza, Igala, Igbo, Gwichʼin, Kabardian, Paha, Portuguese, Tigrinya, Ubykh, Breton language>Breton, Yoruba

| labzd voiceless uvular stop

Labialized voiceless uvular plosive.ogg	help=no}}	Abaza language>Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Kabardian, Ossetic, Paha, Tlingit, Nez Perce, Ubykh

| labzd pharyngealized voiceless uvular stop

[qˤʷ]}}	Archi language>Archi, Ubykh

| labzd voiced uvular stop

Labialized voiced uvular plosive.ogg	help=no}}	Oowekyala language>Oowekyala, Kwak’wala, Tsakhur

| labzd glottal stop

Labialized glottal stop.ogg	help=no}}| Adyghe, Kabardian, Lao, Tlingit

Prenasalized consonant>prenasalized voiced bilabial plosive	[ᵐbʷ]}}	Tamambo language>Tamambo

Labial–velar	Voiceless labial–velar stop#Rounded variant>voiceless labio–velar stop	[k͡pʷ]}}	Dorig language>Dorig, Mwotlap

Prenasalized consonant>prenasalized voiced labial–velar stop	[ᵑɡ͡bʷ]}}	Volow language>Volow

Affricates	sibilant| labzd voiceless alveolar affricate	Labialized voiceless alveolar affricate.ogg	help=no}}	Adyghe language>Adyghe, Archi, Lezgian, Tsakhur

| labzd voiced alveolar affricate

Labialized voiced alveolar affricate.ogg	help=no}}	Adyghe language>Adyghe, Dahalo

| labzd voiceless palato-alveolar affricate

Labialized voiceless palato-alveolar affricate.ogg	help=no}}| Archi, Abaza, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, German

| labzd voiced palato-alveolar affricate

Labialized voiced palato-alveolar affricate.ogg	help=no}}| Abaza, Aghul, Tsakhur, German

| labzd voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate

[t͡ɕʷ]}}| Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh

| labzd voiced alveolo-palatal affricate

[d͡ʑʷ]}}| Abkhaz, Akan, Ubykh

non-sibilant| labzd voiceless velar affricate	Labialized voiceless velar affricate.ogg	help=no}}	Navajo language>Navajo

| labzd voiceless uvular affricate

Labialized voiceless uvular affricate.ogg	help=no}}	Kabardian language>Kabardian, Lillooet

Lateral affricate>lateral| labzd voiceless velar lateral affricate	Labialized voiceless velar lateral affricate.ogg	help=no}}| Archi

Fricatives	sibilant	Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant>voiceless alveolar sibilant	Labialized voiceless alveolar sibilant1.ogg	help=no}}| Archi, Lao, Lezgian

Voiced alveolar fricative#voiced alveolar sibilant>voiced alveolar sibilant	Labialized voiced alveolar sibilant.ogg	help=no}}| Archi, Tsakhur, Lezgian

| labzd voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant

Labialized voiceless alveolar sibilant.ogg	help=no}}| Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Paha, Aghul, Ubykh

| labzd voiced palato-alveolar sibilant

Labialized voiced palato-alveolar sibilant.ogg	help=no}}| Archi, Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Aghul, Ubykh

| labzd voiceless retroflex sibilant

Labialized voiceless retroflex sibilant.ogg	help=no}}	Bzhedug Adyghe dialect>Bzhedug

| labzd voiced retroflex sibilant

Labialized voiced retroflex sibilant.ogg	help=no}}	Bzhedug Adyghe dialect>Bzhedug

| labzd voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant

Labialized voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant.ogg	help=no}}| Abkhaz, Ubykh

| labzd voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant

Labialized voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant.ogg	help=no}}| Abkhaz, Ubykh

non-sibilant| protruded voiceless bilabial fricative	[ɸʷ]}}| Okinawan|

| protruded voiced bilabial fricative

[βʷ]}}	Tamambo language>Tamambo

voiceless labiodental fricative{{Explain>date=December 2023}}	Labialized voiceless dental fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Hadza, Chaha

voiced labiodental fricative{{Explain>date=December 2023}}	Labialized voiced dental fricative.ogg	help=no}}|

| labzd voiceless dental fricative

Labialized voiceless labiodental fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Paha

| labzd voiced dental fricative

Labialized voiced labiodental fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Paha

| labzd voiceless palatal fricative

Labialized voiceless palatal fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Akan

| labzd voiceless velar fricative

Labialized voiceless velar fricative.ogg	help=no}}	Avestan language>Avestan, Chaha, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Oowekyala, Taos, Navajo, Tigrinya, Lillooet, Tlingit

| labzd voiced velar fricative

Labialized voiced velar fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Abaza, Navajo, Lillooet, Gwichʼin, possibly Proto-Indo-European

| labzd voiceless uvular fricative

Labialized voiceless uvular fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Abkhaz, Adyghe, Archi, Halkomelem, Kabardian, Lillooet, Tlingit, Wariʼ, Chipewyan, Oowekyala, Ossetic, Ubykh

| labzd pharyngealized voiceless uvular fricative

[χˤʷ]}}| Abkhaz, Archi, Ubykh

| labzd voiced uvular fricative

Labialized voiced uvular fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Abkhaz, Adyghe, Chipewyan, Kabardian, Ubykh

| labzd pharyngealized voiced uvular fricative

[ʁˤʷ]}}| Archi, Ubykh

| labzd voiceless pharyngeal fricative

Labialized voiceless pharyngeal fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Abaza, Abkhaz

| labzd voiced pharyngeal fricative

Labialized voiced pharyngeal fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Abaza, Lillooet

| Pseudo-fricatives| labzd voiceless glottal fricative

Labialized voiceless glottal fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Akan, Tlingit, Tsakhur

Lateral fricatives | labzd voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	Labialized voiceless alveolar lateral fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Dahalo

| labzd voiceless velar lateral fricative

Labialized voiceless velar lateral fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Archi

Nasals| protruded bilabial nasal		Labialized bilabial nasal.ogg	help=no}}	Adyghe language>Adyghe, Chaha language	, Paha language>Paha, Tamambo

| labzd palatal nasal

[ɲʷ]}}| Akan

| labzd velar nasal

[Å‹Ê·]}}	Hiw language>Hiw, Igala

| protruded labial-velar nasal

[Å‹Í¡mÊ·]}}	Dorig language>Dorig, Mwotlap

Approximants| labzd alveolar lateral approximant	Labialized alveolar lateral approximant.ogg	help=no}}| Lao

labiodental approximant{{explain>date=December 2023}}	[Ê‹Ê·]}}	Yanushevskaya	2015|p=223}}

| labialized palatal approximant

[É¥]}} {{audio-IPA	[jÊ·]|help=no}}	French language>French, Mandarin, Paha

| Labio-velar approximant (voiced)

[ɰᵝ]}}| in Japanese

|Protruded labio-velar approximant (voiced)

[É°Ê·]}}	Arabic language>Arabic, English language	, Korean language>Korean, Vietnamese

| Voiceless labio-velar approximant

[ʍ]}}| certain dialects of English

| nasal labialized velar approximant

[w̃]}}| Polish, Portuguese

| labzd postalveolar approximant

[ɹ̠ʷ]}}	English phonology>many dialects of English

Ejectives| protruded bilabial ejective		labialized bilabial ejective.ogg	help=no}}	Adyghe language>Adyghe

| labzd alveolar ejective

labialized alveolar ejective.ogg	help=no}}	Abkhaz language>Abkhaz, Adyghe, Ubykh

| labzd velar ejective

labialized velar ejective.ogg	help=no}}	Abaza language>Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe language	, Archi, Slavey language>Bearlake Slavey, Chipewyan, Halkomelem, Kabardian language	, Ossetic, Tlingit language>Tlingit, Ubykh

| labzd palato-alveolar ejective fricative

labialized palato-alveolar ejective fricative.ogg	help=no}}| Adyghe

| labzd uvular ejective

labialized uvular ejective.ogg	help=no}}	Halkomelem, Hakuchi Adyghe dialect>Hakuchi, Tlingit, Ubykh

| labzd pharyngealized uvular ejective

[qˤʷʼ]}}	Archi language>Archi, Ubykh

| labzd alveolar ejective affricate

[t͡sʷʼ]}}| Archi, Khwarshi

| labzd alveolar lateral ejective affricate

[t͡ɬʷʼ]}}| Khwarshi

| labzd palato-alveolar ejective affricate

[t͡ʃʷʼ]}}| Abaza, Archi, Khwarshi

| labzd alveolo-palatal ejective affricate

[t͡ɕʷʼ]}}| Abkhaz, Ubykh

| labzd retroflex ejective affricate

[ʈ͡ʂʷʼ]}}| allophonic in Adyghe

| labzd velar lateral ejective affricate

[k͡ʟ̝̊ʷʼ]}}| Archi

| labzd velar ejective fricative

[xʷʼ]}}	Tlingit language>Tlingit

| labzd uvular ejective fricative

[χʷʼ]}}	Tlingit language>Tlingit

See also

• Labio-palatalization (◌ᶣ)

References

{{reflist}}

Bibliography

• BOOK, Crowley, Terry, 1997, An Introduction to Historical Linguistics, 3rd, Oxford University Press,
• {{SOWL}}
• BOOK, Ruhlen, Merritt, Merritt Ruhlen, 1976, A Guide to the Languages of the World, Stanford University Press

,

• JOURNAL, Yanushevskaya, Irena, Bunčić, Daniel, 2015, Russian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45, 2, 221–228, 10.1017/S0025100314000395, free

, {{articulation navbox}}{{IPA navigation}}