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{{Short description|Beverage containing stimulants}}{{weasel|date=September 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}

factoids

An energy drink is a type of drink containing stimulant compounds, usually caffeine, which is marketed as providing mental and physical stimulation (marketed as “energy”, but distinct from food energy). They may or may not be carbonated and may also contain sugar, other sweeteners, or herbal extracts, among numerous other possible ingredients. They are a subset of the larger group of energy products, which includes bars and gels, and distinct from sports drinks, which are advertised to enhance sports performance. There are many brands and varieties in this drink category.WEB, Miyeong, Han, 19 February 2012, Energy drink, does it really work?,m.health.chosun.com/svc/news_view.html?contid=2012021701936, 2023-03-23, Health Chosun News, WEB, Haesoo, Lee, 11 November 2014, The four main ingredients of energy drinks,www.g-enews.com/article/Global-Biz/2014/11/201411111927520123585_1, 2023-03-23, Global Economic, Energy drinks have the effects of caffeine and sugar, but there is little or no evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients have any effect.JOURNAL, McLellan TM, Lieberman HR, Do energy drinks contain active components other than caffeine?, Nutr Rev, 2012, 70, 12, 730–44, 23206286, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00525.x, free, Most effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine.JOURNAL, 18470842, vanc, 2008, Van Den Eynde, F, Van Baelen, PC, Portzky, M, Audenaert, K, The effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, 50, 5, 273–81, Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie, Other studies ascribe those performance improvements to the effects of the combined ingredients.JOURNAL, The effects of red bull energy drink on human performance and mood, Amino Acids, 1 January 2001, 11665810, 139–150, 21, 2, C., Alford, H., Cox, R., Wescott, 10.1007/s007260170021, 25358429,eprints.uwe.ac.uk/96/, Advertising for energy drinks usually features increased muscle strength and endurance, but there is no scientific consensus to support these claims.JOURNAL, Mora-Rodriguez R, Pallarés JG, Performance outcomes and unwanted side effects associated with energy drinks., Nutr Rev, 2014, 72, Suppl 1, 108–20, 25293550, 10.1111/nure.12132, Energy drinks have been associated with many health risks, such as an increased rate of injury when usage is combined with alcohol, and excessive or repeated consumption can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions. Populations at risk for complications from energy drink consumption include youth, caffeine-naïve or caffeine-sensitive, pregnant, competitive athletes and people with underlying cardiovascular disease.JOURNAL, Higgins, John, Yarlagadda, Santi, Yang, Benjamin, Higgins, John P., Yarlagadda, Santi, Yang, Benjamin, June 2015, Cardiovascular Complications of Energy Drinks, Beverages, en, 1, 2, 104–126, 10.3390/beverages1020104, free,

Ingredients and uses

Energy drinks are usually marketed to young people and provide the health effects of caffeine.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/health/scant-proof-is-found-to-back-up-claims-by-energy-drinks.html, Energy Drinks Promise Edge, but Experts Say Proof Is Scant, Barry, Meier, The New York Times, 1 January 2013, New York City, 0362-4331, 26 September 2014,www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/health/scant-proof-is-found-to-back-up-claims-by-energy-drinks.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20150412021719www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/health/scant-proof-is-found-to-back-up-claims-by-energy-drinks.html,">web.archive.org/web/20150412021719www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/health/scant-proof-is-found-to-back-up-claims-by-energy-drinks.html, 12 April 2015, live, Health experts agree that energy drinks which contain caffeine do improve alertness.There is no reliable evidence that other ingredients in energy drinks provide further benefits, even though the drinks are frequently advertised in a way that suggests they have unique benefits.JOURNAL, EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims from Energy Drinks, EFSA Journal, 2011, 9, 4, 2035 [19 pp.], 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2035,www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2035, 26 September 2014,www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2035," title="web.archive.org/web/20150919191338www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2035,">web.archive.org/web/20150919191338www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2035, 19 September 2015, live, free, The dietary supplements in energy drinks may be purported to supply benefits, such as for vitamin B12,JOURNAL, Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims, EFSA Journal, 8, 10, 1756,www.efsa.europa.eu, 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1756, 2010, 26 September 2014,www.efsa.europa.eu/," title="web.archive.org/web/20081113221159www.efsa.europa.eu/,">web.archive.org/web/20081113221159www.efsa.europa.eu/, 13 November 2008, live, dmy-all, free, but no claims of using supplements to enhance health in otherwise normal people have been verified scientifically. Marketing of energy drinks has been particularly directed towards teenagers, with manufacturers sponsoring or advertising at extreme sports events and music concerts, and targeting a youthful audience through social media channels.JOURNAL, Plamondon, Laurie, 2013, Energy Drinks: Threatening or Commonplace? An Update,www.inspq.qc.ca/pdf/publications/1669_BoissonsEnergisantes.pdf, TOPO, 6, 7, 1 December 2016,web.archive.org/web/20161202101322/https://www.inspq.qc.ca/pdf/publications/1669_BoissonsEnergisantes.pdf, 2 December 2016, live,

Effects

File:Redbull Bosnia.jpg|thumb|A can of Red BullRed BullFile:Power Horse Energy Drink336.jpg|thumb|A health warning on a can of the Austrian Power Horse energy drink|alt=A health warning on a can of the Austrian Power Horse energy drink: “Consumption of more than two cans in a day may be harmful to your health. Not to be used for pregnant women, breast feeders, children under the age of 16, people with heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, allergy to caffeine, and athletes during exercise.”]]Energy drinks have the effects caffeine and sugar provide, but there is little or no evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients have any effect. Most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine. Advertising for energy drinks usually features increased muscle strength and endurance, but there is little evidence to support this in the scientific literature.According to the Mayo Clinic, it is safe for the typical healthy adult to consume a total of 400 mg of caffeine a day. This has been confirmed by a panel of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which also concludes that a caffeine intake of up to 400 mg per day does not raise safety concerns for adults. According to the EFSA this is equivalent to 4 cups of coffee (90 mg each) or 2 1/2 standard cans (250 ml) of energy drink (160 mg each/80 mg per serving).WEB, Buss, Preszler, How much is too much?,www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678, mayoclinic.org, Mayo Clinic, 5 November 2014,www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678," title="web.archive.org/web/20141103162809www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678,">web.archive.org/web/20141103162809www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678, 3 November 2014, live, JOURNAL, Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine, EFSA Journal, May 2015, 13, 5, 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102, free, Adverse effects associated with caffeine consumption in amounts greater than 400 mg include nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, increased urination, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia), and dyspepsia. Caffeine dosage is not required to be on the product label for food in the United States, unlike drugs, but most (although not all) place the caffeine content of their drinks on the label anyway, and some advocates are urging the FDA to change this practice.Warning: Energy Drinks Contain Caffeine {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085824www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94973371 |date=7 May 2018 }} by Allison Aubrey. Morning Edition, National Public Radio, 24 September 2008.

Health problems

Excessive consumption of energy drinks can have serious health effects resulting from high caffeine and sugar intakes, particularly in children, teens, and young adults.JOURNAL, Al-Shaar, Laila, Vercammen, Kelsey, Lu, Chang, Richardson, Scott, Tamez, Martha, Mattei, Josiemer, Health Effects and Public Health Concerns of Energy Drink Consumption in the United States: A Mini-Review, Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 31 August 2017, 225, 2296-2565, 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00225, 28913331, 5583516, free, WEB,www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=what-about-energy-drinks-for-kids-1-3033, What About Energy Drinks for Kids?, 2019, Stanford Children’s Health, Stanford University, 12 September 2019, Excessive energy drink consumption may disrupt teens’ sleep patterns and may be associated with increased risk-taking behavior. Excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac problems, such as arrhythmias and heart attacks, and psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and phobias.JOURNAL, Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Cervellin G, Lippi G, Earnest CP, Energy drink overconsumption in adolescents: implications for arrhythmias and other cardiovascular events., Can J Cardiol, 2015, 31, 5, 572–5, 25818530, 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.12.019, 11268/3906, free, JOURNAL, Petit A, Karila L, Lejoyeux M, [Abuse of energy drinks: does it pose a risk?]., Presse Med, 2015, 44, 3, 261–70, 25622514, 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.07.029, The consumption of caffeinated energy drinks has been associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular health, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, which can pose risks for individuals with underlying heart conditions.JOURNAL, Reissig, Chad J., Strain, Eric C., Griffiths, Roland R., January 2009, Caffeinated energy drinks—A growing problem,doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 99, 1-3, 1–10, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001, 0376-8716, 2735818, 18809264, In Europe, energy drinks containing sugar and caffeine have been associated with the deaths of athletes.JOURNAL, Clauson KA, Shields KM, McQueen CE, Persad N, Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks., J Am Pharm Assoc, 2008, 48, 3, e55–63; quiz e64–7, 18595815, 10.1331/JAPhA.2008.07055, Reviews have noted that caffeine content was not the only factor, and that the cocktail of other ingredients in energy drinks made them more dangerous than drinks whose only stimulant was caffeine; the studies noted that more research and government regulation were needed.JOURNAL, Emily A. Fletcher, Carolyn S. Lacey, Melenie Aaron, Mark Kolasa, Andrew Occiano, Sachin A. Shah, Randomized Controlled Trial of High‐Volume Energy Drink Versus Caffeine Consumption on ECG and Hemodynamic Parameters, Journal of the American Heart Association, 6, 5, e004448, 10.1161/JAHA.116.004448, 28446495, 5524057, May 2017, The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children not consume caffeinated energy drinks.WEB, Kids Should Not Consume Energy Drinks, and Rarely Need Sports Drinks, Says AAP,www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/Kids-Should-Not-Consume-Energy-Drinks,-and-Rarely-Need-Sports-Drinks,-Says-AAP.aspx, American Academy of Pediatrics, 2 August 2019, 30 May 2011,

History

{{Original research|date=September 2023|reason=No clear distinction between how the term “energy drink” has been used vs today’s idea of what it means.}}Energy drinks were an active subset of the early soft drink industry; Pepsi, for instance, was originally marketed as an energy booster. Coca-Cola’s name was derived from its two active ingredients, both known stimulants: coca leaves and kola nuts (a source of caffeine). Fresh coca leaves were replaced by “spent” ones in 1904 because of concerns over the use of cocaine in food products; the federal lawsuit United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola and subsequent litigation pressured The Coca-Cola Company into reducing the amount of caffeine in its formula by 1916, though the Food and Drug Administration ultimately lost the case against the inanimate Coca-Cola barrels because it failed to demonstrate that the caffeine levels in the drink—78 mg per 8 fl oz, a level comparable to modern energy drinks, at the time of the lawsuit—was harmful as alleged.{{ussc|name=United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola|volume=241|page=265|pin=|year=1916}}. These developments brought an end to the first wave of energy drinks.{{citation |title= Government and public health in America| author= Ronald Hamowy |edition= illustrated |publisher= Edward Elgar Publishing |year= 2007| isbn= 978-1-84542-911-9 |pages= 140–141 |url=books.google.com/books?id=TSn0SVM3GRcC&q=143&pg=PA250 }}In the UK, Lucozade was originally introduced in 1927 by a Newcastle pharmacist, William Walker Hunter, as a hospital drink for “aiding the recovery;” in the early 1980s, it was promoted as a drink for “replenishing lost energy.“NEWS, We did it first,www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/business/news/10317055.We_did_it_first/, The Northern Echo, 1 September 2021, en, One of the first post-Forty Barrels energy drinks introduced in America was Dr. Enuf. Its origins date back to 1949, when a Chicago businessman named William Mark Swartz was urged by co-workers to formulate a soft drink fortified with vitamins as an alternative to sugar sodas full of empty calories. He developed an “energy booster” drink containing B vitamins, caffeine and cane sugar. After placing a notice in a trade magazine seeking a bottler, he formed a partnership with Charles Gordon of Tri-City Beverage to produce and distribute the soda.BOOK, Fred W. Sauceman, The Place Setting: Timeless Tastes of the Mountain South, from Bright Hope to Frog Level,books.google.com/books?id=rZGlCQY9qpMC&pg=PA89, 1 March 2009, Mercer University Press, 978-0-88146-140-4, 89–, Dr. Enuf is still being manufactured in Johnson City, Tennessee and sold sparsely throughout the nation.WEB, Saxena, Jaya, How Energy Drinks Through the Ages Have Gotten Humanity JACKED UP,pictorial.jezebel.com/how-energy-drinks-through-the-ages-have-gotten-humanity-1717102556, Pictorial, 21 July 2015, 13 September 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180128062142/https://pictorial.jezebel.com/how-energy-drinks-through-the-ages-have-gotten-humanity-1717102556, 28 January 2018, live, In Japan, the energy drink dates at least as far back as the early 1960s, with the launch of the Lipovitan brand. However, in Japan, most of the products of this kind bear little resemblance to soft drinks, and are sold instead in small brown glass medicine bottles, or cans styled to resemble such containers. These “eiyō dorinku” (literally, “nutritional drinks“) are marketed primarily to salarymen. Bacchus-F, a South Korean drink closely modeled after Lipovitan, also appeared in the early 1960s and targets a similar demographic.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}In 1985, Jolt Cola was introduced in the United States. Its marketing strategy centered on the drink’s caffeine content, billing it as a means to promote wakefulness. The drink’s initial slogan read: “All the sugar and twice the caffeine.“www.joltenergy.com/about.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20100326144613www.joltenergy.com/about.html">About Jolt Energy Drink. joltenergy.comIn 1995, PepsiCo launched Josta, the first energy drink introduced by a major US drink company (one that had interests outside energy drinks), but Pepsi discontinued the product in 1999.NEWS, PepsiCo to Stop Selling Josta Brand,articles.latimes.com/1999/mar/26/business/fi-21176, 13 September 2018, Los Angeles Times, 26 March 1999, Pepsi would later return to the energy drink market with the AMP brand.In Europe, energy drinks were pioneered by the Lisa company and a product named “Power Horse”, before Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur, introduced the Red Bull product, a worldwide bestseller in the 21st century. Mateschitz developed Red Bull based on the Thai drink Krating Daeng, itself based on Lipovitan. Red Bull became the dominant brand in the US after its introduction in 1997, with a market share of approximately 47% in 2005.WEB,www.forbes.com/global/2005/0328/028_print.html, Soda With Buzz, Forbes, Kerry A. Dolan, 28 March 2005,www.forbes.com/global/2005/0328/028_print.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121102225404www.forbes.com/global/2005/0328/028_print.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121102225404www.forbes.com/global/2005/0328/028_print.html, 2 November 2012, dead, In New Zealand and Australia, the leading energy drink product in those markets, V, was introduced by Frucor Beverages. The product now represents over 60% of market in New Zealand and Australia.WEB,www.frucor.co.nz/index.php/our_brands/v/, Our brands – V, Frucor, 24 May 2013,www.frucor.co.nz/index.php/our_brands/v/," title="web.archive.org/web/20130612062322www.frucor.co.nz/index.php/our_brands/v/,">web.archive.org/web/20130612062322www.frucor.co.nz/index.php/our_brands/v/, 12 June 2013, live, In 2002, Hansen Natural Company introduced the energy drink Monster Energy.WEB, April 2002, What’s Hot: Hansen Natural,www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_23/b3936409.htm, dead,www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_23/b3936409.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20120625182204www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_23/b3936409.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20120625182204www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_23/b3936409.htm, 25 June 2012, 4 November 2013, Hansen Natural Company changed their name to Monster Beverage Corporation after an agreement by shareholders to change the name after Monster Energy became the largest source of revenue.WEB, New Stock Ticker Press release,files.shareholder.com/downloads/HANS/1957154430x0x532109/ff719ad1-e705-4d72-8e2d-77a18209d622/HANS_News_2012_1_5_General_Releases.pdf, dead,files.shareholder.com/downloads/HANS/1957154430x0x532109/ff719ad1-e705-4d72-8e2d-77a18209d622/HANS_News_2012_1_5_General_Releases.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20180926125626files.shareholder.com/downloads/HANS/1957154430x0x532109/ff719ad1-e705-4d72-8e2d-77a18209d622/HANS_News_2012_1_5_General_Releases.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20180926125626files.shareholder.com/downloads/HANS/1957154430x0x532109/ff719ad1-e705-4d72-8e2d-77a18209d622/HANS_News_2012_1_5_General_Releases.pdf, 26 September 2018, 6 July 2012, The company’s previous beverages were taken ownership by the Coca-Cola Company.WEB, Coke Takes Ownership of Monster’s Non-Energy Business,www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/coke-takes-ownership-of-monsters-non-energy-business/, dead,web.archive.org/web/20210908050316/https://www.coca-colacompany.com/news/monsters-non-energy-business, 8 September 2021, 10 November 2021, The energy shot product, an offshoot of the energy drink, was launched in the US with products such as “5-Hour Energy,” which was first released onto the market in 2004. A consumer health analyst explained in a March 2014 media article: “Energy shots took off because of energy drinks. If you’re a white collar worker, you’re not necessarily willing to down a big Monster energy drink, but you may drink an energy shot.“NEWS, The American energy drink craze in two highly caffeinated charts,qz.com/192038/the-american-energy-drink-craze-in-two-highly-caffeinated-charts/#/h/56821,2/, 27 March 2014, Quartz, 26 March 2014, Roberto A. Ferdman,qz.com/192038/the-american-energy-drink-craze-in-two-highly-caffeinated-charts/#/h/56821,2/," title="web.archive.org/web/20140327001706qz.com/192038/the-american-energy-drink-craze-in-two-highly-caffeinated-charts/#/h/56821,2/,">web.archive.org/web/20140327001706qz.com/192038/the-american-energy-drink-craze-in-two-highly-caffeinated-charts/#/h/56821,2/, 27 March 2014, live, WEB, The Mystery Monk Making Billions With 5-Hour Energy,www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/02/08/manoj-bhargava-the-mystery-monk-making-billions-with-5-hour-energy/?_ga=1.88810011.160138298.1395234623, Forbes, Forbes LLC, 27 March 2014, O’Connor, Clare, 8 February 2012,www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/02/08/manoj-bhargava-the-mystery-monk-making-billions-with-5-hour-energy/?_ga=1.88810011.160138298.1395234623," title="web.archive.org/web/20150208224234www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/02/08/manoj-bhargava-the-mystery-monk-making-billions-with-5-hour-energy/?_ga=1.88810011.160138298.1395234623,">web.archive.org/web/20150208224234www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/02/08/manoj-bhargava-the-mystery-monk-making-billions-with-5-hour-energy/?_ga=1.88810011.160138298.1395234623, 8 February 2015, live, In 2007, energy drink powders and effervescent tablets were introduced, whereby either can be added to water to create an energy drink.WEB, Caffeine Experts at Johns Hopkins Call for Warning Labels for Energy Drinks - 09/24/2008,www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/Caffeine_Experts_at_Johns_Hopkins_Call_for_Warning_Labels_for_Energy_Drinks, 13 September 2018, en,web.archive.org/web/20180914061158/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/Caffeine_Experts_at_Johns_Hopkins_Call_for_Warning_Labels_for_Energy_Drinks, 14 September 2018, live, On 14 August 2012, the word “energy drink” was listed for the first time in the Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary.NEWS, Italie, Leanne, F-bomb makes it into mainstream dictionary,www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/13/f-bomb-makes-it-mainstream-dictionary/, The Washington Times, 15 August 2012,www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/13/f-bomb-makes-it-mainstream-dictionary/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120815100944www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/13/f-bomb-makes-it-mainstream-dictionary/,">web.archive.org/web/20120815100944www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/13/f-bomb-makes-it-mainstream-dictionary/, 15 August 2012, live,

Variants

By concentration

Energy shots

Energy shots are a specialized kind of energy drink. Whereas most energy drinks are sold in cans or bottles, energy shots are usually sold in smaller 50ml bottles.NEWS, Miller, Kevin,www.pressherald.com/2017/02/01/lawmakers-consider-bill-to-add-15-cent-deposit-for-miniature-alcohol-bottles/, As more ‘nips’ bottles litter Maine landscape, group calls for 15-cent deposit, Portland Press Herald, 1 February 2017, 23 October 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181023080206/https://www.pressherald.com/2017/02/01/lawmakers-consider-bill-to-add-15-cent-deposit-for-miniature-alcohol-bottles/, 23 October 2018, live, Energy shots can contain the same total amount of caffeine, vitamins or other functional ingredients as their larger versions, and may be considered concentrated forms of energy drinks. The marketing of energy shots generally focuses on their convenience and availability as a low-calorie “instant” energy drink that can be taken in one swallow (or “shot“), as opposed to energy drinks that encourage users to drink an entire can, which may contain 250 calories or more.WEB, Klineman, Jeffrey,www.bevnet.com/news/2008/4-30-2008-energy_shots.asp, “Little competition: energy shots aim for big” profits, Bevnet.com, 30 April 2008, 24 May 2013,www.bevnet.com/news/2008/4-30-2008-energy_shots.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20121114094513www.bevnet.com/news/2008/4-30-2008-energy_shots.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20121114094513www.bevnet.com/news/2008/4-30-2008-energy_shots.asp, 14 November 2012, live, A common energy shot is 5-hour Energy which contains B vitamins and caffeine in an amount similar to a cup of coffee.WEB, What’s In A 5-hour ENERGY Shot?,drinkywinks.com/5-hour-energy/, 5-hour ENERGY, 31 July 2019,

By ingredient

Caffeinated alcoholic drink

Energy drinks such as Red Bull are often used as mixers with alcoholic drinks, producing mixed drinks such as Vodka Red Bull which are similar to but stronger than rum and coke with respect to the amount of caffeine that they contain.JOURNAL, 21676002, vanc, 2011, Marczinski, CA, Fillmore, MT, Bardgett, ME, Howard, MA, Effects of energy drinks mixed with alcohol on behavioral control: Risks for college students consuming trendy cocktails, 35, 7, 1282–92, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01464.x, 3117195, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, Sometimes this is configured as a bomb shot, such as the Jägerbomb or the F-Bomb—Fireball Cinnamon Whisky and Red Bull.WEB,guycodeblog.mtv.com/2014/01/09/fireball-drink-recipes/, 5 Awesome Drinks You Can Make With Fireball Cinnamon Whisky, 9 January 2014, Peter, Hoare, Food & drinks, MTV, 17 June 2014,guycodeblog.mtv.com/2014/01/09/fireball-drink-recipes/," title="web.archive.org/web/20140714164609guycodeblog.mtv.com/2014/01/09/fireball-drink-recipes/,">web.archive.org/web/20140714164609guycodeblog.mtv.com/2014/01/09/fireball-drink-recipes/, 14 July 2014, live, Caffeinated alcoholic drinks are also sold in some countries in a wide variety of formulations. The American products Four Loko and Joose originally combined caffeine and alcohol before caffeinated alcoholic drinks were banned in the U.S. in 2010.WEB,www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/ucm190448.htm, List of Manufacturers of Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages, FDA, 3 November 2010, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 11 November 2010,web.archive.org/web/20101028225605/https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/ucm190448.htm, 28 October 2010, live, NEWS, A Mix Attractive to Students and Partygoers, Katie, Zezima, The New York Times, 26 October 2010,www.nytimes.com/2010/10/27/us/27drinkbox.html, 11 November 2010,www.nytimes.co" title="web.archive.org/web/20101027050231www.nytimes.co">web.archive.org/web/20101027050231www.nytimes.co2010127u27drinkbox.html, 27 October 2010, live, NEWS, Caffeine and Alcohol: Wham! Bam! Boozled., Frank, Bruni, The New York Times, 30 October 2010, https:www.nytimes.com/2010/10/31/weekinreview/31bruni.html, 11 November 2010,www.nytimes.co" title="web.archive.org/web/20101111073139www.nytimes.co">web.archive.org/web/20101111073139www.nytimes.co2010131weekinreview//31bruni.html, 11 November 2010, live,

Chemistry

File:Monster Energy drink supplement facts.jpg|thumb|right|A nutrition facts labelnutrition facts labelEnergy drinks generally contain methylxanthines (including caffeine), B vitamins, carbonated water, and high-fructose corn syrup or sugar (for non-diet versions). Other common ingredients are guarana, yerba mate, açaí, and taurine, plus various forms of ginseng, maltodextrin, inositol, carnitine, creatine, glucuronolactone, sucralose or ginkgo biloba.In the United States, the caffeine content of energy drinks is in the range of 40 to 250 mg per 8 fluid ounce (237 ml) serving.WEB, Spilling the beans: How much caffeine is too much?,www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much?source=govdelivery, US Food and Drug Administration, 2 August 2019, 12 December 2018, The FDA recommends that 400 mg per day is safe for adults, while 1200 mg per day can be toxic.

Demographics

Globally, energy drinks are typically attractive to youths and young adults.JOURNAL, Visram, Shelina, Crossley, Stephen J., Cheetham, Mandy, Lake, Amelia, Amelia Lake (academic), Children and young people’s perceptions of energy drinks: A qualitative study, PLOS ONE, 12, 11, e0188668, 31 May 2016, 29190753, 5708842, 10.1371/journal.pone.0188668, free,

Sales and trends

(File:Red Bull Energy Drink GMC Truck.jpg|thumb|right|A Red Bull distribution truck)In 2017, global energy drink sales were about 44 billion euros.JOURNAL, Energy Drink Sales Still on the Rise, Despite Slowdown in Innovation,www.nutritionaloutlook.com/sports-energy/energy-drink-sales-still-rise-despite-slowdown-innovation, Nutritional Outlook, May 2018 Issue, 1 August 2019, 28 June 2018, 21, 4, Insights, Innova Market, In 2017, manufacturers were modifying the composition of energy drinks for reduced or no sugar content and lower calories, caffeine content, “clean” labels to reflect the use of organic ingredients, exotic flavors, and ingredients that may affect mood.

Regulations

{{see also|Caffeine#Regulations}}Some countries have certain restrictions on the sale and manufacture of energy drinks. A ban was challenged in the European Court of Justice in 2004 and consequently lifted.WEB,www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/5753.php, French ban on Red Bull (drink) upheld by European Court, 8 February 2004, Medicalnewstoday.com, 7 May 2009,www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/5753.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20090505152915www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/5753.php,">web.archive.org/web/20090505152915www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/5753.php, 5 May 2009, live,

Australia and New Zealand

File:Prime 18+.jpg|thumb|Prime energy drinks being sold a store in Sydney. A sign posted informs that the store restricts the sale of the drink to those over the age of 18 (the age of majorityage of majorityIn Australia and New Zealand, energy drinks are regulated under the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code; limiting the caffeine content of ‘formulated caffeinated beverages’ (energy drinks) at 320 mg/L (9.46 mg/oz) and soft-drinks at 145 mg/L (4.29 mg/oz). Mandatory caffeine labeling is issued for all food products containing guarana in the country,WEB, Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code â€“ Standard 2.6.4 â€“ Formulated Caffeinated Beverages â€“ F2009C00814,www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2009C00814, comlaw.gov.au, Department of Health and Ageing (Australia), 3 November 2012, 13 August 2009,www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2009C00814," title="web.archive.org/web/20121213105450www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2009C00814,">web.archive.org/web/20121213105450www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2009C00814, 13 December 2012, live, and Australian energy drink labels warn consumers to drink no more than two cans per day.WEB,www.abc.net.au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/05/09/3471672.htm, Energy drinks pack more punch than you might expect, ABC, 9 May 2012, 3 September 2014, Pogson, Jenny,www.abc.net.au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/05/09/3471672.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20140901171425www.abc.net.au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/05/09/3471672.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20140901171425www.abc.net.au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/05/09/3471672.htm, 1 September 2014, live, dmy-all, Bridgetown in Western Australia became the first place in Australia to ban the sale of energy drinks to persons under 18 years for four months as of February 2023.WEB,amp.abc.net.au/article/101899830, WA town bans sale of energy drinks to under 18s to combat declining mental health - ABC News,

Colombia

In 2009 under the Ministry of Social Protection, Colombia prohibited the sale and commercialization of energy drinks to minors under the age of 14.RESOLUCION 4150 DE 2009 (octubre 30). Diario Oficial No. 47.522 de 3 de noviembre de 20 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403212741www.invima.gov.co/images/Resolucion%204150%20de%202009%20Bebidas%20energizantes.pdf |date=3 April 2016 }}. invima.gov.co

Latvia

In June 2016, Latvia banned the sale of energy drinks containing caffeine or stimulants like taurine and guarana to people under the age of 18.Latvia bans sales of energy drinks to under-18s {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315001133www.businessinsider.com/ap-latvia-bans-sales-of-energy-drinks-to-under-18s-2016-6 |date=15 March 2017 }}, Associated Press. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2017

Lithuania

In November 2014, Lithuania became the first country in the EU to ban the selling of energy drinks to anyone under the age of 18. The Baltic state placed the ban in reaction to research showing how popular energy drinks were among minors. According to the AFP reports roughly 10% of school-aged Lithuanians say they consume energy drinks at least once a week.NEWS,www.businessinsider.com/lithuania-bans-energy-drinks-for-minors-2014-11, A Country In Europe Bans Energy Drinks For Minors, Business Insider, 11 September 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180911152442/https://www.businessinsider.com/lithuania-bans-energy-drinks-for-minors-2014-11, 11 September 2018, live,

Norway

Norway did not allow Red Bull for a time, although this restriction has been relaxed. In May 2009, it became legal to sell in Norway. The Norwegian version has reduced levels of vitamin B6.Red Bull blir tillatt i Norge – NRK Norge – Oversikt over nyheter fra ulike deler av landet {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921103622www.nrk.no/nyheter/1.6576631 |date=21 September 2015 }}. Nrk.no (23 April 2009). Retrieved on 14 November 2016. The United Kingdom investigated the drink, but only issued a warning against its consumption by children and pregnant women.

Poland

Since 1 January 2024, energy drinks have been banned for individuals under the age of 18.WEB, Poland bans energy drinks for underaged - English Section - polskieradio.pl,polskieradio.pl/395/7789/artykul/3308615,poland-bans-energy-drinks-for-underaged, 2024-01-02, polskieradio.pl, pl-PL,

Russia

In November 2012, President Ramzan Kadyrov of Chechnya (Russian Federation) ordered his government to develop a bill banning the sale of energy drinks, arguing that as a form of “intoxicating drug”, such drinks were “unacceptable in a Muslim society”. Kadyrov cited reports of one death and 530 hospital admissions in 2012 due to “poisoning” from the consumption of such drinks. A similar view was expressed by Gennady Onishchenko, Chief Sanitary Inspector of Russia.NEWS,www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/kadyrov-vows-to-ban-energy-drinks/471749.html, Kadyrov Vows to Ban Energy Drinks, The Moscow Times, 21 November 2012, 24 November 2012,www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/kadyrov-vows-to-ban-energy-drinks/471749.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20131212015423www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/kadyrov-vows-to-ban-energy-drinks/471749.html,">web.archive.org/web/20131212015423www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/kadyrov-vows-to-ban-energy-drinks/471749.html, 12 December 2013, live, dmy-all,

United Kingdom

In 2009, a school in Hove, England requested that local shops refrain from selling energy drinks to students. Headteacher Falklanda Sanders added that “This was a preventative measure, as all research shows that consuming high-energy drinks can have a detrimental impact on the ability of young people to concentrate in class.” The school negotiated for their local branch of the Tesco supermarket to display posters asking students not to purchase the products.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/sussex/8295914.stm, Pupils facing energy drink ‘ban’, BBC News, 7 October 2009, 15 October 2009, Similar measures were taken by a school in Oxted, England, which banned students from consuming drinks and sent letters to parents.While not yet age-restricted by legislation, all major UK supermarkets have agreed to voluntarily stop the sale of energy drinks to under-16s.WEB, Ending the sale of energy drinks to children,www.gov.uk/government/consultations/ending-the-sale-of-energy-drinks-to-children, 19 April 2022, GOV.UK, en, The UK government plans to end the sale of energy drinks to under-16s in the future.WEB, Advancing our health: prevention in the 2020s – consultation document,www.gov.uk/government/consultations/advancing-our-health-prevention-in-the-2020s/advancing-our-health-prevention-in-the-2020s-consultation-document, 19 April 2022, GOV.UK, en, In January 2018, many United Kingdom supermarkets banned the sale of energy drinks containing more than 150 mg of caffeine per liter to people under 16 years old;NEWS,www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/mar/05/uk-supermarkets-ban-sales-energy-drinks-under-16s, UK supermarkets ban sales of energy drinks to under-16s, Smithers, Rebecca, The Guardian, 5 March 2018, 5 March 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180305072245/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/mar/05/uk-supermarkets-ban-sales-energy-drinks-under-16s, 5 March 2018, live, this was followed by the UK government announcing that it planned to ban all sales of energy drinks to minors in 2019.WEB,www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/drink/uk-government-to-ban-the-sale-of-energy-drinks-to-minors/news-story/0bd8c51c0f8cf6e22ead8b164d35849b, UK Government to ban the sale of energy drinks to minors, Deutrom, Rhian, Newton Dunn, Tom, 17 July 2019, ABC News (Australia), ABC News, 9 November 2021, However, in 2022 such plans were reported to have been scrapped by Health Secretary Sajid Javid.WEB,iea.org.uk/media/governments-u-turn-on-energy-drink-ban-is-welcome/, Government’s U-turn on energy drink ban is welcome, 27 June 2022, Institute of Economic Affairs, 19 October 2023,

United States

As of 2013 in the United States, some energy drinks, including Monster Energy and Rockstar Energy, were reported to be rebranding their products as drinks rather than as dietary supplements. As drinks they would be relieved of FDA reporting requirements with respect to deaths and injuries and can be purchased with food stamps, but must list ingredients on the can.NEWS, In a New Aisle, Energy Drinks Sidestep Some Rules,www.nytimes.com/2013/03/20/business/in-a-new-aisle-energy-drinks-sidestep-rules.html, 20 March 2013, The New York Times, 19 March 2013, Barry Meier,www.nytimes.com/2013/03/20/business/in-a-new-aisle-energy-drinks-sidestep-rules.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130320024100www.nytimes.com/2013/03/20/business/in-a-new-aisle-energy-drinks-sidestep-rules.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130320024100www.nytimes.com/2013/03/20/business/in-a-new-aisle-energy-drinks-sidestep-rules.html, 20 March 2013, live, Some places ban the sale of prepackaged caffeinated alcoholic drinks, which can be described as energy drinks containing alcohol. In response to these bans, the marketers can change the formula of their products.WEB, Four Loko Changing Its Formula,www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/FDA-Expected-to-Ban-Caffeinated-Alcoholic-Drinks--108665904.html, NBC Chicago, 12 July 2018, en,web.archive.org/web/20180712222515/https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/FDA-Expected-to-Ban-Caffeinated-Alcoholic-Drinks--108665904.html, 12 July 2018, live,

Uzbekistan

In January 2019, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev of Uzbekistan signed a law that imposes a number of restrictions on energy drinks. To protect the younger generation, a rule had been introduced prohibiting the sale of energy drinks to persons under the age of 18. Advertising of energy drinks was prohibited on television and radio from 7:00 to 22:00. It was also completely banned in printed publications intended primarily for children and adolescents, in medical, sports and educational institutions.WEB, Продажу и рекламу “энергетиков” ограничили,www.gazeta.uz/ru/2019/01/10/energy-drinks/, Gazeta.uz, 10 January 2019, 10 January 2019, ru,

India

In India, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) regulates the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and sale of energy drinks. Listed here are substances and the maximum amount of consumption in a single day as recommended by FSSAI. Taurine is limited to 2000mg/per day, D-glucuronic-Y-lactone is limited to 1200/per day, Inositol is limited to 100 mg/per day, and Pantothenic acid is limited to 10mg/per day.WEB, F. No. P.15025/93/2011-PFA/FSSAI,old.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Gazette_Notification_Caffe_Beverages_blue_tint_13_12_2016.pdf, 9 July 2017, 2 December 2016, FSSAI,old.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Gazette_Notification_Caffe_Beverages_blue_tint_13_12_2016.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20170709033145old.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Gazette_Notification_Caffe_Beverages_blue_tint_13_12_2016.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20170709033145old.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/Pdf/Gazette_Notification_Caffe_Beverages_blue_tint_13_12_2016.pdf,

See also

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• List of energy drinks
• Sport drink
• Elixir
• Soft drink
• Caffeinated alcoholic drinks

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References

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Further reading

• BOOK, Bagchi, D., Sustained Energy for Enhanced Human Functions and Activity, Elsevier Science, Chapter 26: Caffeine-Containing Energy Drinks/Shots: Safety, Efficacy and Controversy, 2017, 978-0-12-809332-0,books.google.com/books?id=5epGDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA423, 23 October 2018, 423–445,

External links

{{Commons|Energy drinks}}

• {{Curlie|Business/Food_and_Related_Products/Beverages/Sport_and_Energy/|Sport and Energy drinks}}

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