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{{short description|Dog breed originating in France}}

factoids

100-120kg|abbr=on}}2427cm|abbr=on}}2326cm|abbr=on}}| coat = Fine, short and soft to the touch| colour = All shades of fawn, from a dark red fawn to a light fawn. A rich coat color is considered desirable. Limited white patches are permissible on the chest and the extremities of the limbs| litter_size = Avg. 8 pups| life_span = 11.1 years| image = French Mastiff female 4.jpgBordeaux MastiffBordeauxdog}}| kc_name = Société Centrale Canine| kc_std =weblink| fcistd =weblink}}The Dogue de Bordeaux, also known as the Bordeaux Mastiff, French Mastiff or Bordeauxdog, is a large French mastiff breed. A typical brachycephalic mastiff breed, the Bordeaux is a very powerful dog, with a very muscular body.

History

(File:Dogue de Bordeaux BDL.jpg|thumb|Dogue de Bordeaux CH "Sans-Peur", 1900.)File:Dogue loup.JPG|thumb|Sculpture of a Dogue de Bordeaux in the act of wolf-baiting from the Muséum national d'histoire naturelleMuséum national d'histoire naturelleThe Dogue de Bordeaux was known in France as early as the 14th century, particularly in southern France in the region around Bordeaux. Hence, the city lent its name to this large dog. The breed was first exhibited in France in 1863 after which time it gained in popularity not only in their home country but in other parts of the world. The first record of the Dogue de Bordeaux in the UK can be seen in the Kennel Club Gazette in 1897.WEB,weblink The Kennel Club, 2016-11-26, The breed received championship status with the Kennel Club (UK) in 2016.WEB, Dogue de Bordeaux,weblink The Kennel Club, 23 February 2024, A uniform breed type of the Bordeaux dog did not exist before about 1920.WEB,weblink The history of the breed, Dogue de Bordeaux Club & Rescue, 20 April 2014, The history of the breed is believed to predate the Bullmastiff and the Bulldog.BOOK, Veterinary medical guide to dog and cat breeds, Bell, Jerold, CRC Press, Kathleen Cavanagh, Larry Tilley, Francis W. K. Smith, 2012, 9781482241419, Jackson, WY, 158, 878262855, It is said that the Dogue can be found in the background of the Bullmastiff, and others claim that the Dogue and mastiff breeds were both being accomplished at the same time. Another theory is the Dogue de Bordeaux originates from the Tibetan Mastiff and it is also said that the Dogue is related to the Greek Molossus used for war.BOOK, Simon & Schuster's guide to dogs, Gino., Pugnetti, 1980, Simon and Schuster, Schuler, Elizabeth Meriwether., 0671255266, New York, 57, 6200215, registration,weblink As there was a breed similar to the Dogue de Bordeaux in Rome at the time of Julius Caesar's reign, possibly a cousin of the Neapolitan Mastiff. Others suggest that the Dogue de Bordeaux is a descendant of a breed which existed in ancient France, the Dogues de Bordeaux of Aquitaine.

Breeding

{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2024}} (File:French Mastiff aka Dogue de Bordeaux 2.JPG|thumb|Dogue de Bordeaux)(File:Dogue de Bordeaux.jpg|thumb|Dogue de Bordeaux)In 1863, the first canine exhibition was held at the "Jardin d'Acclimatation" in Paris, France. The winner of the Dogue de Bordeaux was a female named Magentas. The Dogue de Bordeaux was then given the name of the capital of its region of origin, today's Dogue de Bordeaux.During the 1960s, a group of breeders of the Dogue de Bordeaux in France, headed by Raymond Triquet, worked on the rebuilding of the foundation of the breed. In 1970, a new standard was written for the breed, with the most recent update in 1995. This standard is the basis of the standard written for the AKC in 2005.Although the Dogue de Bordeaux first arrived in the USA in the 1890s for the show ring, the first documented Dogue de Bordeaux of modern times appeared in 1959 by the name of Fidelle de Fenelon. Between 1969 and 1980, imported Dogues de Bordeaux in the US were scarce, limited to a few breeders who worked closely with the French Dogue de Bordeaux Club, the SADB. The breed was first "officially" introduced to American purebred enthusiasts in an article written in 1982 by the American anthropologist Dr. Carl Semencic for Dog World magazine. When Semencic's first article on the breed was published, there were no Dogues de Bordeaux in the United States. There were 600 examples left in the world, mostly in France, the Netherlands and East Berlin, and the breed's numbers were on the decline. Much later, in 1989, the typical American family saw the Dogue de Bordeaux for the first time on the big screen in Touchstone's movie Turner & Hooch about a policeman and his canine partner.Since then, the Dogue de Bordeaux has taken hold in the United States and can be found in greatly increasing numbers across the country. The Dogue de Bordeaux has been supported by multiple breed clubs throughout the years, and has finally found its way to full American Kennel Club recognition through the assistance of the Dogue de Bordeaux Society of America. Since 1997, the society has helped bring the breed to the point in which full AKC recognition could be achieved.

Appearance

(File:Dogue de Bordeaux Welpe.jpg|thumb|Dogue de Bordeaux puppy)The Dogue de Bordeaux is a well balanced, muscular and massive dog with a powerful build. The distance from the deepest point of the chest to the ground is slightly less than the depth of the chest. A massive head with proper proportions and features is an important characteristic of the breed. The breed is set somewhat low to the ground and is not tall like the English Mastiff. The body of the Dogue de Bordeaux is thick-set, with a top-line that has a slight dip (topline is never completely straight) and a gentle rounded croup. The front legs should be straight and heavy-boned, well up on pasterns, down to tight cat-like feet. The straight tail, beginning thickly at the base and then tapering to a point at the end, should not reach lower than the hocks, and is set and carried low. The breed is to be presented in a completely natural condition with intact ears, tail, and natural dewclaws. It should be evaluated equally for correctness in conformation, temperament, movement, and overall structural soundness.WEB,weblink Dogue de Bordeaux Dog Breed Information, American Kennel Club, en, 2019-12-21,

Weight

The breed standards by European FCI and the AKC specify a minimum weight of {{convert|99|lb|kg|0}} for a female and {{convert|110|lb|kg|0}} for a male.WEB, Official Standard of the Dogue de Bordeaux, American Kennel Club, 9 October 2007,weblink 19 July 2015, There is no formally stated maximum weight, but dogs must be balanced with regard to their overall type and the conformation standards of the breed.

Height

The standard states that the desirable height, at maturity, should range between {{convert|24|and|27|in|cm}} for male dogs and from {{convert|23|to|26|in|cm}} for females. Deviation from these margins is considered a fault.

Head

File:Doguedebordeauxwystawa.jpg|thumbnail|Stenotic naresStenotic naresThe massive head is a crucial breed characteristic. The Dogue de Bordeaux is claimed to have the largest head in the canine world, in proportion to the rest of the body. For males, the circumference of the head, measured at the widest point of the skull, is roughly equal to the dog's height at the withers (shoulders). For females, the circumference may be slightly less. When viewed from the front or from above, the head of the Dogue forms a trapezoid shape with the longer top-line of the skull, and the shorter line of the underjaw, forming the parallel sides of the trapezoid. The jaw is undershot and powerful. The Dogue should always have a black or red mask that can be distinguished from the rest of the coat around and under the nose, including the lips and eye rims. The nose color in red-masked dogs should be brown, in black-masked dogs, it must be black. The muzzle should be at most a third of the total length of the head and no shorter than a quarter of the length of the head, the ideal being between the two extremes. The upper lip hangs thickly down over the lower jaw. The upper lips of the Dogue de Bordeaux hangs over the lower lips. The skin on the neck is loose, forming a noticeable dewlap, but should not resemble that of a Neapolitan Mastiff. Small pendant ears top the head, but should not be long and hound like.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

Coat

(File:Dogue de Bordeaux standing original.jpg|thumb|Dogue de Bordeaux standing proudly )The standard specifies the coat to be 'short, fine, and soft to the touch'. Color varies from shades of fawn (light, coppery red) to mahogany (dark, brownish red) with a black, brown, or red mask, although the red mask is true to the breed. White markings are permitted on the tips of the toes and on the chest, but white on any other part of the body is considered a fault, and a disqualifying one if the pigmentation goes beyond the neck.WEB, Dogues de Bordeaux,weblink 2022-02-26, www.orvis.com, en,

Temperament

Much like other mastiff breeds, Dogues de Bordeaux tend to have a strong personality and are very stubborn. This mixed with their natural strength makes strict training crucial starting at a young age. This includes proper socialization so they do not end up with potential aggression towards other dogs or strangers.WEB, 2014-08-08, Dogue de Bordeaux,weblink 2022-03-24, Vetwest Animal Hospitals, en, It is highly recommended that you do not let this dog become the leader of the family pack.

Health

(File:Bordeaux Dogge Emma 2.jpg|thumbnail|Female with black mask)(File:Dogue de Bordeaux Pup.jpg|thumb|A young Dogue de Bordeaux)(File:Sneeuw-witje.jpg|thumb|Dogue de Bordeaux in the snow)

Life expectancy

A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 11.1 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.JOURNAL, McMillan, Kirsten M., Bielby, Jon, Williams, Carys L., Upjohn, Melissa M., Casey, Rachel A., Christley, Robert M., Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death, Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 14, 1, 2024-02-01, 2045-2322, 10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w, 10834484,

Brachycephaly

The shortened snout and pushed in face of the Dogue de Bordeaux is known as brachycephaly.Knecht, C. D. (1979). Upper airway obstruction in brachycephalic dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 1, 25-31.JOURNAL, O’Neill, D. G., Pegram, C., Crocker, P., Brodbelt, D. C., Church, D. B., Packer, R. M. A., Unravelling the health status of brachycephalic dogs in the UK using multivariable analysis, Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 10, 1, 2020-10-14, 2045-2322, 10.1038/s41598-020-73088-y, 7560694, Brachycephaly results in deformation of the upper airway tract and leads to obstruction of breathing.JOURNAL, Hendricks, Joan C., Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Elsevier BV, 22, 5, 1992, 0195-5616, 10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0, 1145–1153, free, Effects of brachycephaly are stridor, stertorous breathing, emesis, skin fold dermatitis, brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome, exophthalmos, pharyngeal gag reflex, cyanosis, and laryngeal collapse.JOURNAL, TC, Amis, C, Kurpershoek, Pattern of breathing in brachycephalic dogs, American journal of veterinary research, Am J Vet Res, 47, 10, 0002-9645, 3777646,weblink 2024-02-06, JOURNAL, Hendricks, J. C., Kline, L. R., Kovalski, R. J., O'Brien, J. A., Morrison, A. R., Pack, A. I., The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing, Journal of Applied Physiology, American Physiological Society, 63, 4, 1987-10-01, 8750-7587, 10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1344, 1344–1350, JOURNAL, Hendricks, Joan C., Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome, Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Elsevier BV, 22, 5, 1992, 0195-5616, 10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0, 1145–1153, free, JOURNAL, Meola, Stacy D., Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome, Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Elsevier BV, 28, 3, 2013, 1938-9736, 10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.004, 91–96, WEB,weblink Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex), Lundgrun, Becky, 26 June 2006, VeterinaryPartner.com, 26 December 2009, JOURNAL, Sebbag, Lionel, Sanchez, Rick F., The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome, Veterinary Ophthalmology, 26, S1, 2023, 1463-5216, 10.1111/vop.13054, 31–46, free, JOURNAL, Hobi, Stefan, Barrs, Vanessa R., Bęczkowski, Paweł M., Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs, Animals, MDPI AG, 13, 12, 2023-06-16, 2076-2615, 10.3390/ani13122016, free, 2016, 10294810, Other issues arising from brachycephaly are risk of complications whilst under anaesthesia,JOURNAL, Gruenheid, Michaela, Aarnes, Turi K., McLoughlin, Mary A., Simpson, Elaine M., Mathys, Dimitria A., Mollenkopf, Dixie F., Wittum, Thomas E., Risk of anesthesia-related complications in brachycephalic dogs, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), 253, 3, 2018-08-01, 0003-1488, 10.2460/javma.253.3.301, 301–306, and hyperthermia — with the latter caused due to an inability to effectively reduce body temperature via panting.JOURNAL, Ewers Clark, Anna, Heatstroke and brachycephalic dogs – is there an increased risk?, Veterinary Evidence, 7, 4, 2022-12-22, 2396-9776, 10.18849/ve.v7i4.534, free,

Cardiovascular disease

Aortic stenosis is a disease of the heart valve in which the opening of the aortic valve is narrowed.JOURNAL, Kienle, Richard D., Thomas, William P., Pion, Paul D., The Natural Clinical History of Canine Congenital Subaortic Stenosis, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Wiley, 8, 6, 1994, 0891-6640, 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03262.x, 423–431, One study suggests a high predisposition in the breed. No severe cases were found in adult dogs, and most moderate to severely affected dogs died before one year of age, leading the authors to speculate that the disease is more severe in the Dogue than in other breeds.JOURNAL, Höllmer, M., Willesen, J. L., Jensen, A. T., Koch, J., Aortic stenosis in the Dogue de Bordeaux, 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00569.x, Journal of Small Animal Practice, 49, 9, 432–437, 2008, 18684150, An Israeli study found the Dogue de Bordeaux to have the highest prevalence of tricuspid valve dysplasia, and the second highest prevalence of subaortic stenosis.JOURNAL, Ohad, D.G., Avrahami, A., Waner, T., David, L., The occurrence and suspected mode of inheritance of congenital subaortic stenosis and tricuspid valve dysplasia in Dogue de Bordeaux dogs, The Veterinary Journal, Elsevier BV, 197, 2, 2013, 1090-0233, 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.012, 351–357, An Italian study found a predisposition to supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.JOURNAL, Locatelli, C., Santini, A., Bonometti, G. A., Palermo, V., Scarpa, P., Sala, E., Brambilla, P. G., Echocardiographic values in clinically healthy adult dogue de Bordeaux dogs, Journal of Small Animal Practice, Wiley, 52, 5, 2011, 0022-4510, 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01055.x, 246–253,

Other conditions

Demodicosis is more prevalent in the breed than other dogs. A study in the UK found 0.9% of dogs had the condition compared to the general rate of 0.17%. For dogs under 2 years it was prevalent in 1.9% compared to 0.48%. In dogs over the age of 4 it was prevalent in 0.2% of dogs compared to 0.05%.JOURNAL, O'Neill, D. G., Turgoose, E., Church, D. B., Brodbelt, D. C., Hendricks, A., Juvenile‐onset and adult‐onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations, Journal of Small Animal Practice, 61, 1, 2020, 0022-4510, 31584708, 7003809, 10.1111/jsap.13067, 32–41, An estimated 5% of dogs may be affected by footpad hyperkeratosis, a thickening of the footpad and sometimes nose.WEB, {{as written, Reas, earch [sic], programe on Footpad hyperkeratosis in Dogue de Bordeaux|url=http://www.antagene.com/index.php?page_id=603&rubrique_id=183&coderub1=5&coderub2=0&coderub3=5&langue=L2&menu=|publisher=Antagene|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601032107weblink|archive-date= 1 June 2012|access-date=5 September 2012}}WEB, Naso-plantar keratoderma in the Dogue de Bordeaux: epidemiology, clinical and genetic data,weblink Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique Vétérinaire du Sud-Ouest, 29 December 2013, Lesions usually occur at the age of 6 months.BOOK, Breed predispositions to disease in dogs and cats, Gough, Thomas, 2008, Wiley, 9780470690802, Oxford, UK, 68, 232611746, X-rays submitted voluntarily to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals shows that more than 50% of Dogues in the database are affected by hip dysplasia.WEB, Hip dysplasia statistics,weblink Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, 5 September 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101019034631weblink">weblink 2010-10-19, dead, Patella luxation affects around 2% of Dogues.

Reproduction

Data from the Norwegian Kennel Club indicates a mean litter size of 8.1 puppies (ranging from 2-17) for the breed.JOURNAL, Borge, K. S., Tønnessen, R., Nødtvedt, A., Indrebø, A., Litter size at birth in purebred dogs—A retrospective study of 224 breeds, 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.034, Theriogenology, 75, 5, 911–919, 2011, 21196028, The breed has a high stillborn and early neonatal mortality rate, with a stillborn rate of 14.2% and early neonatal mortality (death within 1 week from birth) of 10.4%. The average across all breeds in the study was 4.3% stillbirth and 3.7% early neonatal mortality. Excluding stillborn and early deaths, the mean litter size is 6.1.JOURNAL, Tønnessen, R., Borge, K. S., Nødtvedt, A., Indrebø, A., Canine perinatal mortality: A cohort study of 224 breeds, 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.12.023, Theriogenology, 77, 9, 1788–1801, 2012, 22365700, UK Kennel Club data shows that 27.8% (5 of 18) of Dogue litters were delivered by caesarean section.JOURNAL, 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x, 20136998, 2010, Evans, K., Adams, V., Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section, 51, 2, 113–118, The Journal of Small Animal Practice,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160406144345weblink">weblink 2016-04-06,

See also

• Turner & Hooch
• (Portal:Dogs|Dogs portal)
• List of dog breeds

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Further reading

• Dogue de Bordeaux, Janish, Joseph. Kennel Club Books, 2003. {{ISBN|1-59378-215-2}}
• The Saga of the Dogue de Bordeaux, Triquet, Raymond. Bas Bosch Press
• The World of Dogues De Bordeaux. Bas Bosch Press

External links

{{commons category|Dogue de Bordeaux}}{{French dogs}}{{Mastiffs}}