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{{other uses}}{{redirect|Cousins}}{{Redirect|First cousin once removed|the documentary film|First Cousin Once Removed}}{{short description|Descendant of an ancestor’s sibling}}{{multiple issues|{{Confusing|date=February 2023}}{{tone|date=September 2023}}}}{{Close relationships|types}}File:Victoria and her cousin, 1852.jpg|thumb|Queen Victoria and her cousin Princess Victoria, Duchess of Nemours, 1852]]A cousin is a relative that is the child of a parent’s sibling; this is more specifically referred to as a first cousin. More generally, in the kinship system used in the English-speaking world, a cousin is a type of relationship in which relatives are two or more generations away from their most recent common ancestor. For this definition Degrees and removals are used to further specify the relationship.Degree measures how distant the relationship is from the most recent common ancestor(s). If the cousins do not come from the same generation Removal is specified as removal measures the difference in generations between the two cousins. When the removal is not specified, no removal is assumed.ENCYCLOPEDIA, A Dictionary of Genetics, Cousin, 2013, Oxford University Press, 8, King, Robert C., Stansfield, William D., WEB,www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cousin, Definition of Cousin by Merriam-Webster, merriam-webster.com, Merriam-Webster, Various governmental entities have established systems for legal use that can precisely specify kinship with common ancestors any number of generations in the past; for example, in medicine and in law, a first cousin is a type of third-degree relative.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Basic definitions

People are related with a type of cousin relationship if they share a common ancestor, and are separated from their most recent common ancestor by two or more generations. This means neither person is an ancestor of the other, they do not share a parent (are not siblings), and neither is a sibling of the other’s parent (are not the other’s aunt/uncle nor niece/nephew). In the English system the cousin relationship is further detailed by the concepts of degree and removal.The degree is the number of generations subsequent to the common ancestor before a parent of one of the cousins is found. This means the degree is the separation of the cousin from the common ancestor less one. Also, if the cousins are not separated from the common ancestor by the same number of generations, the cousin with the smallest separation is used to determine the degree. The removal is the difference between the number of generations from each cousin to the common ancestor. Two people can be removed but be around the same age due to differences in birth dates of parents, children, and other relevant ancestors.WEB, What is a First Cousin, Twice Removed?,www.genealogy.com/articles/research/16_cousn.html, Genealogy.com, Sep 26, 2015, WEB,www.genetic-genealogy.co.uk/Toc115570138.html#Single_Cousins, Genetic And Quantitative Aspects Of Genealogy – Types Of Collateral Relationships, Genetic-genealogy.co.uk, 28 October 2014, {| class=“wikitable” style="margin:1em auto; font-size: 94%;“! {{visible anchor|Basic family tree}}

www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/full-cousin, Full cousin definition and meaning {{!, Collins English Dictionary|website=collinsdictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-26}} and (wikt:cousin-german|cousin-german) are used to specify a first cousin with no removals.WEB,www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cousin-german, Cousin-german definition and meaning {{!, Collins English Dictionary|website=collinsdictionary.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-26}} The terms cousin-uncle/aunt and cousin-niece/nephew are sometimes used to describe the direction of the removal of the relationship,BOOK, Vilas, Charles Harrison, 1875, Genealogy of the Descendants of Peter Vilas,books.google.com/books?id=wBFaAAAAMAAJ&q=cousin-&pg=PA17, Madison, Wis, The editor, 17, especially in Mennonite, Indian, and Pakistani {{citation needed|date=July 2020}} families. These terms relate to a first cousin once removed, uncle/aunt referring to an older generation and niece/nephew for younger ones. For additional removals grand/great are applied to these relationships.BOOK, 1988, Harry Loewen, Why I am a Mennonite: Essays on Mennonite identity, 083613463X, 286, Herald Press, They seemed to treasure genetic relations in a way I had not encountered before, using such relational designations as ”cousin-uncle.” They spoke of Mennonite names, Mennonite food, Low German, Russian immigration., For example, a cousin-granduncle is a male first cousin twice removed that comes from an older generation, and a cousin-grandniece is a female first cousin twice removed who comes from a younger generation. The term (wikt:grandcousin|grandcousin) is sometimes used for the grandchild of a first cousin, or the first cousin of a grandparent: a first cousin twice removed. The term kissing cousin is sometimes used for a distant relative who is familiar enough to be greeted with a kiss. Gender-based distinctions A maternal cousin is a cousin that is related to the mother’s side of the family, while a paternal cousin is a cousin that is related to the father’s side of the family. This relationship is not necessarily reciprocal, as the maternal cousin of one person could be the paternal cousin of the other. In the example Basic family tree, Emma is David’s maternal cousin and David is Emma’s paternal cousin.Parallel and cross cousins on the other hand are reciprocal relationships. Parallel cousins are descended from same-sex siblings. A parallel first cousin relationship exists when both the subject and relative are maternal cousins, or both are paternal cousins. Cross cousins are descendants from opposite-sex siblings. A cross first cousin relationship exists when the subject and the relative are maternal cousin and paternal cousin to each other.WEB, Overview cross-cousin,www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095649876, Oxford reference, 5 March 2020, In the basic family tree example, David and Emma are cross cousins. Multiplicities {| class=“wikitable floatright” style="font-size: 94%;”
siblings, respectively, reproduce with different siblings from another family.WEB,genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/double-cousins-share-one-quarter-their-dna, Barry Starr, Relatedness, Stanford at The Tech: Understanding Genetics, 2015-01-13, This may also be referred to as “cousins on both sides”. The resulting children are related to each other through both their parents and are thus doubly related. Double first cousins share both sets of grandparents.{| class=“wikitable” style="font-size: 94%;”
genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/half-cousin-relatedness, Relatedness, 2014-01-09, Jillynne Quinn, Stanford at The Tech: Understanding Genetics, The children of two half siblings are first half cousins. If half siblings have children with another pair of half siblings, the resulting children would be double half first cousins.While there is no agreed upon term, it is possible for cousins to share three grandparents if a pair of half siblings had children with a pair of full siblings.WEB,www.genetic-genealogy.co.uk/Toc115570136.html, Genetic And Quantitative Aspects Of Genealogy - Classification Of Relationships, www.genetic-genealogy.co.uk, WEB,deepfriedhoodsiecups.wordpress.com/2011/02/20/2202011-g4bb-world-of-tinker-toys/, part 7 G4BB: World of Tinker-Toys, February 20, 2011, Non-blood relations {| class=“wikitable floatright” style="font-size: 94%;”
www.reference.com/world-view/step-cousin-f79762f39431ac31, What Is a Step Cousin?, www.reference.com, 4 August 2015, A cousin-in-law is the cousin of one’s spouse or the spouse of one’s cousin.WEB,www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cousin-in-law, cousin-in-law, Webster’s Dictionary, Consanguinity Consanguinity is a measure of how closely individuals are related to each other. It is measured by the coefficient of relationship. Below, when discussing the coefficient of relationship, we assume the subject and the relative are related only through the kinship term. A coefficient of one represents the relationship one has with oneself. Consanguinity decreases by half for every generation of separation from the most recent common ancestor, as there are two parents for each child. When there is more than one common ancestor, the consanguinity between each ancestor is added together to get the final result.WEB,www.genetic-genealogy.co.uk/Toc115570135.html#Single_Cousins, Genetic And Quantitative Aspects Of Genealogy – CALCULATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF RELATIONSHIP, Genetic-genealogy.co.uk, 28 October 2014, Between first cousins, there are two shared ancestors each with four generations of separation, up and down the family tree: left(tfrac{1}{2}right)^4 + left(tfrac{1}{2}right)^4; their consanguinity is one-eighth. For each additional removal of the cousin relationship, consanguinity is reduced by half, as the generations of separation increase by one. For each additional degree of the cousin relationship, consanguinity is reduced by a quarter as the generations of separation increase by one on both sides.Half cousins have half the consanguinity of ordinary cousins as they have half the common ancestors (i.e. one vs two). Double cousins have twice the consanguinity of ordinary cousins as they have twice the number of common ancestors (i.e. four vs two). Double first cousins share the same consanguinity as half-siblings. Likewise, double half cousins share the same consanguinity as first cousins as they both have two common ancestors. If there are half-siblings on one side and full siblings on the other, they would have three-halves the consanguinity of ordinary first cousins.In a scenario where two monozygotic (identical) twins have children with another pair of monozygotic twins, the resulting double cousins would test as genetically similar as siblings. Reproduction Couples that are closely related have an increased chance of sharing genes, including mutations that occurred in their family tree. If the mutation is a recessive trait, it will not reveal itself unless both father and mother share it.The Conversation: What’s the genetic disease risk for children of related couples? Date: September 27, 2012. Source: Tiong Tan, Clinical Geneticist at Victorian Clinical Genetics Services and Researcher in Craniofacial Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute. Due to the risk that the trait is harmful, children of high-consanguinity parents have an increased risk of recessive genetic disorders. See inbreeding for more information.Closely related couples have more children. Couples related with consanguinity equivalent to that of third cousins have the greatest reproductive success.JOURNAL, 18258915, 10.1126/science.1150232, 319, An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples, 2008, Science, 813–6, Helgason, A, Pálsson, S, Gudbjartsson, DF, Kristjánsson, T, Stefánsson, K, 5864, 2008Sci...319..813H, 17831162, This seems counterintuitive as closely related parents have a higher probability of having offspring that are unfit, yet closer kinship can also decrease the likelihood of immunological incompatibility during pregnancy.Science Daily: Third Cousins Have Greatest Number Of Offspring, Data From Iceland Shows. Date: February 8, 2008; Source: deCODE genetics. Cousin marriage Cousin marriage is important in several anthropological theories, which often differentiate between matriarchal and patriarchal parallel and cross cousins.Currently about 10% and historically as high as 80% of all marriages are between first or second cousins.NEWS, Sarah, Kershaw,www.nytimes.com/2009/11/26/garden/26cousins.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1, Shaking Off the Shame, 26 November 2009, The New York Times, Cousin marriages are often arranged.WEB,www.discovermagazine.com/health/go-ahead-kiss-your-cousin, Go Ahead, Kiss Your Cousin - DiscoverMagazine.com, TECH REPORT, Alan H., Bittles, A Background Summary of Consanguineous Marriage, Edith Cowan University, May 2001,www.consang.net/images/d/dd/01AHBWeb3.pdf, JOURNAL, 10.2307/2137601, Bittles, Alan H., September 1994, The Role and Significance of Consanguinity as a Demographic Variable, Population and Development Review, 20, 3, 567, 2137601, JOURNAL, Consanguinity, human evolution, and complex diseases, Alan, Bittles, Michael, Black, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, suppl 1, 1779–86, 10.1073/pnas.0906079106, Sep 2009, 19805052, 2868287, free, Anthropologists believe it is used as a tool to strengthen the family, conserve its wealth, protect its cultural heritage, and retain the power structure of the family and its place in the community. Some groups encourage cousin marriage while others attach a strong social stigma to it. In some regions in the Middle East, more than half of all marriages are between first or second cousins (in some of the countries in this region, this may exceed 70%).WEB,www.consang.net/index.php/Global_prevalence, Global prevalence, Alan Bittles, Michael Black, consang.net, 2017-11-06, 2016-02-11,consang.net/index.php/Global_prevalence," title="web.archive.org/web/20160211233044consang.net/index.php/Global_prevalence,">web.archive.org/web/20160211233044consang.net/index.php/Global_prevalence, dead, Just outside this region, it is often legal but infrequent. Many cultures have encouraged specifically cross-cousin marriages.BOOK, Moore, Alexander, Cultural Anthropology: The Field Study of Human Beings, Rowman & Littlefield, 216,books.google.com/books?id=b5_aClwL9_sC, 9780939693481, 1998, In other places, it is legally prohibited and culturally equivalent to incest.WEB,www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2014/02/people-stop-thinking-appropriate-cousins-marry/, The Surprising Truth About Cousins and Marriage, 14 February 2014, JOURNAL, “It’s Ok, We’re Not Cousins by Blood”: The Cousin Marriage Controversy in Historical Perspective, Diane B., Paul, Hamish G., Spencer, 23 December 2008, PLOS Biology, 6, 12, 2627–30, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060320, 19108607, 2605922, free, Supporters of cousin marriage often view the prohibition as discrimination,WEB, Final Thoughts,www.cousincouples.com/?page=final, Cousin Couples, 4 June 2016, MAGAZINE,www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/12/cousinmarriage/, Cousin Marriage OK by Science, Wired, Brandon Keim, 23 December 2008, while opponents claim potential immorality.WEB,www.slate.com/id/2064227/, The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Surname, William, Saletan, 10 April 2002, Slate, See also Collateral descendant Consanguinity Cousin marriage Family Sibling Second-degree relative References {{Reflist}} External links {{Wiktionary|cousin}} (:File:European kinship system en.svg|European kinship system) Genealogy.com definition of various cousins {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308165006www.genealogy.com/16_cousn.html |date=2015-03-08 }} Genealogy.com: What makes a cousin? {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311220217www.genealogy.com/rhonda102501.html |date=2015-03-11 }} Genetic Genealogy {{Family}}{{Authority control}} - content above as imported from Wikipedia - "cousin" does not exist on GetWiki (yet) - time: 3:13am EDT - Wed, May 22 2024 [ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ] LATEST EDITS [ see all ] GETWIKI 21 MAY 2024 The Illusion of Choice Culture GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019 Eastern Philosophy History of Philosophy GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016 GetMeta:About GetWiki GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015 M.R.M. 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