GetWiki
constructed language
ARTICLE SUBJECTS
being →
database →
ethics →
fiction →
history →
internet →
language →
linux →
logic →
method →
news →
policy →
purpose →
religion →
science →
software →
truth →
unix →
wiki →
ARTICLE TYPES
essay →
feed →
help →
system →
wiki →
ARTICLE ORIGINS
critical →
forked →
imported →
original →
constructed language
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{short description|Consciously devised language}}{{about|the creation of planned or artificial human languages|information about the linguistic field of language planning and policy|language planning|languages that naturally emerge in computer simulations or controlled psychological experiments with humans|artificial language|languages with a high morpheme-per-word ratio|synthetic language}}File:Conlangflag.svg|right|thumb|250px|The Conlang Flag, a symbol of language construction created by subscribers to the CONLANG mailing list, which represents the Tower of BabelTower of BabelA constructed language (shortened to conlang){{Efn|Artificial languages are informally called conlangs (constructed languages), and the study of artificial languages and related matters is interlinguistics.}} is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary, instead of having developed naturally, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may include being devised for a work of fiction. A constructed language may also be referred to as an artificial, planned or invented language,WEB, Ishtar for Belgium to Belgrade,www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=554&_t=ishtar_for_belgium_to_belgrade, European Broadcasting Union, 19 May 2013, or (in some cases) a fictional language. Planned languages (or engineered languages/engelangs) are languages that have been purposefully designed; they are the result of deliberate, controlling intervention and are thus of a form of language planning.Klaus Schubert, Designed Languages for Communicative Needs within and between Language Communities, in: Planned languages and language planning {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425213737www.onb.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF_Download/ESP_abstracts.pdf |date=2023-04-25 }} (PDF), Austrian National Library, 2019There are many possible reasons to create a constructed language, such as to ease human communication (see international auxiliary language and code); to give fiction or an associated constructed setting an added layer of realism; for experimentation in the fields of linguistics, cognitive science, and machine learning; for artistic creation; for fantasy role-playing games; and for language games. Some people may also make constructed languages as a hobby.The expression planned language is sometimes used to indicate international auxiliary languages and other languages designed for actual use in human communication. Some prefer it to the adjective artificial, as this term may be perceived as pejorative. Outside Esperanto{{Efn|Esperanto is the world’s most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language.}} culture, the term language planning means the prescriptions given to a natural language to standardize it; in this regard, even a “natural language” may be artificial in some respects, meaning some of its words have been crafted by conscious decision. Prescriptive grammars, which date to ancient times for classical languages such as Latin and Sanskrit, are rule-based codifications of natural languages, such codifications being a middle ground between naïve natural selection and development of language and its explicit construction. The term glossopoeia is also used to mean language construction, particularly construction of artistic languages.Sarah L. Higley: Hildegard of Bingen’s Unknown Language. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.Conlang speakers are rare. For example, the Hungarian census of 2011 found 8,397 speakers of Esperanto,WEB,www.ksh.hu/nepszamlalas/tables_regional_00, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, www.ksh.hu, 2019-08-18, and the census of 2001 found 10 of Romanid, two each of Interlingua and Ido and one each of Idiom Neutral and Mundolinco.WEB,www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html, 18. Demográfiai adatok â Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, www.nepszamlalas2001.hu, 2013-03-10,www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20180617000434www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html,">web.archive.org/web/20180617000434www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html, 2018-06-17, dead, The Russian census of 2010 found that in Russia there were about 992 speakers of Esperanto (on place 120) and nine of the Esperantido Ido.WEB,sezonoj.ru/2011/12/censo/, Kiom da esperantistoj en Ruslando? Ne malpli ol 992 â La Ondo de Esperanto, Dec 18, 2011, - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Planned, constructed, artificial
The terms “planned”, “constructed”, and “artificial” are used differently in some traditions. For example, few speakers of Interlingua consider their language artificial, since they assert that it has no invented content: Interlingua’s vocabulary is taken from a small set of natural languages, and its grammar is based closely on these source languages, even including some degree of irregularity; its proponents prefer to describe its vocabulary and grammar as standardized rather than artificial or constructed. Similarly, Latino sine flexione (LsF) is a simplification of Latin from which the inflections have been removed. As with Interlingua, some prefer to describe its development as “planning” rather than “constructing”. Some speakers of Esperanto and Esperantidos also avoid the term “artificial language” because they deny that there is anything “unnatural” about the use of their language in human communication.By contrast, some philosophers have argued that all human languages are conventional or artificial. François Rabelais’s fictional giant Pantagruel, for instance, said: “It is a misuse of terms to say that we have natural language; languages exist through arbitrary institutions and the conventions of peoples. Voices, as the dialecticians say, don’t signify naturally, but capriciously.“François Rabelais, Åuvres complètes, III, 19 (Paris: Seuil, 1973). Also cited in Claude Piron, Le Défi des Langues (L’Harmattan, 1994) {{ISBN|2-7384-2432-5}}.Furthermore, fictional or experimental languages can be considered naturalistic if they model real world languages. For example, if a naturalistic conlang is derived a posteriori from another language (real or constructed), it should imitate natural processes of phonological, lexical, and grammatical change. In contrast with languages such as Interlingua, naturalistic fictional languages are not usually intended for easy learning or communication. Thus, naturalistic fictional languages tend to be more difficult and complex. While Interlingua has simpler grammar, syntax, and orthography than its source languages (though more complex and irregular than Esperanto or its descendants), naturalistic fictional languages typically mimic behaviors of natural languages like irregular verbs and nouns, and complicated phonological processes.{{original research inline|date=September 2021}}Overview
In terms of purpose, most constructed languages can broadly be divided into:- Engineered languages (engelangs), further subdivided into logical languages (loglangs), philosophical languages and experimental languages, devised for experimentation in logic, philosophy, or linguistics;
- Auxiliary languages (auxlangs) or IALs (for International Auxiliary Languages), devised for interlinguistic or international communication;
- Artistic languages (artlangs), devised to create aesthetic pleasure or humorous effect (secret languages and mystical languages are also usually classified as artlangs).
A priori and a posteriori languages
An a priori (from Latin a priori, “from the former“) constructed language is one whose features (including vocabulary, grammar, etc.) are not based on an existing language, and an a posteriori language is the opposite.BOOK, Peterson, David, The Art of Language Invention, 2015, Penguin Books, 978-0143126461, 1st, 21â22, This categorization, however, is not absolute, as many constructed languages may be called a priori when considering some linguistic factors, and at the same time a posteriori when considering other factors.A priori language“>A priori language
An a priori language is any constructed language of which all or a number of features are not based on existing languages, but rather invented or elaborated so as to work in a different way or to allude to different purposes. Some a priori languages are designed to be international auxiliary languages that remove what could be considered an unfair learning advantage for native speakers of a source language that would otherwise exist for a posteriori languages. Others, known as philosophical or taxonomic languages, try to categorize their vocabulary, either to express an underlying philosophy or to make it easier to recognize new vocabulary. Finally, many artistic languages, created for either personal use or for use in a fictional medium, employ consciously constructed grammars and vocabularies, and are best understood as a priori.a priori languages“>Examples of a priori languages
A priori international auxiliary languages“>A priori international auxiliary languages
- Balaibalan, attributed to Fazlallah Astarabadi or Muhyi Gulshani (14th century)
- Solresol by François Sudre (1827)
- Ro by Edward Foster (1906)
- Sona by Kenneth Searight (1935)
- Babm by Rikichi Okamoto (1962)
- Kotava by Staren Fetcey (1978)
- (Wikibooks: Mirad Grammar |Mirad) (aka Unilingua) by Noubar Agopoff (1966)
Experimental languages
- Láadan by Suzette Haden Elgin (1982)
- Ithkuil by John Quijada (2011)
A priori artistic languages
- Quenya and Sindarin by J. R. R. Tolkien for The Lord of the Rings (published 1954)
- aUI by W. John Weilgart (1962)
- Klingon by Marc Okrand for the science-fiction franchise Star Trek (1985)
- KÄlen by Sylvia Sotomayor (1998)
- Naʼvi by Paul Frommer for the movie Avatar (2009)
- Dothraki and Valyrian by David Peterson for the television series Game of Thrones (2011)
- Kiliki by Madhan Karky for the Baahubali films (2015)
Community languages
- Damin (Yangkaal and Lardil people, 19th century or earlier)
- Eskayan (Eskaya, {{circa|1920}})
- Medefaidrin (Ibibio, 1930s)
- Palawa kani (Palawa, 1990s)
A posteriori language
An a posteriori language (from Latin a posteriori, “from the latter“), according to French linguist Louis Couturat, is any constructed language whose elements are borrowed from or based on existing languages. The term can also be extended to controlled versions of natural languages, and is most commonly used to refer to vocabulary despite other features. Likewise, zonal auxiliary languages (auxiliary languages for speakers of a particular language family) are a posteriori by definition.While most auxiliary languages are a posteriori due to their intended function as a medium of communication, many artistic languages are fully a posteriori in designâmany for the purposes of alternate history. In distinguishing whether the language is a priori or a posteriori, the prevalence and distribution of respectable traits is often the key.a posteriori languages“>Examples of a posteriori languages
A posteriori artistic languages“>A posteriori artistic languages
- Brithenig by Andrew Smith (1996)
- Atlantean by Marc Okrand for the film (Atlantis: The Lost Empire) (2001)
- Toki Pona by Sonja Lang (2001)
- Wenedyk by Jan van Steenbergen (2002)
- Trigedasleng by David Peterson for the TV series The 100 (2014)
Controlled auxiliary languages
- Latino sine flexione (Latin, 1911)
- Basic English (English, 1925)
- N’Ko (Manding, 1949)
- Learning English (English, 1959)
- Kitara (SW Ugandan Bantu, 1990)
- Globish (English, 2004)
A posteriori international auxiliary languages
- (1868) Universalglot
- (1879) Volapük
- (1887) Esperanto
- (1902) Idiom Neutral
- (1907) Ido
- (1922) Interlingue
- (1928) Novial
- (1951) Interlingua
- (1965) Lingua Franca Nova
- (1970) Afrihili
- ({{circa|1979}}) Glosa
- (1986) Uropi
- (2007) Sambahsa
- (2010) Lingwa de planeta
Zonal auxiliary languages
- Efatese (c. Vanuatu Oceanic, 19th century)
- Romanid (Romance, 1956)
- Palawa kani (Aboriginal Australian, 1992)
- Folkspraak (Germanic, 1995)
- Budinos (Finno-Ugric, 2000s)
- Neolatin (Latin, 2006)
- Interslavic (Slavic, 2011)
History
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2023}}Ancient linguistic experiments
Grammatical speculation dates from Classical Antiquity, appearing for instance in Plato’s Cratylus in Hermogenes’s contention that words are not inherently linked to what they refer to; that people apply “a piece of their own voice ... to the thing”.Athenaeus tells the storyBOOK, Athenaeus of Naucratis, Deipnosophistae, Book III, of two figures: Dionysius of Sicily and Alexarchus:- Dionysius of Sicily created neologisms like menandros “virgin” (from menei “waiting” and andra “husband“) for standard Greek parthenos; menekratÄs “pillar” (from menei “it remains in one place” and kratei “it is strong“) for standard stulos; and ballantion “javelin” (from balletai enantion “thrown against someone“) for standard akon.
- Alexarchus of Macedon, the brother of King Cassander of Macedon, was the founder of the city of Ouranopolis. Athenaeus recounts a story told by Heracleides of Lembos that Alexarchus “introduced a peculiar vocabulary, referring to a rooster as a “dawn-crier”, a barber as a “mortal-shaver”, a drachma as “worked silver”, ... and a herald as an aputÄs [from Äputa “loud-voiced”].
Early constructed languages
File:68r.jpg|thumb|Page 68r of the Voynich manuscriptVoynich manuscriptA legend recorded in the seventh-century Irish work Auraicept na n-Ãces claims that Fénius Farsaid visited Shinar after the confusion of tongues, and he and his scholars studied the various languages for ten years, taking the best features of each to create in Bérla tóbaide (“the selected language“), which he named GoÃdelcâthe Irish language. This appears to be the first mention of the concept of a constructed language in literature.The earliest non-natural languages were considered less “constructed” than “super-natural”, mystical, or divinely inspired. The Lingua Ignota, recorded in the 12th century by St. Hildegard of Bingen, is an example, and apparently the first entirely artificial language.Joshua Foer, “John Quijada and Ithkuil, the Language He Invented”, The New Yorker, Dec. 24, 2012. It is a form of private mystical cant (see also Enochian). An important example from Middle-Eastern culture is Balaibalan, invented in the 16th century. Kabbalistic grammatical speculation was directed at recovering the original language spoken by Adam and Eve in Paradise, lost in the confusion of tongues. The first Christian project for an ideal language is outlined in Dante Alighieri’s De vulgari eloquentia, where he searches for the ideal Italian vernacular suited for literature. Ramon Llull’s Ars Magna was a project of a perfect language with which the infidels could be convinced of the truth of the Christian faith. It was basically an application of combinatorics on a given set of concepts.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}} During the Renaissance, Lullian and Kabbalistic ideas were drawn upon in a magical context, resulting in cryptographic applications.Perfecting language
Renaissance interest in Ancient Egypt, notably the discovery of the Hieroglyphica of Horapollo, and first encounters with the Chinese script directed efforts towards a perfect written language. Johannes Trithemius, in Steganographia and Polygraphia, attempted to show how all languages can be reduced to one. In the 17th century, interest in magical languages was continued by the Rosicrucians and alchemists (like John Dee and his Enochian). Jakob Boehme in 1623 spoke of a “natural language” (Natursprache) of the senses.{{cn|date=January 2022}}Musical languages from the Renaissance were tied up with mysticism, magic and alchemy, sometimes also referred to as the language of the birds. The Solresol project of 1817 re-invented the concept in a more pragmatic context.{{cn|date=January 2022}}17th and 18th century: advent of philosophical languages
The 17th century saw the rise of projects for “philosophical” or “a priori” languages, such as:- Francis Lodwick’s A Common Writing (1647) and The Groundwork or Foundation laid (or So Intended) for the Framing of a New Perfect Language and a Universal Common Writing (1652)
- Sir Thomas Urquhart’s Ekskybalauron (1651) and LogopandecteisionWEB,penelope.uchicago.edu/urquhart/index.html, Logopandecteision, uchicago.edu, (1652)
- George Dalgarno’s Ars signorum, 1661
- John Wilkins’ Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language, 1668
19th and 20th centuries: auxiliary languages
Already in the Encyclopédie attention began to focus on a posteriori auxiliary languages. Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve in the article on Langue wrote a short proposition of a “laconic” or regularized grammar of French. During the 19th century, a bewildering variety of such International Auxiliary Languages (IALs) were proposed, so that Louis Couturat and Léopold Leau in Histoire de la langue universelle (1903) reviewed 38 projects.The first of these that made any international impact was Volapük, proposed in 1879 by Johann Martin Schleyer; within a decade, 283 Volapükist clubs were counted all over the globe. However, disagreements between Schleyer and some prominent users of the language led to schism, and by the mid-1890s it fell into obscurity, making way for Esperanto, proposed in 1887 by L. L. Zamenhof, and its descendants. Interlingua, the most recent auxlang to gain a significant number of speakers, emerged in 1951, when the International Auxiliary Language Association published its InterlinguaâEnglish Dictionary and an accompanying (Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language|grammar). The success of Esperanto did not stop others from trying to construct new auxiliary languages, such as Leslie Jones’ Eurolengo, which mixes elements of English and Spanish.Loglan (1955) and its descendants constitute a pragmatic return to the aims of the a priori languages, tempered by the requirement of usability of an auxiliary language. Thus far, these modern a priori languages have garnered only small groups of speakers.Robot Interaction Language (2010) is a spoken language that is optimized for communication between machines and humans. The major goals of ROILA are that it should be easily learnable by the human user, and optimized for efficient recognition by computer speech recognition algorithms.Artlangs
Artists may use language as a source of creativity in art, poetry, or calligraphy, or as a metaphor to address themes as cultural diversity and the vulnerability of the individual in a globalized world.Some people prefer however to take pleasure in constructing, crafting a language by a conscious decision for reasons of literary enjoyment or aesthetic reasons without any claim of usefulness. Such artistic languages begin to appear in Early Modern literature (in Pantagruel, and in Utopian contexts), but they only seem to gain notability as serious projects beginning in the 20th century. A Princess of Mars (1912) by Edgar Rice Burroughs was possibly the first fiction of that century to feature a constructed language. J. R. R. Tolkien developed families of related fictional languages and discussed artistic languages publicly, giving a lecture entitled ”A Secret Vice” in 1931 at a congress. (Orwell’s Newspeak is considered a satire of an international auxiliary language rather than an artistic language proper.)By the beginning of the first decade of the 21st century, it had become common for science-fiction and fantasy works set in other worlds to feature constructed languages, or more commonly, an extremely limited but defined vocabulary which suggests the existence of a complete language, or whatever portions of the language are needed for the story, and constructed languages are a regular part of the genre, appearing in Star Wars, Star Trek, The Lord of the Rings (Elvish), Stargate SG-1, (Atlantis: The Lost Empire), Game of Thrones (Dothraki language and Valyrian languages), The Expanse, Avatar, Dune and the Myst series of computer adventure games.Ownership of constructed languages
The matter of whether or not a constructed language can be owned or protected by intellectual property laws, or if it would even be possible to enforce those laws, is contentious.In a 2015 lawsuit, CBS and Paramount Pictures challenged a fan film project called Axanar, stating the project infringed upon their intellectual property, which included the Klingon language, among other creative elements. During the controversy, Marc Okrand, the language’s original designer expressed doubt as to whether Paramount’s claims of ownership were valid.Bhana, Yusuf, Can you copyright a language? Translate Media, June 6, 2019Gardner, Eriq, Crowdfunded ‘Star Trek’ Movie Draws Lawsuit from Paramount, CBS Hollywood Reporter, December 30, 2015David J. Peterson, a linguist who created multiple well-known constructed languages including the Valyrian languages and Dothraki, advocated a similar opinion, saying that “Theoretically, anyone can publish anything using any language I created, and, in my opinion, neither I nor anyone else should be able to do anything about it.“Owen, Becky,Can you copyright a fictional language? Copyright Licensing Agency, 26 September 2019However, Peterson also expressed concern that the respective rights-holdersâregardless of whether or not their ownership of the rights is legitimateâwould be likely to sue individuals who publish material in said languages, especially if the author might profit from said material.Furthermore, comprehensive learning material for such constructed languages as High Valyrian and Klingon has been published and made freely accessible on the language-learning platform Duolingoâbut those courses are licensed by the respective copyright holders. Because only a few such disputes have occurred thus far, the legal consensus on ownership of languages remains uncertain.The Tasmanian Aboriginal Center claims ownership of Palawa kani, an attempted composite reconstruction of up to a dozen extinct Tasmanian indigenous languages, and has asked Pseudopedia to remove its page on the project. However, there is no current legal backing for the claim.NEWS, Robertson, Adi, Can you own a language?,www.theverge.com/2014/8/13/5998273/who-owns-a-language-Pseudopedia-palawa-kani-raises-old-debate, 25 February 2021, The Verge, 13 August 2014,Modern conlang organizations
Various papers on constructed languages were published from the 1970s through the 1990s, such as Glossopoeic Quarterly, Taboo Jadoo, and The Journal of Planned Languages.“How did you find out that there were other conlangers?” Conlang list posting by And Rosta, 14 October 2007The Conlang Mailing List was founded in 1991, and later split off an AUXLANG mailing list dedicated to international auxiliary languages. In the early to mid-1990s a few conlang-related zines were published as email or websites, such as VortpunojArchives of Vortpunoj at Steve Brewer’s website and Model Languages. The Conlang mailing list has developed a community of conlangers with its own customs, such as translation challenges and translation relays,Audience, Uglossia, and Conlang: Inventing Languages on the Internet by Sarah L. Higley. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.1 (2000). ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050616085932journal.media-culture.org.au/0003/languages.php |date=June 16, 2005 }}, media-culture.org.au site sometimes has problems.) and its own terminology. Sarah Higley reports from results of her surveys that the demographics of the Conlang list are primarily men from North America and western Europe, with a smaller number from Oceania, Asia, the Middle East, and South America, with an age range from thirteen to over sixty; the number of women participating has increased over time.More recently founded online communities include the Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB; since 2001) and the Conlanger Bulletin Board. Discussion on these forums includes presentation of members’ conlangs and feedback from other members, discussion of natural languages, whether particular conlang features have natural language precedents, and how interesting features of natural languages can be repurposed for conlangs, posting of interesting short texts as translation challenges, and meta-discussion about the philosophy of conlanging, conlangers’ purposes, and whether conlanging is an art or a hobby. Another 2001 survey by Patrick Jarrett showed an average age of 30.65, with the average time since starting to invent languages 11.83 years.“Update mailing list statisticsâFINAL”, Conlang list posting by Patrick Jarrett, 13 September 2001 A more recent thread on the ZBB showed that many conlangers spend a relatively small amount of time on any one conlang, moving from one project to another; about a third spend years on developing the same language.“Average life of a conlang” {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614035040www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?t=28831 |date=2011-06-14 }} thread on Zompist Bulletin Board, 15 August 2008; accessed 26 August 2008.“Average life of a conlang” thread on Conlang mailing list, 27 August 2008 (should be archived more persistently than the ZBB thread)See also
{{div col}}- List of constructed languages
- Interlinguistics
- Aboriginal constructed languages: Damin, Eskayan
- Idioglossia
- Idiolect
- Cant (language)
- ISO, SIL, and BCP language codes for constructed languages
- Language construction
- Language modelling and translation
- Mystical languages
- Spontaneous emergence of grammar
- Linguistic determinism
- Linguistic relativity
- Pasigraphy
- Universal language
- In the Land of Invented Languages
Notes
{{Reflist|30em}}{{notelist}}References
- BOOK, Eco, Umberto, The search for the perfect language, Blackwell, Oxford, 1995, 0-631-17465-6,archive.org/details/searchforperfect00ecou, Umberto Eco,
- BOOK, Comrie, Bernard, The World’s Major Languages,archive.org/details/rosettaproject_swh_misc-1, Oxford University Press, Oxford [Oxfordshire], 1990, 0-19-506511-5,
- Couturat, Louis (1907). Les nouvelles langues internationales. Paris: Hachette. With Léopold Leau. Republished 2001, Olms.
- Couturat, Louis (1910). Ãtude sur la dérivation dans la langue internationales. Paris: Delagrave. 100 p.
- BOOK, Libert, Alan, A priori artificial languages (Languages of the world), Lincom Europa, 2000, 3-89586-667-9,
- BOOK, Okrent, Arika, In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and the Mad Dreamers Who Tried to Build A Perfect Language, Spiegel & Grau, 2009, 352, 978-0-385-52788-0,archive.org/details/inlandofinvented00okre, registration,
- BOOK, Peterson, David, The Art of Language Invention, 2015, Penguin Books, 978-0143126461, 22, 1st,
- “Babel’s modern architects”, by Amber Dance. The Los Angeles Times, 24 August 2007 (Originally published as “In their own words -- literally“)
External links
{{Library resources box}}{{Wiktionary|conlang}}{{sisterlinks|d=Q33215|s=no|v=no|b=Conlang|n=Category:Constructed languages|c=Category:Constructed languages|q=no|wikt=constructed language}}- Language Creation Society, a nonprofit dedicated to all forms of language creation.
- {{curlie|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Constructed}}
- Conlang Atlas of Language Structures, a typological database of conlangs, based on the World Atlas of Language Structures.
- www.homunculus.com/babel/" title="web.archive.org/web/20120321094315www.homunculus.com/babel/">Blueprints For Babel, focusing on international auxiliary languages.
- ConWorkShop, a conlanging tools website, with documentation for over 5000 constructed languages.
- Garrett’s Links to Logical Languages
- www.onb.ac.at/ev/esperanto_museum.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20120822080103www.onb.ac.at/ev/esperanto_museum.htm">Department of Planned Languages Esperanto Museum of the Austrian National Library.
- The Conlanger’s Library
- Henrik Theiling’s (Con)Language Resources
- Jörg Rhiemeier’s Conlang Page
- Create a sentence most people understand, by using common words between languages.
- r/conlangs, a Reddit community for conlangers.
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "constructed language" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 7:31am EDT - Wed, May 22 2024
- "constructed language" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 7:31am EDT - Wed, May 22 2024
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
GETWIKI 21 MAY 2024
The Illusion of Choice
Culture
Culture
GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019
Eastern Philosophy
History of Philosophy
History of Philosophy
GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016
GetMeta:About
GetWiki
GetWiki
GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015
M.R.M. Parrott
Biographies
Biographies
GETWIKI 20 AUG 2014
GetMeta:News
GetWiki
GetWiki
© 2024 M.R.M. PARROTT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED