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bolide
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{{Short description|Extremely bright meteor}}{{multiple image| direction = vertical| align = right| width = 240| image1 = Bolide.jpg| image2 = SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
fireball (meteor)>bright meteor of an apparent magnitude of −4 or brighter | ACCESS-DATE=12 APRIL 2015, Universe Today, }}A bolide is normally taken to mean an exceptionally bright meteor, but the term is subject to more than one definition, according to context. It may refer to any large crater-forming body, or to one that explodes in the atmosphere. It can be a synonym for a fireball, sometimes specific to those with an apparent magnitude of â4 or brighter.DefinitionsThe word bolide ({{IPAc-en|’|b|oÊ|l|aɪ|d}}; from Italian via Latin, {{etymology|grc|{{wikt-lang|grc|βολίÏ}} ({{grc-transl|βολίÏ}})|missile}}MERRIAM-WEBSTER, bolide, {{OED|bolide}}) may refer to somewhat different phenomena depending on the context in which the word appears, and readers may need to make inferences to determine which meaning is intended in a particular publication.One sense refers to an extremely bright meteor, especially one that explodes in the atmosphere. In astronomy, it refers to a fireball about as bright as the full moon, and it is generally considered a synonym for a fireball. In geology, a bolide is a very large impactor.One definition describes a bolide as a fireball reaching an apparent magnitude of â4 or brighter{{snd}}more than twice as bright as the full moon.BOOK, Belton , {{rp|156}} Another definition describes a bolide as any generic large crater-forming impacting body whose composition (for example, whether it is a rocky or metallic asteroid, or an icy comet) is unknown.WEB
, MJS , Mitigation of hazardous comets and asteroids , Cambridge University Press , 2004 ,books.google.com/books?id=Dw0A7T0fy6AC , 0521827647 ,woodshole.er.usgs.gov/epubs/bolide/introduction.html , A superbolide is a bolide that reaches an apparent magnitude of â17 or brighter,BOOK
, Introduction: What is a Bolide? , Woodshole.er.usgs.gov , 1 April 1998, 16 September 2011 , Adushkin , {{rp|133}}
, Vitaly , Ivan Nemchinov , Catastrophic events caused by cosmic objects , Springer , 2008 ,books.google.com/books?id=3Hd8Lw1hExUC , 978-1402064524
which is roughly 100 times brighter than the full moon. Recent examples of superbolides include the Sutter’s Mill meteorite in California and the Chelyabinsk meteor in Russia.
Astronomy{{see also|Meteoroid#Fireball}}File:Meteoroid - Meteor (Bolide) - Meteorite.gif|thumb|Animation of a bolide’s atmospheric entry and air burst ]]The IAU has no official definition of “bolide”, and generally considers the term synonymous with fireball, a brighter-than-usual meteor; however, the term generally applies to fireballs reaching an apparent magnitude −4 or brighter. Astronomers tend to use bolide to identify an exceptionally bright fireball, particularly one that explodes (sometimes called a detonating fireball).BOOK,www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191851193.001.0001/acref-9780191851193-e-487, A Dictionary of Astronomy, 3, 2018, bolide, Ian Ridpath, Oxford University Press, 978-0191851193, It may also be used to mean a fireball that is audible.Superbolide{{see also|Meteor air burst}}Selected superbolide air bursts:
GeologyGeologists use the term bolide differently from astronomers. In geology, it indicates a very large impactor. For example, the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center of the USGS uses bolide for any large crater-forming impacting body whose origin and composition is unknown, as, for example, whether it was a stony or metallic asteroid, or a less dense, icy comet made of volatiles, such as water, ammonia, and methane. The most notable example is the bolide that caused the Chicxulub crater 66 million years ago. Scientific consensus agrees that this event directly led to the extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs, and it is evidenced by a thin layer of iridium found at that geological layer marking the KâPg boundary.Gallery{{multiple image| direction = horizontal| align = center| width1 = 225| width2 = 218| width3 = 193| image1 = ÐзÑÑв меÑеоÑиÑа над ЧелÑбинÑком 15 02 2013 avi-iCawTYPtehk.ogv| image2 = Fireball geminids 2010-12-09 01-10ut.gif| image3 = | Chelyabinsk meteor>exploding over Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia in 2013. | Geminids meteor shower (Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science>SAO RAS, vmag â3) in December 2010.| caption3 = Tunguska event of 1908 (imaged by a Soviet expedition in 1927).}}{{clear}}See also{{div col}}
References{{reflist|30em}}External links{{Wiktionary}}
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