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{{Short description|Health care provided with a higher volume or cost than is appropriate}}{{Globalize|2=United States|date=May 2018}}{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}Unnecessary health care (overutilization, overuse, or overtreatment) is health care provided with a higher volume or cost than is appropriate.JOURNAL, Ezekiel J. Emanuel, Victor R. Fuchs, The perfect storm of overutilization, The Journal of the American Medical Association, 299, 23, 2789–91, 2008, 10.1001/jama.299.23.2789, 18560006,www.ipalc.org/Healthcare_Policy/The%20Perfect%20Storm%20of%20Overutilization%20%28JAMA%202008%29.pdf, dead,www.ipalc.org/Healthcare_Policy/The%20Perfect%20Storm%20of%20Overutilization%20%28JAMA%202008%29.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20090902053119www.ipalc.org/Healthcare_Policy/The%20Perfect%20Storm%20of%20Overutilization%20%28JAMA%202008%29.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20090902053119www.ipalc.org/Healthcare_Policy/The%20Perfect%20Storm%20of%20Overutilization%20%28JAMA%202008%29.pdf, September 2, 2009, mdy-all, In the United States, where health care costs are the highest as a percentage of GDP, overuse was the predominant factor in its expense, accounting for about a third of its health care spending ($750 billion out of $2.6 trillion) in 2012.NEWS, Kliff, Sarah, We spend $750 billion on unnecessary health care. Two charts explain why.,www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2012/09/07/we-spend-750-billion-on-unnecessary-health-care-two-charts-explain-why/, 31 March 2016, The Washington Post, September 7, 2012, live,web.archive.org/web/20151230122254/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2012/09/07/we-spend-750-billion-on-unnecessary-health-care-two-charts-explain-why/, December 30, 2015, mdy-all, Factors that drive overuse include paying health professionals more to do more (fee-for-service), defensive medicine to protect against (wikt:litigiousness#Noun|litigiousness), and insulation from price sensitivity in instances where the consumer is not the (wikt:payer#Noun|payer)—the patient receives goods and services but insurance pays for them (whether public insurance, private, or both).JOURNAL, Ezekiel J. Emanuel & Victor R. Fuchs, Health Care Overutilization in the United States—Reply, The Journal of the American Medical Association, 300, 19, 2251, 10.1001/jama.2008.605, 2008, Such factors leave many actors in the system (doctors, patients, pharmaceutical companies, device manufacturers) with inadequate incentive to restrain health care prices or overuse. This drives payers, such as national health insurance systems or the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, to focus on medical necessity as a condition for payment. However, the threshold between necessity and lack thereof can often be subjective.Overtreatment, in the strict sense, may refer to unnecessary medical interventions, including treatment of a self-limited condition (overdiagnosis) or to extensive treatment for a condition that requires only limited treatment.It is economically linked with overmedicalization.

Definition

A forerunner of the term was what Jack Wennberg called unwarranted variation,NEWS, More is Less, Alix Spiegel, This American Life, November 10, 2009,www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/391/more-is-less, live,www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/391/more-is-less," title="web.archive.org/web/20111105005053www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/391/more-is-less,">web.archive.org/web/20111105005053www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/391/more-is-less, November 5, 2011, mdy-all, different rates of treatments based upon where people lived, not clinical rationale. He had discovered that in studies that began in 1967 and were published in the 1970s and the 1980s: “The basic premise – that medicine was driven by science and by physicians capable of making clinical decisions based on well-established fact and theory – was simply incompatible with the data we saw. It was immediately apparent that suppliers were more important in driving demand than had been previously realized.“Michael T. McCue Clamping down on variation {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218052952www.managedhealthcareexecutive.com/mhe/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=46508 |date=December 18, 2007 }} – Managed Healthcare Executive, February 01, 2003In 2008, US bioethicist Ezekiel J. Emanuel and health economist Victor R. Fuchs defined unnecessary health care as “overutilization”, health care provided with a higher volume or cost than is appropriate. Recently, economists have sought to understand unnecessary health care in terms of misconsumption rather than overconsumption.JOURNAL, Hensher, Martin, Tisdell, John, Zimitat, Craig, 2017-03-01, “Too much medicine”: Insights and explanations from economic theory and research, Social Science & Medicine, 176, 77–84, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.020, 28131024,eprints.utas.edu.au/23729/1/Hensher%20Too%20Much%20Medicine%20PrePrint%20260817.pdf, In 2009 two US physicians wrote in an editorial, that unnecessary care was “defined as services which show no demonstrable benefit to patients” and might represent 30% of U.S. medical care.JOURNAL, Reilly BM, Evans AT, 12934288, Much ado about (doing) nothing, Ann Intern Med, 2009, 150, 4, 270–1, 19221379, 10.7326/0003-4819-150-4-200902170-00008, 10.1.1.688.1277, {{subscription required}} They referred to a 2003 study on regional variations in Medicare spending, which found, “Medicare enrollees in higher-spending regions receive more care than those in lower-spending regions, but do not have better health outcomes or satisfaction with care.“JOURNAL, 12585826, 10.7326/0003-4819-138-4-200302180-00007, 138, 4, The implications of regional variations in Medicare spending. Part 2: health outcomes and satisfaction with care, February 2003, Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Thérèse Stukel, Stukel TA, Gottlieb DJ, Lucas FL, Pinder EL, 8031637, Ann. Intern. Med., 288–98, In January 2012, the American College of Physicians Ethics, Professionalism, and Human Rights Committee suggested that overtreatment can also be understood in contrast to ‘parsimonious care’, defined as “care that utilizes the most efficient means to effectively diagnose a condition and treat a patient.“JOURNAL, Snyder L, 207536403, 2012, American College of Physicians Ethics Manual: sixth edition, Ann Intern Med, 156, 1 Pt 2, 73–104, 10.7326/0003-4819-156-1-201201031-00001, 22213573, In April 2012, Berwick, from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, and Andrew Hackbarth from the RAND Corporation defined overtreatment as “subjecting patients to care that, according to sound science and the patients’ own preferences, cannot possibly help them—care rooted in outmoded habits, supply-driven behaviors, and ignoring science.” They wrote that trying to do something (treatment or testing) for all patients who might need it inevitably entails doing that same thing for some patients who might not need it.” In uncertain situations, “some non-beneficial care was the necessary byproduct of optimal clinical decision making.“JOURNAL, Berwick DM, Hackbarth AD, Apr 2012, Eliminating waste in US health care, JAMA, 307, 14, 1513–6, 10.1001/jama.2012.362, 22419800, In October 2015, two pediatricians said that considering “overtreatment as an ethical violation” could help see the conflicting incentives of health care workers for treatment or nontreatment.JOURNAL, Ralston Shawn L., Schroeder Alan R., 2015, Doing More vs Doing Good: Aligning Our Ethical Principles From the Personal to the Societal, JAMA Pediatrics, 169, 12, 1085–6, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2702, 26502277, mdy-all, {{subscription required}}Low-value health care, for the most part, is administration of tests or treatment, which though useful initially, offer little value if given repeatedly as a part of routine care.JOURNAL, American Heart Association Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research, Strategies to Reduce Low-Value Cardiovascular Care: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association, Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, February 22, 2022, 15, 3, HCQ0000000000000105, 10.1161/HCQ.0000000000000105, 35189687, 9909614, 247023707,

Cost

In the US, the country which spends the most on health care per person globally, patients have fewer doctor visits and fewer days in hospitals than people in other countries do,NEWS,www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/10/16/16357790/health-care-prices-problem, The problem is the prices, Kliff, Sarah, 2017-10-16, 2018-12-07, but prices are high,JOURNAL,www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2015/oct/us-health-care-global-perspective, Spending, Use of Services, Prices, and Health in 13 Countries, commonwealthfund.org, 2015, 10.26099/77tf-5060, en, 2018-12-07, Squires, David, Anderson, Chloe, there is more use of some procedures and new drugs than elsewhere, and doctor salaries are double the levels in other countries.The New York Times reported “no one knows for sure” how much unnecessary care exists in the United States.NEWS, Law May Do Little to Help Curb Unnecessary Care, Gina Colata, The New York Times, March 29, 2010,www.nytimes.com/2010/03/30/health/30use.html, live,www.nytimes.com/2010/03/30/health/30use.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170716030707www.nytimes.com/2010/03/30/health/30use.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170716030707www.nytimes.com/2010/03/30/health/30use.html, July 16, 2017, mdy-all, Overuse of medical care is no longer a large fraction of total health care spending, which was $3.3 trillion in 2016.Researchers in 2014 analyzed many services listed as low value by Choosing Wisely and other sources. They looked at spending in 2008–2009 and found that these services represented 0.6% or 2.7% of Medicare costsJOURNAL, McWilliams, J. Michael, Chernew, Michael E., Elshaug, Adam G., Landon, Bruce E., Schwartz, Aaron L., 2014-07-01, Measuring Low-Value Care in Medicare, JAMA Internal Medicine, en, 174, 7, 1067–1076, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1541, 24819824, 4241845, 2168-6106, and there was no significant pattern of particular types of physicians ordering these low value services.JOURNAL, McWilliams, J. Michael, Zaslavsky, Alan M., Jena, Anupam B., Schwartz, Aaron L., 2018-12-03, Analysis of Physician Variation in Provision of Low-Value Services, JAMA Internal Medicine, 179, 1, 16–25, en, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5086, 30508010, 6583417, The Institute of Medicine in 2010 gave two estimates of “unnecessary services,” using different methodologies: 0.2% or 1% to 5% of health spending,BOOK,www.nap.edu/read/12750/chapter/5, The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes: Workshop Series Summary, Institute of Medicine, 2010, National Academies Press, (their $5 billion figure was 0.2% of total health expenditure), en, 2018-12-07, 10.17226/12750, 21595114, 978-0-309-14433-9, which was {{US$|2.6}} trillion.WEB,www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/Downloads/Tables.zip, Table 1 National Health Expenditures, cms.gov, 2018-12-05, The Institute of Medicine quoted that 2010 report in a 2012 report to support an estimate of 8% ($210 billion) in unnecessary services, without explaining the discrepancy.BOOK,www.nap.edu/login.php?record_id=13444, The National Academies Press, 978-0-309-26073-2, 101–102, 10.1109/ipdps.2000.846027, Replicating the contents of a WWW multimedia repository to minimize download time, 2000, Loukopoulos, T., Ahmad, I., Proceedings 14th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. IPDPS 2000, 9998202, This IOM 2012 report also said there were $555 billion in other wasted spending, which have an “unknown overlap” with each other and the $210 billion.The United States National Academy of Sciences estimated in 2005, without giving its methods or sources, that “between $.30 and $.40 of every dollar spent on health care is spent on the costs of poor quality,” amounting to” slightly more than a half-trillion dollars a year... wasted on overuse, underuse, misuse, duplication, system failures, unnecessary repetition, poor communication, and inefficiency.BOOK, Building a Better Delivery System: A New Engineering/Health Care Partnership – Bridging the Quality Chasm, Lawrence, David, 2005, United States National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 978-0-309-65406-7, 99,www.nap.edu/catalog/11378.html, live,www.nap.edu/catalog/11378.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20080709002402www.nap.edu/catalog/11378.html,">web.archive.org/web/20080709002402www.nap.edu/catalog/11378.html, July 9, 2008, mdy-all, 10.17226/11378, 20669457, In 2003 Fisher et al.JOURNAL, Elliott S. Fisher, David E. Wennberg, Thérèse Stukel, Thérèse A. Stukel, Daniel J. Gottlieb, F. L. Lucas & Etoile L. Pinder, 27581938, The implications of regional variations in Medicare spending. Part 1: the content, quality, and accessibility of care, Annals of Internal Medicine, 138, 4, 273–287, February 2003, 12585825, 10.7326/0003-4819-138-4-200302180-00006, mdy-all, JOURNAL, Elliott S. Fisher, David E. Wennberg, Therese A. Stukel, Daniel J. Gottlieb, F. L. Lucas & Etoile L. Pinder, 8031637, The implications of regional variations in Medicare spending. Part 2: health outcomes and satisfaction with care, Annals of Internal Medicine, 138, 4, 288–298, February 2003, 12585826, 10.7326/0003-4819-138-4-200302180-00007, mdy-all, found that there was “no apparent regional health benefit for Medicare recipients from doing more, whether ‘more’ is expressed as hospitalizations, surgical procedures, or consultations within the hospital.“JOURNAL, Steven A. Schroeder, Personal reflections on the high cost of American medical care: Many causes but few politically sustainable solutions, Archives of Internal Medicine, 171, 8, 722–727, April 2011, 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.149, 21518938, Steven A. Schroeder, Up to 30% of Medicare spending could be cut in 2003 without harming patients.When care is overused, patients are put at risk of complications unnecessarily,NEWS, Medicare Options In Biden Budget Talks Get Boost, NPR, The Associated Press, June 15, 2011,www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=137200637, June 26, 2011, with documented harm to patients from overuse of surgeries and other treatments.BOOK, Gibson, Singh, Rosemary, The Treatment Trap: How the Overuse of Medical Care is Wrecking Your Health,archive.org/details/treatmenttraphow00gibs/page/63, 2010, Ivan R. Dee, Chicago, 9781566638425, 63–83, mdy-all,

Causes

Physicians’ decisions are the proximate cause of unnecessary care, though the potential incentives and penalties they face can influence their choices.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Third-party payers and fee-for-service

{{See also|Fee-for-service}}When public or private insurance cover expenses and doctors are paid under a fee-for-service (FFS) model, neither has an incentive to consider the cost of treatment, a combination that contributes to waste.JOURNAL, Victor R. Fuchs, Eliminating ‘waste’ in health care, (JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association), 302, 22, 2481–2482, December 2009, 10.1001/jama.2009.1821, 19996406, Victor R. Fuchs, Fee-for-service is a large incentive for overuse because health care providers (such as doctors and hospitals) receive revenue from the overtreatment.Atul Gawande investigated Medicare FFS reimbursements in McAllen, Texas, for a 2009 article in the New Yorker.NEWS, Texas town’s healthcare puzzle, Katty Kay, BBC News, July 7, 2009,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8137085.stm, June 19, 2011, live,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8137085.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20100216214634news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8137085.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20100216214634news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8137085.stm, February 16, 2010, mdy-all, JOURNAL, Bryant Furlow, US reimbursement systems encourage fraud and overutilisation, The Lancet Oncology, 10, 10, 937–938, October 2009, 19810157, 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70297-9, Bryant Furlow, In 2006, the town of McAllen was the second-most expensive Medicare market, behind Miami. Costs per beneficiary were almost twice the national average.NEWS, The Cost Conundrum – What a Texas town can teach us about health care, Atul Gawande, The New Yorker, June 1, 2009,www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/06/01/090601fa_fact_gawande?currentPage=all, June 29, 2011, live,www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/06/01/090601fa_fact_gawande?currentPage=all," title="web.archive.org/web/20110610174307www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/06/01/090601fa_fact_gawande?currentPage=all,">web.archive.org/web/20110610174307www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/06/01/090601fa_fact_gawande?currentPage=all, June 10, 2011, mdy-all, Atul Gawande, In 1992, however, McAllen had been almost exactly in line with the Medicare spending average. After looking at other potential explanations such as relatively poorer health or medical malpractice, Gawande concluded the town was a chief example of the overuse of medical services.NEWS, Spend More, Get Less? The Health Care ‘Conundrum’, Fresh Air, NPR, June 17, 2009,www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=105483669, June 29, 2011, live,www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=105483669," title="web.archive.org/web/20140328041112www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=105483669,">web.archive.org/web/20140328041112www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=105483669, March 28, 2014, mdy-all, Gawande concluded that a business culture (physicians viewing their practices as a revenue stream) had established itself there, in contrast to a culture of low-cost high-quality medicine at the Mayo Clinic and in the Grand Junction, Colorado, market. Gawande advised:{{quotation|As America struggles to extend healthcare coverage while curbing health care costs, we face a decision that is more important than whether we have a public-insurance option, more important than whether we will have a single-payer system in the long run or a mixture of public and private insurance, as we do now. The decision is whether we are going to reward the leaders who are trying to build a new generation of Mayos and Grand Junctions. If we don’t, McAllen won’t be an outlier. It will be our future.}}

Medical malpractice laws and defensive medicine

{{See also|Medical malpractice}}To protect themselves from legal prosecution U.S. physicians have an incentive to order clinically unnecessary tests or tests of little potential value. While defensive medicine is a favored explanation for high medical costs by physicians, Gawande estimated in 2010 it only contributed to 2.4% of the total $2.3 trillion of U.S. health care spending in 2008.JOURNAL, Michelle Mello, Amitabh Chandra, Atul A. Gawande & David M. Studdert, National costs of the medical liability system, Health Affairs, 29, 9, 1569–1577, September 2010, 10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0807, 20820010, 3048809,

Direct-to-consumer advertising

Direct-to-consumer advertising can encourage patients to ask for drugs, devices, diagnostics, or procedures. Sometimes service providers will simply give these treatments or services rather than attempting the potentially more unpleasant task of convincing the patient what they have requested is not needed, or is likely to cause more harm than good.

Physician predispositions

Dartmouth Medical School professor Gilbert Welch argued 2016 that certain predispositions by physicians and the general public may lead to unnecessary health care, including:Gilbert Welch Assumptions That Drive Too Much Medical Care American College of Physicians, n.d., retrieved 9 May 2018BOOK, Less Medicine, More Health, Gilbert Welch, 2016, Beacon Press, 978-0807077580,

• Attempting to mitigate a risk without considering how small or unlikely the potential benefit is
• Attempting to fix an underlying problem, instead of using a less-risky monitoring or coping strategy
• Acting too quickly, when waiting for more information might be wiser
• Acting without considering the benefits of doing nothing
• Discounting downsides of diagnostic testing
• Preferring newer over older treatments without considering the cost of new treatments or the effectiveness of older ones
• Treating patients with terminal illness to maximize life span over quality of life, without probing a patient’s preferences

Examples

Imaging

Overuse of diagnostic imaging, such as X-rays and CT scans, is defined as any application unlikely to improve patient care.JOURNAL, B. Rehani, Imaging overutilisation: Is enough being done globally?, Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal, 7, 1, e6, January 2011, 10.2349/biij.7.1.e6, 21655115, 3107688, B. Rehani, January 31, 2024, Factors that contribute to overuse include “self-referral, patient wishes, inappropriate financially motivated factors, health system factors, industry, media, lack of awareness” and defensive medicine. Respected organizations—such as the American College of Radiology (ACR), Royal College of Radiologists (RCR) and the World Health Organization (WHO)—have developed “appropriateness criteria”. The Canadian Association of Radiologists estimated in 2009 that 30% of imaging was unnecessary in the Canadian health care system.WEB,www.car.ca/uploads/patient%20info/car_cat_scan_eng.pdf, Do you need that scan?, 2009, Canadian Association of Radiologists, June 27, 2011, dead,www.car.ca/uploads/patient%20info/car_cat_scan_eng.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20110322052940www.car.ca/uploads/patient%20info/car_cat_scan_eng.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20110322052940www.car.ca/uploads/patient%20info/car_cat_scan_eng.pdf, March 22, 2011, mdy-all, 2008 Medicare claims showed overuse with chest CT’s.NEWS, Medicare Claims Show Overuse for CT Scanning, Walt Bogdanich, Jo Craven McGinty, The New York Times, June 17, 2011,www.nytimes.com/2011/06/18/health/18radiation.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all, June 22, 2011,web.archive.org/web/20200920082447/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/18/health/18radiation.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all, September 20, 2020, dead, mdy-all, Financial incentives have also been shown to have a significant impact on dental X-ray use with dentists who are paid a separate fee for each X-ray providing more X-rays.JOURNAL, Chalkley, M., Listl, S., First do no harm – The impact of financial incentives on dental X-rays, Journal of Health Economics, 30 December 2017, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.12.005, 29408150, 58, March 2018, 1–9, 46797965,eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/135410/1/CHERP143_impact_financial_incentives_dental_xrays.pdf, Overuse of imaging can lead to a diagnosis of a condition that would have otherwise remained irrelevant (overdiagnosis).JOURNAL, Elm Ho, Overuse, overdose, overdiagnosis... overreaction?, Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal, 6, 3, e8, July 2010, 10.2349/biij.6.3.e8, 21611049, 3097773, Elm Ho,

Physician self-referral

One type of overuse can be physician self-referral.JOURNAL , Multiple studies have replicated the finding that when non-radiologists have an ownership interest in the fees generated by radiology equipment—and can self-refer—their use of imaging is unnecessarily higher. The majority of U.S. growth in imaging use (the fastest-growing physician service) comes from self-referring nonradiologists. In 2004, this overuse was estimated to contribute to $16 billion of annual U.S. health care costs.As of a 2018 review evidence of overtreatment overmedicalization, and overdiagnosis in Pediatrics have been use of commercial rehydration solution, antidepressants, and parenteral nutrition; overmedicalization with planned early deliveries, immobilization of ankle injuries, use of hydrolyzed infant formula; and overdiagnosis of hypoxemia among children recovering from bronchiolitis.JOURNAL, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5752, 172, 2017 Update on Pediatric Medical Overuse, 2018, JAMA Pediatrics, Coon Eric R., Young Paul C., Quinonez Ricardo A., Morgan Daniel J., Dhruva Sanket S., Schroeder Alan R., 4369253, 5, 482–486, 29582079,

Others

• HospitalizationsJOURNAL, Do doctors under-provide, over-provide or do both? Exploring the quality of medical treatment in the Philippines, International Journal for Quality in Health Care, June 2011, 10.1093/intqhc/mzr029, 21672923, 3136200, 23, 4, James CD, Hanson K, Solon O, Whitty CJ, Peabody J, 445–55, for those with chronic conditions who could be treated as outpatientsWEB,www.dartmouthatlas.org/downloads/reports/effective_care.pdf, Effective Care – A Dartmouth Atlas Project Topic Brief, January 15, 2007, Dartmouth Atlas Project, June 29, 2011, live,www.dartmouthatlas.org/downloads/reports/effective_care.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20111002175809www.dartmouthatlas.org/downloads/reports/effective_care.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20111002175809www.dartmouthatlas.org/downloads/reports/effective_care.pdf, October 2, 2011, mdy-all,
• Surgeries in Medicare patients in their last year of life; regions with high levels had higher death ratesNEWS, Medicare Patients Get Costly Surgery Before Death, Carrie Gann, ABC News, October 6, 2011,abcnews.go.com/Health/costly-surgery-medicare-claims-end-life-patients/story?id=14676582, October 6, 2011, JOURNAL, Kwok AC, Semel ME, Lipsitz SR, Bader AM, Barnato AE, Gawande AA, Jha AK, 31805773, 2011, The intensity and variation of surgical care at the end of life: a retrospective cohort study, The Lancet, 378, 9800, 1408–1413,nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:38846184, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61268-3, 21982520,
• Antibiotic use for viral or self-limiting infectionsJOURNAL, Malika Taufiq & Rukhsana W. Zuberi, Overuse of antibiotics in children for upper respiratory infections (URIs): a dilemma, Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan, 21, 1, 60, January 2011, 21276393, (an overmedication that can promote antibiotic resistance)
• Opiate prescriptionsJOURNAL, Markus Dietl & Dieter Korczak, Over-, under- and misuse of pain treatment in Germany, GMS Health Technology Assessment, 7, Doc03, 2011, 10.3205/hta000094, 21522485, 3080661, carry the risk of addiction. In some cases, the number of pills prescribed might exceed what is actually needed for pain relief from a given condition, or a different pain management technique or medication would be effective but less risky.
• Many blood transfusions in the U.S. are given without checking to see if they are needed after a previous transfusion, or are given in cases where monitoring, recovering the patient’s own blood, or iron therapy would be effective and reduce the risk of complicationsRyan Jaslow (June 28, 2011) Blood transfusion regulations needed to rein in overuse: Panel {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065903www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-20074997-10391704.html |date=November 4, 2012 }} CBS News/Associated Press. Accessed June 28, 2011.
• An estimated one in eight coronary stents (used in $20,000 procedures) with nonacute indications (U.S.)NEWS, Heart Treatment Overused – Study Finds Doctors Often Too Quick to Try Costly Procedures to Clear Arteries, Ron Winslow, John Carreyrou, The Wall Street Journal, July 6, 2011,www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304760604576428323005864648, July 6, 2011, live,www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304760604576428323005864648," title="web.archive.org/web/20150717203652www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304760604576428323005864648,">web.archive.org/web/20150717203652www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304760604576428323005864648, July 17, 2015, mdy-all, JOURNAL, Chan, 2011, Appropriateness of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, JAMA (journal), JAMA, 306, 1, 53–61, 10.1001/jama.2011.916, 21730241, etal, 3293218,
  • Stents performed by the formal chair of cardiology, Mark Midei, at St. Joseph Medical Center of Towson, MarylandJay Hancock (July 18, 2011). Progress, but not enough, against needless hospital procedures {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920010818articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-07-18/business/bs-bz-hancock-midei-reform-20110718_1_midei-stent-cases-unnecessary-stents |date=September 20, 2011 }} The Baltimore Sun Accessed August 4, 2011.Final Decision and Order {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930033005www.mbp.state.md.us/BPQAPP/orders/d3004207.131.pdf |date=September 30, 2011 }} Maryland State Board of Physicians Accessed August 4, 2011.Meredith Cohn (July 29, 2011). St. Joseph Medical Center’s CEO resigns {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929095428articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-07-29/health/bs-hs-st-joseph-resigns-20110729_1_midei-stent-procedures-jeffrey-k-norman |date=September 29, 2012 }} The Baltimore Sun Accessed August 4, 2011.Larry Husten (July 13, 2011). Maryland Revokes Mark Midei’s Medical License {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716001802blogs.forbes.com/larryhusten/2011/07/13/maryland-revokes-mark-mideis-medical-license/ |date=July 16, 2011 }} Forbes Accessed August 4, 2011.
• Heart bypass surgeries at Redding Medical Center which resulted in an FBI raidJOURNAL, Walshe K, Shortell SM, When things go wrong: how health care organizations deal with major failures, Health Aff (Millwood), 2004, 23, 3, 103–11, 15160808, 10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.103, free, NEWS, At California Hospital, Red Flags and an FBI Raid, Gilbert M. Gaul, Gilbert M. Gaul, The Washington Post, July 25, 2005,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/24/AR2005072400969.html, July 5, 2011, live,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/24/AR2005072400969.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121110165808www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/24/AR2005072400969.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121110165808www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/24/AR2005072400969.html, November 10, 2012, mdy-all, JOURNAL, Rosemary Gibson, August 25, 2010, Can Funders Quell a ‘Perfect Storm of Overutilization’?, Health Affairs, 10.1377/forefront.20100825.006700,www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20100825.006700, mdy-all,
• Screening patients with advanced cancer for other cancersJOURNAL, Camelia S. Sima, Katherine S. Panageas, Deborah Schrag, Cancer screening among patients with advanced cancer, JAMA (journal), JAMA, 304, 14, 1584–1591, October 2010, 10.1001/jama.2010.1449, 20940384, 3728828,
• Annual cervical cancer screening in women with medical histories of normal pap smear and HPV test resultsJOURNAL, 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.06.001, Human papillomavirus and Papanicolaou tests screening interval recommendations in the United States, 2011, Roland KB, Soman A, Bernard VB, etal, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 205, 5, 447.e1–8, 21840492, Kathleen Doheny (August 20, 2011). “Annual Pap tests often ordered but unneeded {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320004709yourlife.usatoday.com/health/medical/womenshealth/story/2011/08/Annual-Pap-tests-often-ordered-but-unneeded/50056922/1 |date=March 20, 2012 }}” HealthDay (USA Today). Accessed August 22, 2011.

Reduction efforts

Utilization management (utilization review) has evolved over decades among both public and private payers in an attempt to reduce overuse.WEB, Berenson, Robert A., Docteur, Elizabeth, January 2013, Doing Better by Doing Less: Approaches to Tackle Overuse of Services,webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412834-Doing-Better-by-Doing-Less.pdf, Urban Institute, In this effort, insurers employ physicians to review the actions of other physicians and detect overuse. Utilization review has a poor reputation among most clinicians as a corrupted system in which utilization reviewers have their own perverse incentives (i.e., find ways to deny coverage no matter what) and in some cases are not practicing physicians, lacking real-world clinical insight or wisdom. Results of a recent systematic review found that many studies focused more on reductions in utilization than in improving clinically meaningful measures.JOURNAL, Maratt, Jennifer K., Kerr, Eve A., Klamerus, Mandi L., Lohman, Shannon E., Froehlich, Whit, Bhatia, R. Sacha, Saini, Sameer D., 2019, Measures Used to Assess the Impact of Interventions to Reduce Low-Value Care: a Systematic Review, Journal of General Internal Medicine, en, 34, 9, 1857–1864, 10.1007/s11606-019-05069-5, 0884-8734, 6712188, 31250366, The 2010 U.S. health care reform, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, did not contain serious strategies to reduce overuse; “the public has made it clear that it does not want to be told what medical care it can and cannot have.” Uwe Reinhardt, a health economist at Princeton, said “the minute you attack overutilization, you will be called a Nazi before the day is out”.Professional societies and other groups have begun to push for policy changes that would encourage clinicians to avoid providing unnecessary care. Most physicians accept that laboratory tests are overused, but “it remains difficult to persuade them to consider the possibility that they, too, might be overutilizing laboratory tests.“JOURNAL, Jamie A. Weydert, Newell D. Nobbs, Ronald Feld & John D. Kemp, A simple, focused, computerized query to detect overutilization of laboratory tests, Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 129, 9, 1141–1143, September 2005, 10.5858/2005-129-1141-ASFCQT, 16119987, In November 2011, the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation began the Choosing Wisely campaign, which aims to raise awareness of overtreatment and change physician behavior by publicizing lists of tests and treatments that are often overused, and which doctors and patients should try to avoid.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}In the UK, 2011, online platform AskMyGP was launched to decrease the amount of unnecessary medical appointments. In the app patients are given a questionnaire about their symptoms, which then assesses the patient’s need for medical care. The program was a success, and as of January 2018 has managed over 29,000 patient episodes.In April 2012, the Lown Institute and the New America Foundation Health Policy Program convened the ‘Avoiding Avoidable Care’WEB,avoidablecare.org/, Avoiding Avoidable Care, avoidablecare.org, January 19, 2015, live,avoidablecare.org/," title="web.archive.org/web/20150103154604avoidablecare.org/,">web.archive.org/web/20150103154604avoidablecare.org/, January 3, 2015, mdy-all, conference. It was the first major medical conference to focus entirely on overuse, and it included presentations from speakers including Bernard Lown, Don Berwick, Christine Cassel, Amitabh Chandra, JudyAnn Bigby, and Julio Frenk.WEB, 25-26 April 2012, Avoiding Avoidable Care Conference- Featured Speakers,avoidablecare.org/about-the-conference/speakers/, dead,avoidablecare.org/about-the-conference/speakers/," title="web.archive.org/web/20130814013018avoidablecare.org/about-the-conference/speakers/,">web.archive.org/web/20130814013018avoidablecare.org/about-the-conference/speakers/, August 14, 2013, 21 August 2013, Avoiding Avoidable Care, mdy-all, A second meeting was planned for December 2013.WEB, 2013 Lown Conference: From Avoidable Care to Right Care,www.lowninstitute.org/project/2013-lown-conference/, Lown Institute, 21 August 2013, live,lowninstitute.org/project/2013-lown-conference/," title="web.archive.org/web/20131104115823lowninstitute.org/project/2013-lown-conference/,">web.archive.org/web/20131104115823lowninstitute.org/project/2013-lown-conference/, November 4, 2013, mdy-all, Since the meeting, the Lown Institute has focused its work on deepening the understanding of overuse and generating public discussion of the ethical and cultural drivers of overuse, especially on the role of the hidden curriculum in medical school and residency.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}Patient safety committees, which are charged with reviewing the quality of care, can view overutilization as adverse event.JOURNAL, Zapata Josué A., Lai Andrew R., Moriates Christopher, 2017, Is Excessive Resource Utilization an Adverse Event?, JAMA, 317, 8, 849–850, 10.1001/jama.2017.0698, 28245327,

Consumer cost sharing

{{Expand section|date=October 2011}}

See also

• Medicare fraud
• Moral hazard
• Antibiotic misuse
• Choosing Wisely
• Overmedicalization
• Overdiagnosis

References

Citations

{{Reflist}}

Sources

• BOOK, Shannon, Brownlee, Overtreated: Why too much medicine is making us sicker and poorer, Bloomsbury, London, 2007, 978-1-58234-580-2,archive.org/details/overtreatedwhyto00brow,
• WEB,www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/05/11/overkill-atul-gawande, America’s Epidemic of Unnecessary Care, Atul, Gawande, newyorker.com, 11 May 2015, 4 May 2015,
• JOURNAL, Hendee WR, Becker GJ, Borgstede JP, etal, Addressing overutilization in medical imaging, Radiology, 257, 1, 240–5, October 2010, 20736333, 10.1148/radiol.10100063,
• JOURNAL, R. E. Malone, 10081763, Whither the almshouse? Overutilization and the role of the emergency department, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 23, 5, 795–832, October 1998, 9803363, 10.1215/03616878-23-5-795, R. E. Malone,
• JOURNAL, Sana M. Al-Khatib, Anne Hellkamp, Jeptha Curtis, Daniel Mark, Eric Peterson, Gillian D. Sanders, Paul A. Heidenreich, Adrian F. Hernandez, Lesley H. Curtis & Stephen Hammill, Non-evidence-based ICD implantations in the United States, (JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association), 305, 1, 43–49, January 2011, 10.1001/jama.2010.1915, 21205965, 3432303,
• JOURNAL, David B. Larson, Lara W. Johnson, Beverly M. Schnell, Shelia R. Salisbury & Howard P. Forman, National trends in CT use in the emergency department: 1995–2007, Radiology (journal), Radiology, 258, 1, 164–173, January 2011, 10.1148/radiol.10100640, 21115875, free, – a story on the study
• JOURNAL, Gawande, Atul A., Colla, Carrie H., Halpern, Scott D., Landon, Bruce E., Avoiding Low-Value Care, New England Journal of Medicine, 3 April 2014, 370, 14, e21, 10.1056/NEJMp1401245, 24693918,

External links

• Disease Creep: How we’re fooled into using more medicine than we need by medical investigative journalist Jeanne Lenzer

{{Unnecessary health care}}{{Medical harm}}{{Health care}}