GetWiki
The Theory of the Leisure Class
ARTICLE SUBJECTS
being →
database →
ethics →
fiction →
history →
internet →
language →
linux →
logic →
method →
news →
policy →
purpose →
religion →
science →
software →
truth →
unix →
wiki →
ARTICLE TYPES
essay →
feed →
help →
system →
wiki →
ARTICLE ORIGINS
critical →
forked →
imported →
original →
The Theory of the Leisure Class
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{short description|Book by Thorstein Veblen}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
factoids | |
---|---|
Background
The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) was published during the Gilded Age (1870â1900), the time of the robber baron millionaires John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Cornelius Vanderbilt, at the end of the 19th century. Veblen presents the evolutionary development of the social and economic institutions of society, wherein technology and the industrial arts are the creative forces of economic production. That in the economics of the production of goods and services, the social function of the economy was to meet the material needs of society and to earn profits for the owners of the means of production. Sociologically, that the industrial production system required the workers (men and women) to be diligent, efficient, and co-operative, whilst the owners of the factories concerned themselves with profits and with public displays of wealth; thus the contemporary socio-economic behaviours of conspicuous consumption and of conspicuous leisure survived from the predatory, barbarian past of the tribal stage of modern society.The New Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed.), Vol. 12.{{Rp|287}}The sociology and economics reported in The Theory of the Leisure Class show the influences of Charles Darwin and Karl Marx, Adam Smith and Herbert Spencer;{{Harvnb|Ritzer|2004}} thereby Veblen's socio-economic theory emphasizes social evolution and development as characteristics of human institutions.{{Harvnb|Gross|2009}}. In his time, Veblen criticised contemporary (19th-century) economic theories as intellectually static and hedonistic, and that economists should take account of how people actually behave, socially, and culturally, rather than rely upon the theoretic deduction meant to explain the economic behaviours of society.{{Harvnb|Ritzer|2004}} As such, Veblen's reports of American political economy contradicted the (supply and demand) neoclassical economics of the 18th century, which define people as rational agents who seek utility and maximal pleasure from their economic activities; whereas Veblen's economics define people as irrational economic agents who disregard personal happiness in the continual pursuit of the social status and the prestige inherent to having a place in society (class and economic stratum). Veblen concluded that conspicuous consumption did not constitute social progress, because American economic development was unduly influenced by the static economics of the British aristocracy; therefore, conspicuous consumption was an un-American activity contrary to the country's dynamic culture of individualism.{{Harvnb|Gross|2009}}.Originally published as The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions, the book arose from three articles that Veblen published in the American Journal of Sociology between 1898 and 1899: (i) "The Beginning of Ownership" (ii) "The Barbarian Status of Women", and (iii) "The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labour".{{Harvnb|Fine|1994|pp=160â1}}. These works presented the major themes of economics and sociology that he later developed in works such as: The Theory of Business Enterprise (1904), about how incompatible are the pursuit of profit and the making of useful goods; and The Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts (1914), about the fundamental conflict between the human predisposition to useful production and the societal institutions that waste the useful products of human effort.{{Harvnb|Vernon|1974|p=53}}.{{Rp|286â7}}Moreover, The Theory of the Leisure Class is a socio-economic treatise that resulted from Veblen's observation and perception of the United States as a society of rapidly developing economic and social institutions.{{Harvnb|Gross|2009}}. Critics of his reportage about the sociology and economics of the consumer society that is the US especially disliked the satiric tone of his literary style, and said that Veblen's cultural perspective had been negatively influenced by his austere boyhood in a Norwegian American community of practical, thrifty, and utilitarian people who endured anti-immigrant prejudices in the course of integration to American society.{{Rp|286â7}}{{Harvnb|Fredrickson|1959}}.Thesis
File:British army Lt. Col. Alistair Aitken, commanding officer, Combined Forces Lashkar Gah, and Warrant Officer Evan Philbin, with Alpha Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland, discuss mission objectives 110716-M-SM240-701.jpg|thumb|right|300px|In a stratified society, the profession of arms (military officer) is a leisure-class occupation.]]File:Un Patron, by Jean-Eugène Buland.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|Manufacturing is an economically productive occupation for skilled-labor worker in a stratified society. (Un patron, by Jean-Eugène BulandJean-Eugène Buland(File:Jean-Eugène Buland - L'offrande (1885).jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|Conspicuous leisure: The devout observance of religious ritual is an activity for the leisure-class woman. (L'offrande, by Jean-Eugène Buland, 1885))Concepts
In The Theory of the Leisure Class Veblen coined the following sociology terms:- Leisure class â members of the upper class who are exempt from productive work.
- Pecuniary superiority â the leisure class demonstrate their economic superiority by not working.
- Pecuniary emulation â the economic effort to exceed someone else's socio-economic status.WEB, Chen, James, Thorstein Veblen Definition,weblink 2021-05-11, Investopedia, en,
- Pecuniary struggle â the acquisition and exhibition of wealth in order to gain social status.
- Vicarious leisure â the leisure of wives and servants as evidence of the wealth of the lord of the manor
- Estranged leisure â the leisure of servants is realised in behalf of the lord of the manor.
The stratified society
The Theory of the Leisure Class established that the political economy of a modern society is based upon the social stratification of tribal and feudal societies, rather than upon the merit and social utility and economic utility of individual men and women. Veblen's examples indicate that many economic behaviours of contemporary society derive from corresponding tribal-society behaviours, wherein men and women practiced the division of labor according to their status group; high-status people practiced hunting and warfare, which are economically unproductive occupations, whilst low-status people practiced farming and manufacturing, which are economically productive occupations. In a socially-stratified society, the leisure class are the members of the upper class who are exempt from productive work.{{Anchor|Occupation|pecuniary superiority}}(i) Occupation
The concepts of dignity and Self-worth and Honour are the bases of the development of social class and distinctions of type among the social classes; thus, by way of social stratification, productive labor came to be seen as disreputable. Therefore, the accumulation of wealth does not confer social status, as does the evidence of wealth, such as leisure. In a stratified society, the division of labor inherent to the barbarian culture of conquest, domination, and the exploitation of labour featured labour-intensive occupations for the conquered people, and light-labour occupations for the conquerors, who thus became the leisure class. In that societal context, although low-status, productive occupations (tinker, tailor, chandler) were of greater economic value to society than were high-status, unproductive occupations (the profession of arms, the clergy, banking, etc.), for social cohesion, the leisure class occasionally performed productive work that was more symbolic than practical.The leisure class engaged in displays of pecuniary superiority by not working and by the:- Accumulation of property and material possessions
- Accumulation of immaterial goods â high-level education, a family crest
- Adoption of archaic social skills â manners and etiquette, chivalry and a code of conduct
- Employment of servants
(ii) Economic utility
In exercising political control, the leisure class retained their high social-status by direct and indirect coercion, by reserving for themselves the profession of arms, and so withheld weapons and military skills from the lower social classes. Such a division of labor (economic utility) rendered the lower classes dependent upon the leisure class, which established, justified, and perpetuated the role of the leisure class as the defenders of society against natural and supernatural enemies, because the clergy also belonged to the leisure class.Contemporary society did not psychologically supersede the tribal-stage division of labor, but evolved the division-of-labor by social status and social stratum. During the Mediæval period (5thâ15th c.) only land-owning noblemen had the right to hunt and to bear arms as soldiers; status and income were parallel. Likewise, in contemporary society, skilled laborers of the working class are paid an income in wages, which is inferior to the salary income paid to the educated managers whose economic importance (as engineers, salesmen, personnel clerks, et al.) is indirectly productive; income and status are parallel.{{Anchor|Pecuniary emulation}}(iii) Pecuniary emulation
The term pecuniary emulation describes a person's economic efforts to surpass a rich person's socio-economic status. Veblen said that the pecuniary struggle to acquire and exhibit wealth, in order to gain status, is the driving force behind the development of culture and society. To attain, retain, and gain greater social status within their social class, low-status people emulate the high-status members of their socio-economic class, by consuming over-priced brands of goods and services perceived to be of better quality and thus of a higher social-class. In striving for greater social status, people buy high-status goods and services which they cannot afford, despite the availability of affordable products that are perceived as of lower quality and lesser social prestige, and thus of a lower social class. In a consumer society, the businessman was the latest member of the leisure class, a barbarian who used his prowess (business acumen) and competitive skills (marketing) to increase profits, by manipulating the supply and the demand among the social classes and their strata, for the same products (goods and services) at different prices.Contemporary consumerism
- The subjugation of women â Women originally were spoils of war captured by raiding barbarians. In contemporary society, the unemployed housewife is an economic trophy that attests to a man's socio-economic prowess. In having a wife without an independent economic life (a profession, a trade, a job) a man can display her unemployed status as a form of his conspicuous leisure and as an object of his conspicuous consumption.
- The popularity of sport â American football is sociologically advantageous to community cohesion; yet, in itself, sport is an economic side-effect of conspicuous leisure that wastes material resources.
- Devout observances â Organized religion is a type of conspicuous leisure (wasted time) and of conspicuous consumption (wasted resources); a social activity of no economic consequence, because a church is an unproductive use of land and resources, and clergy (men and women) do unproductive work.
- Social formalities â social manners are remnant barbarian behaviours, such as paying respect to one's socially powerful betters. In itself, etiquette has little value (practical or economic), but is of much social value as cultural capital, which identifies, establishes, and enforces distinctions of place (social stratum) within a social class.
Overview
Conspicuous economics
| width = 35%| salign = right}}With The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions (1899), Veblen introduced, described, and explained the concepts of "conspicuous consumption" and of "conspicuous leisure" to the nascent, academic discipline of sociology. Conspicuous consumption is the application of money and material resources towards the display of a higher social status (e.g. silver flatware, custom-made clothes, an over-sized house); and conspicuous leisure is the application of extended time to the pursuit of pleasure (physical and intellectual), such as sport and the fine arts. Therefore, such physical and intellectual pursuits display the freedom of the rich man and woman from having to work in an economically productive occupation.{{Harvnb|Chao|Schor|1998|p=?}}.Theses
- Chapter I: Introductory
- Chapter II: Pecuniary Emulation
- Chapter III: Conspicuous Leisure
- Chapter IV: Conspicuous Consumption
- Chapter V: The Pecuniary Standard of Living
- Chapter VI: Pecuniary Canons of Taste
- Chapter VII: Dress as an Expression of the Pecuniary Culture
- Chapter VIII: Industrial Exemption and Conservatism
- Chapter IX: The Conservation of Archaic Traits
- Chapter X: Modern Survivals of Prowess
- Chapter XI: The Belief in Luck
- Chapter XII: Devout Observances
- Chapter XIII: Survivals of the Non-invidious Interest
- Chapter XIV: The Higher Learning as an Expression of the Pecuniary Culture
Criticism and critique
Literary style
In The Theory of the Leisure Class, Veblen used idiosyncratic and satirical language to identify, describe, and explain the consumerist mores of American modern society in the 19th century; thus, about the impracticality of etiquette as a form of conspicuous leisure, Veblen said:{{Quotation|A better illustration [of conspicuous leisure], or at least a more unmistakable one, is afforded by a certain King of France who was said to have lost his life in the observance of good form. In the absence of the functionary whose office it was to shift his master's seat, the King sat uncomplaining before the fire, and suffered his royal person to be toasted beyond recovery. But, in so doing, he saved his Most Christian Majesty from menial contamination.{{Harvnb|Veblen|1934|page=33}}|}}In contrast, Veblen used objective language in The Theory of Business Enterprise (1904), which analyses the business-cycle behaviours of businessmen. In his introduction to the 1973 edition, the economist John Kenneth Galbraith said that The Theory of the Leisure Class is Veblen's intellectual put-down of American society. That Veblen spoke satirically in order to soften the negative implications of his socio-economic analyses of the U.S. social-class system, facts that are more psychologically threatening to the American ego and the status quo, than the negative implications of Karl Marx's analyses. That, unlike Marx, who asserted capitalism as superior to feudalism in providing products (goods and services) for mass consumption, Veblen did not recognise such a distinction. For him capitalism was one form of economic barbarism, and that goods and services produced for conspicuous consumption are fundamentally worthless.In the Introduction to the 1967 edition of The Theory of the Leisure Class, economist Robert Lekachman said that Veblen was a misanthrope:{{Quotation |As a child, Veblen was a notorious tease, and an inveterate inventor of malicious nicknames. As an adult, Veblen developed this aptitude into the abusive category and the cutting analogy. In this volume [The Theory of the Leisure Class] the most striking categories are four in number: [i] Conspicuous Consumption, [ii] Vicarious Consumption, [iii] Conspicuous Leisure, and [iv] Conspicuous Waste. It is amazing what a very large proportion of social activity, higher education, devout observance, and upper-class consumer goods seemed to fit snugly into one, or another, of these classifications.|Robert Lekachman, Introduction to The Theory of the Leisure Class (1967 ed.)}}19th century
The success of The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) derived from the fidelity, veracity, and accuracy of Veblen's reportage about the socio-economic behaviours of the American system of social classes.{{Harvnb|Veblen|1934|loc=Introduction by Stuart Chase}}. Additional to the success (financial, academic, social) accrued to him by the book, a social-scientist colleague told Veblen that the sociology of gross consumerism catalogued in The Theory of the Leisure Class had much "fluttered the dovecotes of the East", especially in the Ivy League academic Establishment.In the two-part book review "An Opportunity for American Fiction" (AprilâMay 1899), the critic William Dean Howells made Veblen's treatise the handbook of sociology and economics for the American intelligentsia of the early 20th century.{{Harvnb|Heilbroner|2000|p=228}}. Reviewing first the economics and then the social satire in The Theory of the Leisure Class, Howells said that social-class anxiety impels American society to wasteful consumerism, especially the pursuit of social prestige. That despite social classes being alike in most stratified societies, the novelty of the American social-class system was that the leisure class had only recently appeared in U.S. history.{{Harvnb|Howells|1899a}}.Asking for a novelist to translate into fiction what the social-scientist Veblen had reported, Howells concluded that a novel of manners was an opportunity for American fiction to accessibly communicate the satire in The Theory of the Leisure Class:{{Harvnb|Howells|1899b}}. {{Quotation| It would be easy to burlesque [the American leisure class], but to burlesque it would be intolerable, and the witness [Veblen] who did this would be bearing false testimony where the whole truth and nothing but the truth is desirable. A democracy, the proudest, the most sincere, the most ardent that history has ever known, has evolved here a leisure class which has all the distinguishing traits of a patriciate, and which by the chemistry of intermarriage with European aristocracies is rapidly acquiring antiquity. Is not this a phenomenon worthy the highest fiction? Mr. Veblen has brought to its study the methods and habits of scientific inquiry. To translate these into dramatic terms would form the unequalled triumph of the novelist who had the seeing eye and the thinking mind, not to mention the feeling heart. That such a thing has not been done hitherto is all the stranger, because fiction, in other countries, has always employed itself with the leisure class, with the aristocracy; and our own leisure class now offers not only as high an opportunity as any which fiction has elsewhere enjoyed, but by its ultimation in the English leisure class, it invites the American imagination abroad on conditions of unparalleled advantage.|}}In the Journal of Political Economy (September 1899), the book reviewer John Cummings said:As a contribution to the general theory of sociology, Dr. Veblen's The Theory of the Leisure Class requires no other commendation for its scholarly performance than that which a casual reading of the work readily inspires. Its highly original character makes any abridgement of it exceedingly difficult and inadequate, and such an abridgement cannot be even attempted here ... The following pages, however, are devoted to a discussion of certain points of view in which the author seems, to the writer [Cummings], to have taken an incomplete survey of the facts, or to have allowed his interpretation of facts to be influenced by personal animus.Cummings, John (1899). "The Theory of the Leisure Class." Journal of Political Economy 7(4):425â55. {{doi|10.1086/250610}}. {{JSTOR|1817954}}. {{S2CID|153636752}}. p. 425.20th century
In the essay "Prof. Veblen" (1919) the intellectual H. L. Mencken addressed the matters of Americans' social psychology reported in The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), by asking:{{Quotation |Do I enjoy a decent bath because I know that John Smith cannot afford oneâor because I delight in being clean? Do I admire Beethoven's Fifth Symphony because it is incomprehensible to Congressmen and Methodistsâor because I genuinely love music? Do I prefer terrapin à la Maryland to fried liver, because plowhands must put up with the liverâor because the terrapin is intrinsically a more charming dose?Mencken, Henry Louis. 1919. "Professor Veblen", in Prejudices: First Series. New York: Knopf. {{OCLC|325153}}.{{Harvnb|Mencken|1919}}.|}}In the essay "The Dullest Book of The Month: Dr. Thorstein Veblen Gets the Crown of Deadly Nightshade" (1919), after addressing the content of The Theory of the Leisure Class, the book reviewer Robert Benchley addressed the subject of who are readers to whom Veblen speaks, that:the Doctor has made one big mistake, however. He has presupposed, in writing this book, the existence of a [social] class with much more leisure than any class in the world ever possessedâfor, has he not counted on a certain number of readers?Benchley, Robert Charles. 1919 April. "The Dullest Book of The Month: Dr. Thorstein Veblen Gets the Crown of Deadly Nightshade." Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2021 May 11.In the Introduction to the 1934 edition, the economist Stuart Chase said that the Great Depression (1929â1941) had vindicated Veblen the economist, because The Theory of the Leisure Class had unified "the outstanding economists of the world".{{Harvnb|Veblen|1934|loc=Introduction by Stuart Chase, p. xii}}. In the foreword to the 1953 edition, sociologist C. Wright Mills said that Veblen was "the best critic of America that America has ever produced".{{Harvnb|Veblen|1953|loc=Introduction by Wright Mills}} In the Introduction to the 1973 edition of the book, economist John Kenneth Galbraith addressed the author as subject, and said that Veblen was a man of his time, and that The Theory of the Leisure Classâpublished in 1899âreflected Veblen's 19th-century world view. That in his person and personality, the social scientist Veblen was neglectful of his grooming and tended to be disheveled; that he suffered social intolerance for being an intellectual and an agnostic in a society of superstitious and anti-intellectual people, and so tended to curtness with less intelligent folk.{{Harvnb|Veblen|1973|loc=Introduction by John Kenneth Galbraith}}John Dos Passos writes of Veblen in his trilogy novel U.S.A, in the third novel (1933), The Big Money. There, as one of Passos' highly subjective portraits of historical figures throughout the trilogy, Veblen is bio-sketched in THE BITTER DRINK in about 10 pages, referring presumably in that title to the hemlock Socrates was forced to drink for his supposed crimes. The portrait ends with these three final lines: "but his memorial remains/riveted into the language/the sharp clear prism of his mind." File:Thornstein Veblen 1.jpg|thumbnail|400px|In The Theory of the Leisure Class, Veblen argues that the political economy of the U.S. is an imitation of the socio-economically static monarchy of Britain ]]In The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times, and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers (1953), the historian of economics Robert Heilbroner said that Veblen's socio-economic theories applied to the Gilded Age (1870â1900) of gross materialism and political corruption in the U.S. of the 19th century, but are inapplicable in 21st-century economics, because The Theory of the Leisure Class is specific to U.S. society in general, and to the society of Chicago in particular.{{Harvnb|Heilbroner|2000}}. In that vein, in No Rest for the Wealthy (2009), the journalist Daniel Gross said:{{Quotation|In the book, Veblenâwhom C. Wright Mills called "the best critic of America that America has ever produced"âdissected the habits and mores of a privileged group that was exempt from industrial toil and distinguished by lavish expenditures. His famous phrase conspicuous consumption referred to spending that satisfies no need other than to build prestige, a cultural signifier intended to intimidate and impress. In this age of repossessed yachts, half-finished McMansions and broken-down leveraged buyouts, Veblen proves that a 110-year-old sociological vivisection of the financial overclass can still be au courant. Yet, while Veblen frequently reads as still 100 percent right on the foibles of the rich, when it comes to an actual theory of the contemporary leisure class, he now comes off as about 90 percent wrong.{{Harvnb|Gross|2009}}.|}}See also
{{div col}}- Affluenza
- Anti-consumerism
- Keeping up with the Joneses
- Downshifting (lifestyle)
- Frugality
- Over-consumption
- Signalling theory
- Simple living
- Veblen good
- Feminism{{div col end}}
References
- Notes
- Bibliography
- NEWS
- JOURNAL
, Chao, Angela, Schor, Juliet, Juliet Schor, 1998
, Empirical Tests of Status Consumption: Evidence from Women's Cosmetics
, Journal of Economic Psychology, 19, 1, 107â131
, 10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00038-X, A version of this paper is available weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131203012459weblink">here
, Empirical Tests of Status Consumption: Evidence from Women's Cosmetics
, Journal of Economic Psychology, 19, 1, 107â131
, 10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00038-X, A version of this paper is available weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131203012459weblink">here
- JOURNAL
, Cummings, John, 1899
, The Theory of the Leisure Class
, Journal of Political Economy, 7, 4, 425â455
, 1817954, 10.1086/250610, 153636752,
, The Theory of the Leisure Class
, Journal of Political Economy, 7, 4, 425â455
, 1817954, 10.1086/250610, 153636752,
- JOURNAL
, Fine, Gary Alan, 1994
, The Social Construction of Style: Thorstein Veblen's "The Theory of the Leisure Class" as Contested Text
, The Sociological Quarterly, 35, 3, 457â472
, 4121221, 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1994.tb01739.x,
, The Social Construction of Style: Thorstein Veblen's "The Theory of the Leisure Class" as Contested Text
, The Sociological Quarterly, 35, 3, 457â472
, 4121221, 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1994.tb01739.x,
- JOURNAL, Fredrickson, George M., Thorstein Veblen: The Last Viking, American Quarterly
- NEWS, Gross, Daniel, Daniel Gross (journalist), No Rest for the Wealthy,weblink 16 April 2014
- JOURNAL, Hamilton, Walton H., Walton Hale Hamilton, The Institutional Approach to Economic Theory
- BOOK
, Heilbroner, Robert, Robert Heilbroner, 2000, 1953
, The Worldly Philosophers, seventh
, London, Penguin Books
, 978-0-140-29006-6, The Worldly Philosophers,
, The Worldly Philosophers, seventh
, London, Penguin Books
, 978-0-140-29006-6, The Worldly Philosophers,
- BOOK, Henderson, David R., David R. Henderson
- JOURNAL
, Howells, William Dean, William Dean Howells, 28 April 1899a
, An Opportunity for American Fiction
, Literature. An International Gazette of Criticism, 16, 361â362
,weblink 16 April 2014,
, An Opportunity for American Fiction
, Literature. An International Gazette of Criticism, 16, 361â362
,weblink 16 April 2014,
- JOURNAL
, Howells, William Dean, William Dean Howells, 5 May 1899b
, An Opportunity for American Fiction II
, Literature. An International Gazette of Criticism, 17
,weblink 16 April 2014,
, An Opportunity for American Fiction II
, Literature. An International Gazette of Criticism, 17
,weblink 16 April 2014,
- JOURNAL
, James, Spencer, 2009
, The Invidious Veblen and the Virulent Victors: The Salience of the Leisure Class Today
, Michigan Sociological Review, 23
, 59â80, 40958767,
, The Invidious Veblen and the Virulent Victors: The Salience of the Leisure Class Today
, Michigan Sociological Review, 23
, 59â80, 40958767,
- NEWS, Landsburg, Steven E., Steven Landsburg, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Mystery,weblink 18 April 2014
- BOOK
, Mencken, Henry Louis, H. L. Mencken, 1919
, Prejudices. First Series
, New York, Knopf, 325153,
, Prejudices. First Series
, New York, Knopf, 325153,
- BOOK
, Rauchway, Eric, Eric Rauchway, 2001
, The Refuge of Affections: Family and American Political Reform, 1900-1920
, New York, Columbia University Press,weblink
, 978-0-231-12146-0,
, The Refuge of Affections: Family and American Political Reform, 1900-1920
, New York, Columbia University Press,weblink
, 978-0-231-12146-0,
- BOOK
, Ritzer, George, George Ritzer, 2004
, Douglas J. Goodman
, Classical Sociological Theory, 4th edition
, Columbus, McGraw Hill Education
,weblink
, Douglas J. Goodman
, Classical Sociological Theory, 4th edition
, Columbus, McGraw Hill Education
,weblink
- BOOK, Veblen, Thorstein, Thorstein Veblen, 1899, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions, The Macmillan Company, New York, OL27109424M, 99001220
- BOOK, Veblen, Thorstein, Thorstein Veblen, 1912, 1899, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions, The Macmillan Company, New York, New, OL7165754M, 12005177
- BOOK
, Veblen, Thorstein, Thorstein Veblen, 1934, 1899
, Introduction by Stuart Chase
, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions
, New York, The Modern Library
,
, Introduction by Stuart Chase
, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions
, New York, The Modern Library
,
- BOOK
, Veblen, Thorstein, Thorstein Veblen, 1953, 1899
, Introduction by C. Wright Mills
, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions, the Mentor Edition
, New York, The Macmillan Company
,
, Introduction by C. Wright Mills
, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions, the Mentor Edition
, New York, The Macmillan Company
,
- BOOK
, Veblen, Thorstein, Thorstein Veblen, 1973
, Introduction John Kenneth Galbraith
, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions
, Boston, MA, Houghton Mifflin
, 978-0-395-14008-6, 665985,
, Introduction John Kenneth Galbraith
, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions
, Boston, MA, Houghton Mifflin
, 978-0-395-14008-6, 665985,
- BOOK, Veblen, Thorstein, Thorstein Veblen, 1994, 1899, Introduction by Robert Lekachman, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions, Penguin twentieth-century classics, New York, Penguin Books, 978-0-14-018795-3, 31212002, registration,weblink
- JOURNAL
, Vaughn, Gerald F., 2001
, The Influence of Veblen's Theory of the Leisure Class on Rural Sociologist Fred Roy Yoder
, Journal of Economic Issues, 35, 4, 979â993
, 4227726, 10.1080/00213624.2001.11506423, 151841412,
, The Influence of Veblen's Theory of the Leisure Class on Rural Sociologist Fred Roy Yoder
, Journal of Economic Issues, 35, 4, 979â993
, 4227726, 10.1080/00213624.2001.11506423, 151841412,
- JOURNAL
, Vernon, Raymond, 1974
, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen
, Daedalus (journal), Dædalus, 103, 1, 53â57
, 20024186,
, The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen
, Daedalus (journal), Dædalus, 103, 1, 53â57
, 20024186,
External links
- {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/thorstein-veblen/the-theory-of-the-leisure-class}}{{Gutenberg|no=833|name=The Theory of the Leisure Class}}
- {{librivox book | title=The Theory of the Leisure Class}}
- Reviews of The Theory of the Leisure Class
- Selective excerpts
- WEB, In Our Time, The Theory of the Leisure Class,weblink BBC Radio 4, 13 February 2024,
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "The Theory of the Leisure Class" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 2:05pm EDT - Sat, May 04 2024
- "The Theory of the Leisure Class" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 2:05pm EDT - Sat, May 04 2024
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
LATEST EDITS [ see all ]
GETWIKI 23 MAY 2022
The Illusion of Choice
Culture
Culture
GETWIKI 09 JUL 2019
Eastern Philosophy
History of Philosophy
History of Philosophy
GETWIKI 09 MAY 2016
GetMeta:About
GetWiki
GetWiki
GETWIKI 18 OCT 2015
M.R.M. Parrott
Biographies
Biographies
GETWIKI 20 AUG 2014
GetMeta:News
GetWiki
GetWiki
© 2024 M.R.M. PARROTT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED