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{{Short description|Region of Myanmar}}{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}{{EngvarB|date=December 2022}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}

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}}| native_name_lang = myAdministrative divisions of Myanmar>Region| translit_lang1 = OtherMLC Transcription System| translit_lang1_info2 = ตะนาวศรีThai language>Central Thai| image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Tanintharyi Division.svg| flag_alt = Flag of Tanintharyi Region| image_seal = | seal_alt = Official seal of Tanintharyi Region Government| nickname = TNI| motto = | image_map = Tanintharyi Region in Myanmar.svg| mapsize = 200px| map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Tanintharyi Region in Myanmar| pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = 13N45region:MM_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}| coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = List of sovereign states>CountryMyanmar}}| subdivision_type1 = Region| subdivision_name1 = South Myanmar| established_title = | established_date = Capital city>Capital| seat = Dawei (Tavoy)| government_footnotes = | leader_party = Chief ministers of states and regions of Myanmar>Chief Minister| leader_name = Myat Ko| leader_title1 = Cabinet| leader_name1 = Tanintharyi Region Government| leader_title3 = Judiciary| leader_name3 = Tanintharyi Region High Court| unit_pref = Metric, Imperial| area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 43,344.9Administrative divisions of Myanmar#Regions, States, and Union Territory>5th| area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_max_m = 2,072| elevation_max_point = Myinmoletkat Taung| population_total = 1,408,4012014 Myanmar census>2014LOCATION=NAYPYITAWSERIES=THE 2014 MYANMAR POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUSPAGES=17,weblink | population_density_km2 = autoAdministrative divisions of Myanmar#Regions, States, and Union Territory>12th| population_demonym = Tanintharian| population_note = | demographics_type1 = Demographics| demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = EthnicitiesMyanmar Standard Time>MMT| utc_offset1 = +06:30| postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | area_code_type = | iso_code = MM-05| website = | footnotes = | unemployment_rate = | leader_title2 = Legislature| leader_name2 = Tanintharyi Region HluttawBamar, Dawei, Myeik, Rakhine people>Rakhine, Karen people, Moken>Salone, Burmese Malays, Mon people>Mon, Thai| demographics1_title2 = Religions| demographics1_info2 = Buddhism 87.5%Christianity 7.2%Islam 5.1%Hinduism 0.1%Human Development Index>HDI (2017)WEBSITE=HDI.GLOBALDATALAB.ORGACCESS-DATE=2018-09-13, {{colormedium}} · 8th| official_name = }}(File:Flag of Tanintharyi Region (2010-2021).svg|thumb|right|Flag of the Tanintharyi Region from 2010 to 2021)Tanintharyi Region (, {{IPA-my|tənɪ́ɰ̃θàjì táɪɰ̃ dèθa̰ dʑí|pron}}; Mon: or ; formerly Tenasserim Division and Tanintharyi Division) is a region of Myanmar, covering the long narrow southern part of the country on the northern Malay Peninsula, reaching to the Kra Isthmus. It borders the Andaman Sea to the west and the Tenasserim Hills, beyond which lie Thailand, to the east. To the north is the Mon State. There are many islands off the coast, the large Mergui Archipelago in the southern and central coastal areas and the smaller Moscos Islands off the northern shores. The capital of the division is Dawei (Tavoy). Other important cities include Myeik (Mergui) and Kawthaung. The division covers an area of {{Convert|43,344.9|km2}}, and had a population of 1,406,434 at the 2014 Census.

Names

Tanintharyi has historically been known by a number of names, reflecting changes in administrative control throughout history, as the region changed hands from the Kedah Sultanate, to the Hanthawaddy, Ayutthaya and Konbaung kingdoms, and British Burma.JOURNAL, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Cho Mar, Ma Tin, Trang, Pham Huong, Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics & Management International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2020-07-31, Malay minorities in The Tenasserim coast,weblink ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement, 4, 1, 10.7454/ajce.v4i1.1069, 225075113, free, The region is called Tanah Sari in Malay, Tanao Si (, (Royal Thai General System of Transcription|RTGS:) Tanao Si, {{IPA-th|tā.nāːw sǐː|pron}}) in Thai, {{my|ဏၚ်ကသဳ}} and {{my|တနၚ်သြဳ}} in Mon. In 1989 the division's English name was officially changed from Tenassarim to Tanintharyi.

History

{{Historical populations|footnote = |source = 2014 Myanmar Census 719,441 917,247 1,408,401}}Tanintharyi Region historically included the entire Tanintharyi salient—today's Tanintharyi Region, Mon State and southern Kayin State. The northernmost region was part of the Thaton Kingdom before 1057, and the entire coastline became part of King Anawrahta's Pagan Empire after 1057. After the fall of Bagan in 1287, the area fell to the Siamese kingdom of Sukhothai, and later its successor Ayutthaya Kingdom. The region's northernmost border was around the Thanlwin (Salween) river near today's Moulmein.The region reverted to Burmese rule in 1564 when King Bayinnaung of Toungoo Dynasty conquered all of Siam. Ayutthaya had regained independence by 1587, and reclaimed the southern half of Tanintharyi in 1593 and the entire peninsula in 1599.JOURNAL,weblink International Boundary Study: Burma-Thailand Boundary, 1966-02-01, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State, 25 December 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120331082313weblink">weblink 31 March 2012, dead, In 1614, King Anaukpetlun recovered the northern half of the coast to Dawei but failed to capture the rest.BOOK, Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor,weblink limited, Helen James, 302, Keat Gin Ooi, 2004, ABC-CLIO, 9781576077702, Tenasserim south of Dawei (Tavoy) remained under Siamese control. Myeik (Mergui) port was a principal centre of trade between the Siamese and Europeans.BOOK, GE Harvey, History of Burma, 202, 1925, Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., London, For nearly seven decades, from the middle of the 18th century to the early 19th century, Burma and Siam were involved in multiple wars for control of the coastline. Taking advantage of the Burmese civil war of 1740–1757, the Siamese cautiously moved along the coast to the south of Mottama in 1751. The winner of the civil war, King Alaungpaya of Konbaung Dynasty recovered the coastline to Dawei from the Siamese in 1760. His son King Hsinbyushin conquered the entire coastline in 1765. In the following decades, both sides tried to extend the line of control to their advantage but they both failed. The Burmese used Tanintharyi as a forward base to launch several unsuccessful invasions of Siam (1775–1776; 1785–1786; 1809–1812); the Siamese too were unsuccessful in their attempts to retake Tanintharyi (1787 and 1792).BOOK, History of Burma, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre, 1967, 219–220, 2, Susil Gupta, London, (On the northern front, Burma and Siam were also locked in a struggle for the control of Kengtung and Lan Na.)Burma ceded the region south of Salween river to the British after the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) under the Treaty of Yandabo. The British and the Siamese signed a boundary demarcation treaty on 20 June 1826, and another one in 1868. Mawlamyine (Moulmein) became the first capital of British Burma. The British seized all of Lower Burma after the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and moved the capital to Rangoon. After 1852, the Tanintharyi Region consisted the entire southeastern part of Myanmar, including today's Mon State, Kayin State, and Taungoo District, in Bago Region. Mawlamyine was the capital of Tanintharyi.WEB,weblink Myanmar Divisions, 2009-04-10, Statoids, Upon independence from Britain in 1948, the northeastern districts of Tanintharyi were placed into the newly created Karen State. In 1974, the northern part of remaining Tanintharyi was carved out to create Mon State. With Mawlamyine now inside Mon State, the capital of Tanintharyi Region was moved to Dawei.

Administrative divisions

File:Tanintharyi region districts 2022.svg|thumb|Districts of Tanintharyi Region{{legend|#E31A1C|Dawei District}}{{legend|#0000FF|Myeik District}}{{legend|#33a02c|Bokpyin District}}{{legend|#1f78b4|Kawthoung DistrictKawthoung DistrictTanintharyi Region comprises ten townships and six subtownships, spreading over four districts:{|class=wikitable!Name!List!Dawei District|{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}

1. Dawei Township
2. Launglon Township
3. Thayetchaung Township
4. Yebyu Township

{{col-break}}

1. Kaleinaung Subtownship
2. Myitta Subtownship

{{col-end}}!Myeik District|{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}

1. Kyunsu Township
2. Myeik Township
3. Palaw Township
4. Tanintharyi Township

{{col-break}}

1. Palauk Subtownship

{{col-end}}!Bokpyin DistrictWEB,weblink my, နေပြည်တော်၊ တိုင်းဒေသကြီးနှင့် ပြည်နယ်များတွင် ခရိုင် ၄၆ ခရိုင် အသစ်တိုးချဲ့ဖွဲ့စည်းသည့်အတွက် စုစုပေါင်းခရိုင် ၁၂၁ ခရိုင်ရှိလာ, |{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}

1. Bokpyin Township

{{col-break}}

1. Karathuri Subtownship
2. Pyigyimandaing Subtownship

{{col-end}}!Kawthoung District|{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}

1. Bokpyin Township
2. Kawthoung Township

{{col-break}}

1. Khamaukgyi Subtownship

{{col-end}}

Government

Executive

{{Expand section|date=July 2015}}

Legislature

{{Expand section|date=July 2015}}

Judiciary

{{Expand section|date=July 2015}}Taninthayi Region High Court.

Transport

{{Further|Phu Nam Ron}}A rail service runs from Rangoon twice every week. A deepwater port is planned in Dawei, a project that includes a highwayNEWS, Dawei Road could endanger forests and wildlife - Report,weblink 3 August 2019, Burma News International, 12 July 2019, and a railway line between Bangkok and that harbour.WEB,weblink Table A1-1-1a. Prospective projects in Mekong sub-region, 18 May 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130504180413weblink">weblink 4 May 2013, dead, The Maw Daung pass international cross-border checkpoint into Thailand has been developed since 2014.Maw-daung Pass MapcartaWEB,weblink NNT - Prachuap Khiri Khan to upgrade Singkhon border crossing, 3 April 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150405040811weblink">weblink 5 April 2015, dead,

Demographics

Religion

{{Pie chart|thumb = right PUBLISHER=DEPARTMENT OF POPULATION MINISTRY OF LABOUR, IMMIGRATION AND POPULATION MYANMAR DATE=JULY 2016, 12–15, |title =|label1 = Buddhism|value1 = 87.5|color1 = Yellow|label2 = Christianity|value2 = 7.2|color2 = DodgerBlue|label3 = Islam|value3 = 5.1|color3 = Green|label4 = Hindu|value4 = 0.2|color4 = Orange}}According to the 2014 Myanmar Census, Buddhists make up 87.5% of Tanintharyi Region's population, forming the largest religious community there.BOOK,weblink The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Census Report Volume 2-C, Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population, July 2016, 12–15, Minority religious communities include Christians (7.2%), Muslims (5.1%), and Hindus (0.2%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Tanintharyi Region's population. 0.1% of the population listed no religion, other religions, or were otherwise not enumerated.According to the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee’s 2016 statistics, 9095 Buddhist monks were registered in Tanintharyi Region, comprising 1.7% of Myanmar's total Sangha membership, which includes both novice samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu.WEB, 2016, The Account of Wazo Monks and Nuns in 1377 (2016 year),weblink 2021-01-19, State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee, en-US, The majority of monks belong to the Thudhamma Nikaya (83.8%), followed by Shwegyin Nikaya (1.1%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small monastic orders. 978 thilashin were registered in Tanintharyi Region, comprising 1.6% of Myanmar's total thilashin community.

Ethnic groups

The region is home to ethnic Dawei, Karens, Mons, Burmese Thai, Myeik, Burmese Malays, Bamar migrants and Mokens. The Dawei speak the Tavoyan dialect, a variety of Burmese with profound pronunciation and vocabulary differences from standard Burmese.

Economy

File:The Myeik Archipelago 39.jpg|thumb|200x200px|A fishing boat in the Mergui ArchipelagoMergui ArchipelagoDue to its proximity to the Indian Ocean, seafood products, including dried fish, dried prawn, dried shrimp and ngapi (shrimp paste), are a major part of its economy, for both domestic consumption and export to Thailand. Bird's nests are also gathered from offshore islands.File:The Myeik Archipelago 37.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Children play on an island in the Mergui ArchipelagoMergui ArchipelagoThe region is also home to several metal mines, including Heinda, Hamyingyi, Kanbauk, Yawa, Kyaukmetaung, Nanthida and Yadanabon. Pearls are also cultured at the Pearl Island.In recent years, large-scale palm oil and rubber tree plantations have been established in region.

Palm oil

Beginning in the 1970s, smaller-scale palm oil plantations were developed in the region.JOURNAL, Nomura, Keiko, Mitchard, Edward T. A., Patenaude, Genevieve, Bastide, Joan, Oswald, Patrick, Nwe, Thazin, 2019-08-15, Oil palm concessions in southern Myanmar consist mostly of unconverted forest, Scientific Reports, en, 9, 1, 11931, 10.1038/s41598-019-48443-3, 31417153, 6695397, 2019NatSR...911931N, 2045-2322, In 1999, the ruling military junta, the State Peace and Development Council, initiated the large-scale development of such plantations in the region. As of 2019, the government has awarded over 401,814 ha of palm oil concessions in Tanintharyi have been awarded to 44 companies. 60% of the awarded concessions consist of forests and native vegetation, and some concessions overlap with national parks, including Tanintharyi and Lenya National Parks, which have seen deforestation and threaten conservation efforts for endemic species like the Indochinese tiger.WEB, 2019-11-13, Myanmar risks losing forests to oil palm, but there's time to pivot,weblink 2023-03-02, Mongabay Environmental News, en-US, One major concession in the region, the Myanmar Stark Prestige Plantation, became the subject of an ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights investigation, after local NGOs published a report that documented labour and land rights violations that affected 19 Karen villages.WEB, December 2016, Green Desert: Communities in Tanintharyi renounce the MSPP Oil Palm Concession,weblink Progressive Myanmar, WEB, February 2020, HUMAN RIGHTS AND CROSS-BORDER INVESTMENTS IN ASEAN: The case of the Myanmar Stark Prestige Plantation,weblink ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights, WEB, Oil palm plantation in South Myanmar conflict zone wreaks havoc on local communities and forests,weblink 2023-03-02, Earth Sight, en, The controversial plantation is jointly owned by Malaysia-based Prestige Platform and Stark Industries, owned by Mya Thidar Sway Tin, a Burmese businesswoman.

Education

{{See also|List of universities in Tanintharyi Division}}Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon and Mandalay. According to official statistics, less than 10% of primary school students in the division move onto high school.WEB,weblink Education statistics by level and by State and Division, 2009-04-09, Myanmar Central Statistical Organization, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080524012235weblink">weblink 24 May 2008, {| class="wikitable"!width="100"|AY 2002-2003!width="100"|Primary!width="100"|Middle!width="100"|High| Schools| 1011| 59| 30| Teachers| 3000| 1300| 400| Students| 170,000| 54,000| 14,000All of Tanintharyi's 7 universities and colleges are located in Dawei and Myeik. Until recently, Dawei University was the only four-year university in the Region.

Health care

The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world.NEWS,weblink PPI: Almost Half of All World Health Spending is in the United States, 2007-01-17, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080205231908weblink">weblink 5 February 2008, NEWS,weblink Burma junta faulted for rampant diseases, 2007-06-28, Yasmin Anwar, UC Berkeley News, Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. Moreover, the health care infrastructure outside of Yangon and Mandalay is extremely poor. In 2003, the entire Tanintharyi Region had fewer hospital beds than the Yangon General Hospital. The following is a summary of the public health care system.WEB,weblink Hospitals and Dispensaries by State and Division, 2009-04-11, Myanmar Central Statistical Organization, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110430032618weblink">weblink 30 April 2011, {| class="wikitable sortable"!width="300"|2002–2003!width="100"|# Hospitals!width="100"|# Beds| Specialist hospitals| 0| 0| General hospitals with specialist services| 2| 400| General hospitals| 10| 346| Health clinics| 14| 224 class="sortbottom"| Total| 26| 970

References

{{Reflist}}{{Geographic locationTanintharyi Region}}Mon State}}Kanchanaburi Province and Ratchaburi Provinces, {{flag>Thailand}}Phetchaburi Province and Prachuap Khiri Khan Provinces, {{flag>Thailand}}Chumphon Province, {{flag>Thailand}}Ranong Province, {{flag>Thailand}}|Southwest = |West = Andaman Sea|Northwest = }}{{Taninthayi Division}}{{Administrative divisions of Myanmar}}