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Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups
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Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups
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{{Short description|Overview of Tamil Eelam independence groups}}{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2022}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups rose to prominence in the 1970s to fight the state of Sri Lanka in order to create an independent Tamil Eelam in the north of Sri Lanka. They rose in response to the perception among minority Sri Lankan Tamils that the state was preferring the majority Sinhalese for educational opportunities and government jobs. By the end of 1987, the militants had fought not only the Sri Lankan security forces but also the Indian Peace Keeping Force. They also fought among each other briefly, with the main Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) rebel group dominating the others. The militants represented inter-generational tensions, as well as the caste and ideological differences. Except for the LTTE, many of the remaining organizations have morphed into minor political parties within the Tamil National Alliance, or as standalone political parties. Some Tamil militant groups also functioned as paramilitaries within the Sri Lankan military against separatist militants .- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Origins
The relationship between the Sinhalese and Tamils were not always antagonistic but after 1948 when Sri Lanka became independent, successive governments have adopted policies that had the effect of net preference to the majority Sinhalese at the expense of the minority Sri Lankan Tamils such as the Sinhala Only Act. The governments adopted these policies in order to assist the Sinhalese community in such areas as education and public employment . But these policies severely curtailed the middle class Tamil youth, who found it more difficult during the 1970s and 1980s to enter a university or secure employment. These individuals belonging to this younger generation, often referred to by other Tamils as "the boys" (Podiyal in Tamil language) formed many militant organizations.Ross, Sri Lanka: A Country Study, p.# And when the government launched plans to settle poor farmers in the sparsely populated areas of the dry zone in the North Central Province and the Eastern Provinces alongside irrigation projects the Sinhalese nationalist groups viewed it as a "reclamation and recreation in the present of the glorious Sinhalese Buddhist past" resulting in many Tamils viewing it as a deliberate attempt of the Sinhalese-dominated state to marginalize them further by decreasing their numbers in the area.WEB,weblink Root causes of the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka -worldbank,Social conditions
{{See also|1971 JVP Insurrection (Sri Lanka)}}The militant groups also represented not only a revolt against the Sinhalese-dominated status quo but also an expression of inter-generational tensions in a highly traditional society where obedience to parental authority was expected. Militant youth criticized their elders for indecisiveness at a time when they felt the existence of their ethnic community clearly was in danger.The most important contributor to the strength of the militant groups was the Black July pogrom which was perceived as an organized event in which over 3000 Sri Lankan Tamil civilians were slaughtered by Sinhalese mobs, prompting many youth to prefer the armed path of resistance.The movement also reflected caste differences and rivalries. The membership of the largest and most important rebel group, for example, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), was generally drawn from the Karaiyar or fisherman caste, while individuals belonging to the Vellala or farmer caste were found in considerable numbers in a rival group, the People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE).WEB, Marschall, Wolfgang, Social Change Among Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in Switzerland, 2003,weblink
, 2007-12-22,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071205014602weblink">weblink 2007-12-05,
, 2007-12-22,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071205014602weblink">weblink 2007-12-05,
Role in the conflict
By the end of 1987, they had fought not only the Sri Lankan security forces but also the Indian Peace Keeping Force and were allegedly involved in acts that were characterized as terrorism against civilians. They also fought among each other briefly, with main Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) rebel group dominating the others. Most of the Tamil militant groups were eliminated by the LTTE.WEB, Tamil Tigers {{!, Definition, History, Location, Goals, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tamil-Tigers |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}Groups
- Student organizations
- Major groups
access-date=2007-12-22 | , 2007-12-22, Nirupama Subramanian, WEB,weblink Sri Lanka: Government must investigate paramilitary group violations | work=Amnesty International, Rotberg, Creating Peace in Sri Lanka, p.61 although the PLOTE leadership denies this. Among the many leftists groups the major one was the pro-Indian and Marxist EPRLF | , militarily defeated by the LTTE but a faction of which is part of the TNA and others working with the Sri Lankan government as paramilitaries.HTTP://WWW.IRB-CISR.GC.CA/EN/RESEARCH/PUBLICATIONS/INDEX_E.HTM?DOCID=156&CID=0&SEC=CH01 | ACCESS-DATE=2007-12-22 | DANISH IMMIGRATION SERVICE>URL-STATUS=DEAD | ARCHIVE-DATE=25 NOVEMBER 2005, The EPDP | is a pro-government group and a political party accused of being a paramilitary.HTTP://WWW.AMNESTYUSA.ORG/DOCUMENT.PHP?LANG=E&ID=ENGASA370142006 | ACCESS-DATE=2007-12-22 | Tamil nationalism>Tamil nationalist group.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
Tamil paramilitary groupsDue to the internecine conflicts as well as due to internal conflicts within militant organizations many members of Tamil militant groups cooperated with the Sri Lankan government and have worked as paramilitary groups. They played an important role in military operations against the LTTE as well as in counter insurgency operations.WEB,weblink Parties stick to their guns, 2007-12-22, BBC, WEB,weblink Kotakadeniya against disarming paramilitaries, 2007-12-22, Chinthaka Fernando, Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal a splinter group from the LTTE worked with the government. Its former leader Karuna Amman was incarcerated in London, UK. The current leader Sivanesathurai Chandrakanthan was elected chief minister of the east in the eastern province elections held in 2008 by the government after the liberation of the east from the LTTE.WEB,weblink | access-date=2007-12-22 | ACCESS-DATE=2007-12-22 | ARCHIVE-URL = HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20070712222738/HTTP://WWW.IDSA.IN/PUBLICATIONS/STRATCOMMENTS/MAYILVAGANAN051006.HTM, 2007-07-12, In 1990 the Eelam People's Democratic Party another major Tamil group joined as a paramilitary group and the Sri Lankan government agreed to fund the group.WEB,weblink The Dougles Devananda phenomenon -thesundayleader.lk, According to the Sri Lankan nationalist Asian Tribune website, by 2009 end of the war the Paramilitaries were disarmed and most of them entered politics.WEB,weblink TMVP surrenders weapons -asiantribune, However, civilians giving evidence to the Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission (LLRC) claimed that the paramilitary groups were still engaged in violence, including abductions and murder.WEB, ASA 37/011/2014 Sri Lanka: Ensuring justice: Protecting human rights for Sri Lanka's future,weblink Amnesty International, 15, 7 October 2014, The LLRC found that the government had failed to disarm the paramilitary groups which were still recruiting children.NEWS, Sri Lanka MPs receive controversial civil war report,weblink BBC News, 16 December 2011, One of the main recommendations of the LLRC was that the government disarm the paramilitary groups.NEWS, Tamils in Sri Lanka doubtful about latest LLRC report,weblink Radio Netherlands Worldwide, 5 January 2012, NEWS, LLRC calls for Rule of Law, not rule of men,weblink The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka), 18 December 2011, In 2011 the US government has also called on the government to stop paramilitary activity in the north of the country.NEWS, Silva, Dianne, Stop paramilitary activity in north; US tells govt.,weblink The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka), 14 September 2011, See alsoNotes{{Reflist}}References
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