|
| Draw (usually) |
Checkmate
{{shogi diagram| floatright| Checkmate by Black| â | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | || â| The most common basic checkmating patterns involve golds. This mating move is called "Gold on the Head." It is the solution to the most basic of mating problems.}}If the king is in check and there is no possible move which could protect the king, the move is said to checkmate (tsumi è©°ã¿) the king. Checkmate effectively means that the opponent wins the game as the player would have no remaining legal moves. (See also: tsumeshogi, hisshi.){{clear}} Resignation The losing player will usually resign when the situation is thought to be hopeless and may declare the resignation at any time during their turn. Although a player may resign just after they are checkmated, playing up to the checkmate point rarely occurs in practice as players normally resign as soon as a loss is deemed inevitable. Similarly, if a player were to lose in an Entering King situation (see section below) by having less than 24 points (or by any of the other Impasse rules used by amateurs), then the player will usually resign before that point.In traditional tournament play, a formal resignation is required â that is, a checkmate is not a sufficient condition for winning.Hosking (1997: 17) The resignation is indicated by bowing and/or saying 'I lost' (è² ãã¾ãã makemashita) and/or placing the right hand over the piece stands. Placing the hand over the piece stand is a vestige of an older practice of gently dropping one's pieces in hand over the board in order to indicate resignation. In western practice, a handshake may be used. Illegal move In professional and serious (tournament) amateur games, a player who makes an illegal move loses immediately.{{efn | This is in contrast to western chess, which usually allows moves to be corrected with sometimes a less severe consequence of time penalty. However, the rules are complex. Cf. Rules of chess § Illegal move.}} The loss stands even if play continued and the move was discovered later in game. However, if neither the opponent nor a third party points out the illegal move and the opponent later resigned, the resignation stands as the result.Illegal moves include:{{shogi diagram| floatright| Toyokawa's televised Two Pawns| è§æ¡æ©æ© | ng | sg | | ds | | kg | | | | | pg | pg | | ps | | | sg | | | | | | | pg | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | | | | | gs | | dg | | ns | | gs | psl| ls | éæ©æ©| }}
- Violating the Two Pawns (nifu) restriction (See §Drops above.)
- Violating the Drop Pawn Mate (uchifuzume) restriction
- Dropping or moving a piece to position where it cannot move (such as dropping a knight to an opponent's last two ranks, etc.)
- Dropping a piece with its promoted value
- Playing out of turn, e.g. making more than one move or white moving first instead of moving second.
- Making perpetual check four times (cf. sennichite)
- Leaving one's king in check, or moving one's king into check
- Moving a piece contrary to how its movements are defined (for example, moving a gold like a silver, or moving an unpromoted bishop off its legal diagonal)
In friendly amateur games, this rule is sometimes relaxed, and the player may be able to take back the illegal move and replay a new legal move.WEB,weblink Hansoku, Shogi.or.jp, 2018-06-05, Fairbairn (1986) pp 135â136In particular, the Two Pawn violation is the most common illegal move played by professional players. The Two Pawn violation played by Takahiro Toyokawa (against KÅsuke Tamura) in the 2004 NHK Cup is infamous since it was broadcast on television. On the 109th move, Toyokawa (playing as Black) dropped a pawn to the 29 square while he already had a pawn in play on the board on the 23 square and, thus, lost the game.As shown on the 2005 NHK television special (:ja:大é転å°æ£|大é転å°æ£).WEB, è±å·åå¼ vs. ç°æåº·ä» ï¼®ï¼¨ï¼«æ¯, å°æ£DB2,weblink Repetition (draw) If the same game position occurs four times with the same player to move and the same pieces in hand for each player, then the game ends in a repetition draw (åæ¥æ sennichite, lit. "moves for a thousand days"), as long as the positions are not due to perpetual check. Perpetual check (é£ç¶çæã®åæ¥æ) is an illegal move (see above), which ends the game in a loss in tournament play.In professional shogi, a repetition draw outcome is not a final result as draws essentially do not count. Each game can only end in either a win or loss.{{efn | This is a significant difference from western chess, in which a player can play specifically to obtain draws for gaining points.}} In the case of a repetition draw, professional shogi players will have to immediately play a subsequent game (or as many games as necessary) with sides reversed in order to obtain a true win outcome. (That is, the player who was White becomes Black, and vice versa.) Also, depending on the tournament, professional players play the subsequent game in the remainder of the allowed game time.Thus, aiming for a repetition draw may be a possible professional strategy for the White player in order to play the second replay game as Black, which has a slight statistical advantage and/or greater initiative. For instance, Bishop Exchange Fourth File Rook is a passive strategy for White with the goal of a repetition draw (as it requires two tempo losses â swinging the rook and trading the bishops) while it is a very aggressive strategy if played by Black.Repetition draws are rare in professional shogi occurring in about 1â2% of games and even rarer in amateur games. In professional shogi, repetition draws usually occur in the opening as certain positions are reached that are theoretically disadvantaged for both sides (reciprocal zugzwang). In amateur shogi, repetition draws tend to occur in the middle or endgame as a result of player errors. Impasse The game reaches an Impasse or Deadlock (æå°æ£ jishÅgi) if both kings have advanced into their respective promotion zones â a situation known as ç¸å
¥ç (ai-nyÅ« gyoku "double entering kings") â and neither player can hope to mate the other or to gain any further material. An Impasse can result in either a win or a draw. If an Impasse happens, the winner is decided as follows: each player agrees to an Impasse, then each rook or bishop, promoted or not, scores 5 points for the owning player, and all other pieces except kings score 1 point each. A player scoring fewer than 24 points loses. (Note that in the start position, both players have 27 points each.) If neither player has fewer than 24, the game is no contest â a draw. In professional shogi, an Impasse result is always a draw since a player that cannot obtain the 24 points will simply resign. JishÅgi is considered an outcome in its own right rather than no contest, but there is no practical difference. As an Impasse needs to be agreed on for the rule to be invoked, a player may refuse to do so and attempt to win the game in future moves. If that happens, there is no official rule about the verdict of the game.Fairbairn (1986: 138â139)However, in amateur shogi, there are different practices most of which force a win resolution to the Impasse in order to avoid a draw result.The first draw by Impasse occurred in 1731 in a bishop handicap game between the seventh Lifetime Meijin, {{Interlanguage link multi | SÅkan ItÅ II|ja| 3=ä¼è¤å®ç (3代) | vertical-align=sup}}, and his brother, SÅkei Åhashi.MAGAZINE, 1982, Fairbairn, John, Champions of past & present (2), Shogi, 35, 9â12, Entering King{{shogi diagram| floatright| Black's king in an Entering King state| è§ é æ¡ é¦ | ng | | | ks | | sg | | ts | hs | | pg | pg | | pg | pg | | | pg | | | ps | | | rg | rg | | ss | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | || é é æ¡ é¦| }}As a practical matter, when an opponent's king has entered a player's own territory especially with supporting defending pieces, the opponent's king is often very difficult to mate given the forward attacking nature of most shogi pieces. This state is referred to as entering king (å
¥ç nyÅ« gyoku). If both players' kings are in entering king states, the game becomes more likely to result in an impasse.In the adjacent diagram example, although White's king is in a strong Bear-in-the-hole castle, Black's king has entered White's territory making it very difficult to mate. Therefore, this position favors Black.æ»ç¬, ç«å¸ [Takise, Ryuji] and ç°ä¸, å²æ [Tanaka, Tetsuro]. 2012. å
¥çæåã®å°æ£ããã°ã©ã ã®ä½æ [Development of entering-king oriented shogi programs]. Information Processing Society of Japan, 53 (11), 2544â2551.{{clear}}{{Col-begin | width=auto | class=floatright}}{{Col-2}}{{shogi diagram | | Kimura vs Toyoshima 2019| æ¡1 æ©4 | | hs | | | | | | sg | | | | ns | ng | | pg | | | pg | pg | | | | | | | | ps | | dah| | ps | | | kgl| | ks | gs | ps | psg| | ns | | | plg|| é¦2 æ©2| After 150 moves.}}{{Col-2}}{{shogi diagram | | Kimura vs Toyoshima 2019| é1 é1 æ¡2 æ©3 | hs | | | | | ks | | | | | ssl | | | | | uah | ps | ps | | gs | dg | | | lg | | | | | | | | | tg | | | | | | psg| lg | | | | plg| kg | é1 æ¡2 é¦1 æ©9| After 285 moves.}}{{Col-end}}An example of Entering King occurred in the fourth game of the 60th Åi title match between Masayuki Toyoshima and Kazuki Kimura held on August 20{{ndash}}21, 2019. After being unsuccessful in attacking Kimura and also in defending his own king within his camp, Toyoshima (playing as White) moved his king away from Kimura's attacking pieces by fleeing up the second file, ultimately entering his king into Kimura's camp by move 150. Although Toyoshima had achieved Entering King, he still had only 23 points{{mdash}}one point shy of the required 24 points for an Impasse draw{{mdash}}while Kimura (Black) had 31 points. Toyoshima then spent the next 134 moves trying to bring his point total, which fluctuated between 17 and 23, up to the necessary 24. By the 231st move, the game had reached a Double Entering Kings state, and by move 285 Kimura had successfully kept Toyoshima's point total at bay. Here, Toyoshima with 20 points (and Kimura at 34 points) resignedweblink {{Bare URL plain text|date=March 2022}}NEWS, Mizuta, Yukihiro,weblink ja:å°æ£çä½æ¦ç¬¬4å± æ¨æãåã¡2å2æã«, ShÅgi Åisen Daiyonkyoku Kimura ga Kachi NishÅ Nihai, ja, Game 4 of the Åi title match: Kimura wins to even match at two games apiece, August 21, 2019, Kobe Shimbun, August 22, 2019, Incidentally, this game broke the record of longest game in a title match.WEB,weblink çä½æ¦ä¸çªåè² ç¬¬ï¼å±ãã¿ã¤ãã«æ¦æé·ææ°ã®285æï¼ æ¨æä¸åºä¹æ®µãè±å³¶å°ä¹çä½ãéãï¼æ¾æ¬åæï¼ - Yahoo!ãã¥ã¼ã¹, Yahoo!ãã¥ã¼ã¹ å人, {{clear}}Amateur resolutionsFor amateur games, there are various guidances with little standardization. Fairbairn reports a practice in the 1980s (considered a rule by the now defunct Shogi Association for The West) where the dispute is resolved by either player moving all friendly pieces into the promotion zone and then the game ends with points tallied.Fairbairn (1986: 139)Another resolution is the 27-Point (27ç¹æ³) rule used for some amateur tournaments.WEB,weblink å°æ£ã®ã«ã¼ã«ã«é¢ããã質åï½ãããã質åï½æ¥æ¬å°æ£é£ç, Shogi.or.jp, 2018-06-05, One version of this is simply the player who has 27 or more points is the winner of the Impasse. Another version is a 27-Point Declaration rule. For instance, the Declaration rule on the online shogi site, 81Dojo, is that the player who wants to declare an Impasse win must (i) declare an intention to win via Impasse, (ii) have the king in the enemy camp (the promotion zone for that player), (iii) 10 other pieces must be in the promotion zone, (iv) not be in check, (v) have time remaining, and (vi) must have 28 points if Black or 27 points if White. If all of these conditions are met, then the Impasse declarer will win the game regardless of whether the opponent objects.WEB,weblink Rules and Manners of Shogi - 81Dojo Docs, 81dojo.com, 2018-06-05, Yet another resolution to Impasse is the so-called Try Rule (ãã©ã¤ã«ã¼ã« torairÅ«ru). In this case, after both kings have entered their corresponding promotion zones, then the player who first moves the king to the opponent's king's start square (51 for Black, 59 for White) first will be the winner.è¿ä»£å°æ£ magazine Nov 1983å°æ£ä¸ç magazine Aug 1996 As an example, the popular (:ja:å°æ£ã¦ã©ã¼ãº|å°æ£ã¦ã©ã¼ãº) (Shogi Wars) app by HEROZ Inc. used the Try Rule up until 2014.WEB,weblink å°æ£ã¦ã©ã¼ãº, å°æ£ã¦ã©ã¼ãº, (Now the app uses a variant of the 27-Point Declaration Rule â although it differs from the variant used on the 81Dojo site.) The idea of "Try Rule" was taken from rugby football (see Try (rugby))weblink "How to play Shogi(å°æ£) -Lesson#16- Impasse" (at about 6.00 time marker) Draws in tournaments {{shogi diagram | floatright| Impasse position of Katoh vs Nakahara 1982| é1 æ¡2 é¦2 æ©7 | | | | | | ks | | | | | | | | | | gs | | | | | | | hs | | | | | rah | pg | | | gg | | gg | psg | | | | sg | | | | | | png | é1 é1 æ©6| Katoh played +N-36, and Nakahara then agreed to a draw via impasse. Katoh has 29 points, Nakahara 25 points.}}In professional tournaments, the rules typically require drawn games to be replayed with sides reversed, possibly with reduced time limits. They are rare compared to chess and xiangqi, occurring at a rate of 1â2% even in amateur games.The 1982 Meijin title match between Makoto Nakahara and Hifumi Katoh was unusual in this regard with an impasse draw in the first (Double Fortress) game on April 13â14 (only the fifth draw in the then 40-year history of the tournament). This game (with Katoh as Black) lasted for 223 moves with 114 minutes spent pondering a single move. One of the reasons for the length of this game was that White (Nakahara) was very close to falling below the minimum of 24 points required for a draw. Thus, the end of the endgame was strategically about trying to keep White's points above the 24-point threshold.Fairbairn (1986: 158â161) In this match, sennichite occurred in the sixth and eighth games. Thus, this best-of-seven match lasted eight games and took over three months to finish; Black did not lose a single game and the eventual victor was Katoh at 4â3.{{clear}} Time control Professional games are timed as in international chess, but professional shogi players are almost never expected to keep time in their games. Instead a timekeeper is assigned, typically an apprentice professional. Time limits are much longer than in international chess (9 hours a side plus extra time in the prestigious Meijin title match), and in addition byÅyomi (literally "second counting") is employed. This means that when the ordinary time has run out, the player will from that point on have a certain amount of time to complete every move (a byÅyomi period), typically upwards of one minute. The final ten seconds are counted down, and if the time expires the player to move loses the game immediately. Amateurs often play with electronic clocks that beep out the final ten seconds of a byÅyomi period, with a prolonged beep for the last five. Player rank and handicaps Amateur players are ranked from 15 kyÅ« to 1 kyÅ« and then from 1 dan to 8 dan. Amateur 8 dan was previously only honorarily given to famous people. While it is now possible to win amateur 8 dan by actual strength (winning amateur Ryu-oh 3 times), this has yet to be achieved.Professional players operate with their own scale, from 6 kyÅ« to 3 dan for pro-aspiring players and professional 4 dan to 9 dan for formal professional players.WEB,weblink ja:奨å±ä¼æ¦è¦, ShÅreikai GaiyÅ, ja, Outline of Shoreikai, Japan Shogi Association, 21 September 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081216005214weblink">weblink 16 December 2008, Amateur and professional ranks are offset (with amateur 4 dan being equivalent to professional 6 kyÅ«).WEB,weblink Title offset illustration, 8 March 2012, Handicaps {{shogi diagram | floatright| 6-Piece Handicap| â | | gg | gg | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | bs | | | rs | | ns | gs | gs | ns | ls | â|}}Shogi has a handicap system (like go) in which games between players of disparate strengths are adjusted so that the stronger player is put in a more disadvantageous position in order to compensate for the difference in playing levels. In a handicap game, one or more of White's pieces are removed from the setup, and instead White plays first.{{clear}} Notation (File:ISF6 final.jpg|thumb|A shogi game record)There are two common systems used to notate piece movements in shogi game records. One is used in Japanese language texts while a second was created for western players by George Hodges and Glyndon Townhill in the English language. This system was updated by Hosking to be closer to the Japanese standard (two numerals).{{sfn | Hosking | 1997 | p=20â21}}{{sfn | Hosking | 1997 | p=263â265}} Other systems are used to notate shogi board positions. Unlike chess, the origin (11 square) is at the top right of a printed position rather than the bottom left.In western piece movement notation, the format is the piece initial followed by the type of movement and finally the file and rank where the piece moved to. The piece initials are K (King), R (Rook), B (Bishop), G (Gold), S (Silver), N (Knight), L (Lance), and P (Pawn). Simple movement is indicated with -, captures with x, and piece drops with *. The files are indicated with numerals 1â9. The older Hodges standard used letters aâi for ranks, and the newer Hosking standard also uses numerals 1â9 for the ranks. Thus, Rx24 indicates 'rook captures on 24'. Promoted pieces are notated with + prefixed to the piece initial (e.g. +Rx24). Piece promotion is also indicated with + (e.g. S-21+) while unpromotion is indicated with = (e.g. S-21=). Piece ambiguity is resolved by notating which square a piece is moving from (e.g. N65-53+ means 'knight from 65 moves to 53 and promotes,' which distinguishes it from N45-53+).The Japanese notation system uses Japanese characters for pieces and promotion indication and uses Japanese numerals instead of letters for ranks. Movement type aside from drops is not indicated, and the conventions for resolving ambiguity are quite different from the western system. As examples, the western Rx24 would be ' in Japanese notation, +Rx24 would be ', S-21+ would be ', S-21= would be ', and N65-53+ would be ' showing that the leftmost knight jumped (implicitly from the 65 square), which distinguishes it from ' in which the rightmost knight jumped.Although not strictly part of the notational calculus for games, game results are indicated in Japanese newspapers, websites, etc. with wins indicated by a white circle and losses indicated by a black circle.{{clear}} Strategy and tactics {{shogi diagram | floatright| Ranging Rook vs Static Rook| â | ng | | | ng | kg | rg | | | sg | lg | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ss | gs | ss | | bs | rs | | ks | | ns | | | ns | ls | â| Bear-in-the-hole Static Rook position}}Shogi is similar to chess but has a much larger game tree complexity because of the use of drops, greater number of pieces, and larger board size.JOURNAL, Differences between Shogi and western Chess from a computational point of view, Hitoshi Matsubara, Reijer Grimbergen, Proceedings: Board Games in Academia, In comparison, shogi games average about 140 (half-)moves per game (or 70 chess move-pairs) whereas chess games average about 80 moves per game (or 40 chess move-pairs) and minishogi averages about 40 moves per game (or 20 chess move-pairs).JOURNAL, Xiaohong Wan, Daisuke Takano, Takeshi Asamizuya, etal, 2012, Developing intuition: Neural correlates of cognitive-skill learning in caudate nucleus, Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 48, 17492â17501, 10.1523/jneurosci.2312-12.2012, 23197739, 6621838, free, {{efn | In shogi and Western chess, the term move has different definitions, which may cause confusion for western chess players. In Japanese language texts, the term æ te translated as "move" or "tempo" (as in ææ° tesÅ« "number of moves") is defined as a single player moving their piece. However, in Western chess, the English term move is defined as two players each moving their pieces once â in other words, a move-pair. Thus, the English shogi term move would be called a half-move in English chess terminology. Wikipedia follows the shogi usage and not the chess usage for the term move.}}Like chess, however, the game can be divided into the opening, middle game and endgame, each requiring a different strategy. The opening consists of arranging one's defenses usually in a castle and positioning for attack; the mid game consists of attempting to break through the opposing defenses while maintaining one's own; and the endgame starts when one side's defenses have been compromised.In the adjacent diagram, Black has chosen a Ranging Rook position (specifically Fourth File Rook) where the rook has been moved leftward away from its starting position. Additionally, Black is utilizing a Silver Crown castle, which is a type of fortification structure constructed with one silver and two gold pieces and the king moved inside of the fortification â the silver crown name comes from the silver being positioned directly above the king's head on the 27 square as if it were a crown. In the diagram, White has chosen a Static Rook position, in which the rook remains on its starting square. This Static Rook position is specifically a type of Counter-Ranging Rook position known as Bear-in-the-hole Static Rook that uses a Bear-in-the-hole castle. The Bear-in-the-hole fortification has the king moved all the way into very edge corner of the board on the 11 square as if it were a badger in a hole with a silver moved to the 22 square in order to close up the hole and additional reinforcing golds on 31 and 32 squares. This board position required 33 moves (or 12 move pairs as counted in western chess) to construct.{{clear}} Etiquette File:Playingshogiinuenopark-april11-2014.jpg|thumb|Two men playing shogi outside in Ueno ParkUeno ParkShogi players are expected to follow etiquette in addition to rules explicitly described. Commonly accepted etiquette include the following:
- Greetings to the opponent both before and after the game
- Avoiding disruptive actions both during the game and after, for instance:
- Not changing the move once realized on the board
- Fair withdrawal without any disruption, such as scattering pieces on the board to demonstrate frustration
- Announcing one's resignation
Shogi piece sets may contain two types of king pieces, (king) and (jewel). In this case, the higher classed player, in either social or genuine shogi player rank, may take the king piece. For example, in titleholder system games, the current titleholder takes the king piece as the higher.The higher-ranked (or older) player also sits facing the door of the room and is the person who takes the pieces out of the piece box.{{sfn | Hosking | 1997 | p=19â20}}Shogi does not have a touch-move rule as in western chess tournament play or chu shogi. However, in professional games, a piece is considered to be moved when the piece has been let go of. In both amateur and professional play, any piece may be touched in order to adjust its centralization within its square (to look tidy).{{sfn | Hosking | 1997 | p=20}}Taking back moves (å¾
ã£ã matta) in professional games is prohibited. However, in friendly amateur games in Japan, it is often permitted.Professional players are required to follow several ritualistic etiquette prescriptions such as kneeling exactly 15 centimeters from the shogi board, sitting in the formal seiza position, etc.Fairbairn (1986: 143)File:Shogi -Shimbashi-April 14 2018.webm|thumb|People arranging large shogi pieces in ShimbashiShimbashi Game setup {{Col-begin|width=auto|class=floatright}}{{Col-2}}{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"|+ Åhashi order | |
| | | | | | | | |
|
| | | | | | | | 20æ© |
|
| | | | | | | | |
{{Col-2}}{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-right: 10px;"|+ ItÅ order|
| | | | | | | | |
|
| | | | | | | | 16æ© |
|
| | | | | | | | |
{{Col-end}}Traditionally, the order of placing the pieces on the board is determined. There are two commonly used orders, the Åhashi order 大æ©æµ and the ItÅ order ä¼è¤æµ.WEB,weblink ja:ãã®ä»ã®ã質å: é§ã®ä¸¦ã¹æ¹ã«æ±ºã¾ãã¯ããã®ã§ããããï¼, Sono Hoka no Goshitsumon: Koma no Narabikata ni Kimari wa Aru no DeshÅka?, ja, Other questions: Is there a certain way to set up the pieces?, æ¥æ¬å°æ£é£ç (Japan Shogi Association), æ±æ¸æ代ã¯, ããããã®å®¶å
ã«ã大æ©æµããä¼è¤æµãã¨ãã並ã¹æ¹ãããã¾ãããç¾å¨ã®ã§ã, ãã®ä¸¦ã¹æ¹ãç¨ãã¦ããæ£å£«ã¯å°ãªãããããã¾ã. ãã ã, 決ã¾ãã¨ãã¦ããã®ãããªä¸¦ã¹æ¹ãããªããã°ãªããªããã¨ãããã®ã¯ããã¾ãã. [In the Edo Era, each Iemoto had their own respective way of setting up the pieces: the 'Ohashi-style' and the 'Ito-style'. Although these two styles are still used today by many professionals, there is really no rule specifying that 'the pieces must be set up in this particular way'.], 17 December 2014, Placement sets pieces with multiples (generals, knights, lances) from left to right in all cases, and follows the order:
- King
- Gold generals
- Silver generals
- Knights
In ito, the player now places:
5. Pawns (left to right starting from the leftmost file)
6. Lances
7. Bishop
8. Rook
In ohashi, the player now places:
5. Lances
6. Bishop
7. Rook
8. Pawns (starting from center file, then alternating left to right one file at a time)
Furigoma
Among amateur tournaments, the higher-ranked player or defending champion performs the piece toss. In professional games, the furigoma is done on the behalf of the higher-ranked player/champion by the timekeeper who kneels by the side of the higher-ranked player and tosses the pawn pieces onto a silk cloth.{{sfn | Hosking | 1997 | p=19â20}} In friendly amateur games, a player will ask the opponent to toss the pawns out of politeness. Otherwise, the person who tosses the pawns can be determined by Rockâpaperâscissors.MAGAZINE, 1982, Who moves first?, Shogi, 40, 13, Hodges, George, History
(File:Brooklyn Museum - Two Boys Playing Shogi with a Third Observer.jpg|thumb|Boys playing shogi (18th century))(File:Shogi playing japan 0001.jpg|thumb|Playing shogi in Japan (ca. 1916â1918))(File:Masuda Kozo.JPG|thumb|KÅzÅ Masuda (åç°å¹¸ä¸) in 1952)From The Chess Variant Pages:WEB,weblink Shogi: Japanese Chess, The Chess Variant Pages, 8 March 2012, {{Blockquote | The world's first chess variant, chaturanga arose in India in approximately the seventh century AD. From there it migrated both westward and northward, mutating along the way. The western branch became shatranj in Arabia and Orthodox Chess in Europe. The northern branch became xiangqi in China and janggi in Korea. Sometime in the tenth to twelfth centuries, 'chess' crossed the channel to Japan where it spawned a number of interesting variants. One of these was called 'Small Shogi'. Eventually, Small Shogi (though it went through many forms) won out over the larger variants and is now referred to simply as 'Shogi'. It is certain that Shogi in its present form was played in Japan as early as the 16th century.}}It is not clear when chess was brought to Japan. The earliest generally accepted mention of shogi is {{Nihongo |Shin Saru Gakuki |æ°ç¿æ¥½è¨}} (1058â1064) by Fujiwara Akihira. The oldest archaeological evidence is a group of 16 shogi pieces excavated from the grounds of KÅfuku-ji in Nara Prefecture. As it was physically associated with a wooden tablet written on in the sixth year of Tenki (1058), the pieces are thought to date from that period. These simple pieces were cut from a writing plaque in the same five-sided shape as modern pieces, with the names of the pieces written on them.The dictionary of common folk culture, {{Nihongo|NichÅ«reki|äºä¸æ´}} (c. 1210â1221), a collection based on the two works {{Nihongo|ShÅchÅ«reki |æä¸æ´}} and {{Nihongo|KaichÅ«reki|æä¸æ´}}, describes two forms of shogi, large (dai) shogi and small (shÅ) shogi. These are now called Heian shogi (or Heian small shogi) and Heian dai shogi. Heian small shogi is the version on which modern shogi is based, but the NichÅ«reki states that one wins if one's opponent is reduced to a single king, indicating that drops had not yet been introduced. According to KÅji Shimizu, chief researcher at the Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture, the names of the Heian shogi pieces keep those of chaturanga (general, elephant, horse, chariot and soldier), and add to them the five treasures of Buddhism (jade, gold, silver, katsura tree, and incense).Around the 13th century the game of dai shogi developed, created by increasing the number of pieces in Heian shogi, as was sho shogi, which added the rook, bishop, and drunken elephant from dai shogi to Heian shogi. The drunken elephant steps one square in any direction except directly backward, and promotes to the prince, which acts as a second king and must also be captured along with the original king for the other player to win. Around the 15th century, the rules of dai shogi were simplified, creating the game of chu shogi. Chu shogi, like its parent dai shogi, contains many distinct pieces, such as the queen (identical with Western chess) and the lion (which moves like a king, but twice per turn, potentially being able to capture twice, among other idiosyncrasies). The popularity of dai shogi soon waned in favour of chu shogi, until it stopped being played commonly. Chu shogi rivalled sho shogi in popularity until the introduction of drops in the latter, upon which standard shogi became ascendant, although chu shogi was still commonly played until about World War II, especially in Kyoto.It is thought that the rules of standard shogi were fixed in the 16th century, when the drunken elephant was removed from the set of pieces present in sho shogi. There is no clear record of when drops were introduced, however.In the Edo period, shogi variants were greatly expanded: tenjiku shogi, dai dai shogi, maka dai dai shogi, tai shogi, and taikyoku shogi were all invented. It is thought that these were played to only a very limited extent, however. Both standard shogi and Go were promoted by the Tokugawa shogunate. In 1612, the shogunate passed a law giving endowments to top shogi players ({{Nihongo|Meijin|å人}}). During the reign of the eighth shÅgun, Tokugawa Yoshimune, castle shogi tournaments were held once a year on the 17th day of Kannazuki, corresponding to November 17, which is Shogi Day on the modern calendar.The title of meijin became hereditary in the Åhashi and ItÅ families until the fall of the shogunate, when it came to be passed by recommendation. Today the title is used for the winner of the Meijin-sen competition, the first modern title match. From around 1899, newspapers began to publish records of shogi matches, and high-ranking players formed alliances with the aim of having their games published. In 1909, the {{Nihongo|Shogi Association |å°æ£åç社}} was formed, and in 1924, the {{Nihongo|Tokyo Shogi Association |æ±äº¬å°æ£é£ç}} was formed. This was an early incarnation of the modern {{nihongo |Japan Shogi Association|æ¥æ¬å°æ£é£ç|nihon shÅgi renmei}}, or JSA, and 1924 is considered by the JSA to be the date it was founded.WEB,weblink SÅritsuã»Enkaku, ja:åµç«ã»æ²¿é©, ja, Founding and History, æ¥æ¬å°æ£é£ç (Japan Shogi Association), 16 August 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141006120701weblink">weblink 6 October 2014, In 1935, meijin KinjirÅ Sekine stepped down, and the rank of meijin came to be awarded to the winner of a {{Nihongo |Meijin title match|å人æ¦|meijin-sen}}. {{Nihongo |Yoshio Kimura|æ¨æ義é}} became the first Meijin under this system in 1937. This was the start of the (see titleholder system). After the war other tournaments were promoted to title matches, culminating with the {{Nihongo|RyÅ«Å title match|ç«çæ¦ |ryÅ«Å-sen}} in 1988 for the modern line-up of seven. About 200 professional shogi players compete. Each year, the title holder defends the title against a challenger chosen from knockout or round matches.After the Second World War, SCAP (occupational government mainly led by US) tried to eliminate all "feudal" factors from Japanese society and shogi was included in the possible list of items to be banned along with Bushido (philosophy of samurai) and other things. SCAP's reason for banning shogi was that the game uniquely utilized captured pieces. SCAP insisted that this could lead to the idea of prisoner abuse. Kozo Masuda, then one of the top professional shogi players, when summoned to the SCAP headquarters for an investigation, criticized such understanding of shogi, instead insisting that chess that potentially contained the idea of prisoner abuse, because opposing pieces are removed permanently, while shogi gives prisoners the chance to get back into the game. Masuda also argued that chess contradicts the ideal of gender equality in western society because the king shields itself behind the queen and runs away. Masuda's assertions are said to have eventually led to the exemption of shogi from the list of items to be banned.BOOK, Masuda, Kozo, Meijin ni Kyosha wo Hiita Otoko, ja:å人ã«é¦è»ãå¼ããç·, The Man Who Gave A Lance Handicap To A Meijin, 2003, 223, Chuokoron-Shinsha, 978-4-12-204247-6, Tournament play
File:WOSC-2013.jpg|thumb|2013 World Shogi Open Championship (amateur) tournament in MinskMinskThere are two organizations for shogi professional players in Japan: the JSA, and the {{nihongo|{{Interlanguage link multi|Ladies' Professional Shogi-players' Association of Japan|ja|3=æ¥æ¬å¥³åããå°æ£åä¼|vertical-align=sup}} |æ¥æ¬å¥³åããå°æ£åä¼|nihon joshi puro shÅgi kyÅkai}}, or LPSA. The JSA is the primary organization for men and women's professional shogi while the LPSA is a group of women professionals who broke away from the JSA in 2007 to establish their own independent organization.WEB,weblink Enkaku, ja:沿é©, LPSA History, æ¥æ¬å¥³åããå°æ£åä¼ (Ladies' Professional Shogi-players' Association of Japan), 26 June 2014, ja,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121031152603weblink">weblink 31 October 2012, Both organize tournaments for their members and have reached an agreement to cooperate with each other to promote shogi through events and other activities.WEB,weblink Nihon Joshi Puro ShÅgi KyÅkai (LSPA) to GÅisho Teiketsu, ja:æ¥æ¬å¥³åããå°æ£åä¼ (LPSA)ã¨åææ¸ç· çµ, ja, Agreement signed with LPSA, æ¥æ¬å°æ£é£ç (Japan Shogi Association), 2 June 2014, 26 June 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140703063811weblink">weblink 3 July 2014, Top professional players are fairly well-paid from tournament earnings. In 2016, the highest tournament earners were Yoshiharu Habu and Akira Watanabe who earned Â¥91,500,000 and Â¥73,900,000. (The tenth highest earner, Kouichi Fukaura, won Â¥18,490,000.weblink (accessed 2017 Feb 19)The JSA recognizes two categories of shogi professionals: {{nihongo|Professional |æ£å£«|kishi}}, and {{nihongo|Female Professional|女æµæ£å£« |joryÅ«kishi}}. Sometimes kishi are addressed as {{Nihongo|seikishi|æ£æ£å£«}}, a term from Go used to distinguish kishi from other classes of players. JSA professional ranks and female professional ranks are not equivalent and each has their own promotion criteria and ranking system. In 2006, the JSA officially granted women "professional status". This is not equivalent, however, to the more traditional way of "gaining professional status", i.e., being promoted from the {{nihongo |"Shoreikai System"|奨å±ä¼}}: leagues of strong amateur players aspiring to become a professional. Rather, it is a separate system especially designed for female professionals. Qualified amateurs, regardless of gender, may apply for the "Shoreikai System" and all those who successfully "graduate" are granted kishi status; however, no woman has yet to accomplish this feat (the highest women have reached is "Shoreikai 3 dan league" by Kana Satomi and Tomoka Nishiyama), so kishi is de facto only used to refer to male shogi professionals.WEB,weblink Yoku Aru Goshitsumon: Naze, Dansei wa "Kishi" na no ni, Josei wa "JoryÅ«kishi" to Naru no Desuka, ja:ããããã質åï¼ãªããç·æ§ã¯ãæ£å£«ããªã®ã«ã女æ§ã¯ã女æµæ£å£«ãã¨ãªãã®ã§ããã, ja, FAQ: Why are men referred to as "kishi" and women referred to as "joryÅ«kishi"?, æ¥æ¬å°æ£é£ç (Japan Shogi Association), 28 June 2014, The JSA is the only body which can organize tournaments for professionals, e.g., the eight major tournaments in the titleholder system and other professional tournaments. In 1996, Yoshiharu Habu became the only kishi to hold seven major titles at the same time. For female professionals, both the JSA and LPSA organize tournaments, either jointly or separately. Tournaments for amateurs may be organized by the JSA and LPSA as well as local clubs, newspapers, private corporations, educational institutions or municipal governments for cities or prefectures under the guidance of the JSA or LPSA.Since the 1990s, shogi has grown in popularity outside Japan, particularly in the People's Republic of China, and especially in Shanghai. The January 2006 edition of {{nihongo|Kindai Shogi|è¿ä»£å°æ£}} stated that there were 120,000 shogi players in Shanghai. The spread of the game to countries where Chinese characters are not in common use, however, has been slower.In Europe
(File:Shogi nidan.JPG|thumb|Amateur shogi certificate for 2 dan){{Expand section|date=January 2018}}{{As of|November 2017}}, in Europe there are currently over 1,200 active players.WEB, Andreas Neumaier,weblink FESA home page - Ratings, Shogi.net, 2018-05-20, 2018-06-05, Computer shogi
Shogi has the highest game complexity of all popular chess variants. Computers have steadily improved in playing shogi since the 1970s. In 2007, champion Yoshiharu Habu estimated the strength of the 2006 world computer shogi champion Bonanza at the level of two-dan shoreikai.The JSA prohibits its professionals from playing computers in public without prior permission, with the reason of promoting shogi and monetizing the computerâhuman events.NEWS, Shogi pros warned not to play computers,weblink 28 November 2011, The Japan Times, 16 October 2005, Tokyo, Japan, On October 12, 2010, after some 35 years of development, a computer finally beat a professional player, when the top ranked female champion Ichiyo Shimizu was beaten by the Akara2010 system in a game lasting just over 6 hours.NEWS,weblink Top female 'shogi' pro falls to computer, Japan Times, Kyodo, 12 October 2010, 17 December 2014, On July 24, 2011, computer shogi programs Bonanza and Akara crushed the amateur team of Kosaku and Shinoda in two games. The allotted time for the amateurs was one hour and then three minutes per move. The allotted time for the computer was 25 minutes and then 10 seconds per move.NEWS,weblink The Asahi Shimbun, ShÅgi Sofuto ni Amagumi Kanpai: Hijutsu, Ikki ni Semetsubusareru, ja:å°æ£ã½ããã«ã¢ãçµå®æ ç§è¡ãä¸æ°ã«æ»ãã¤ã¶ããã, Shogi computer programs crush amateurs, 2 August 2011, ja, 17 December 2014, On April 20, 2013, GPS Shogi defeated 8-dan professional shogi player Hiroyuki Miura in a 102-move game which lasted over 8 hours.WEB, Second Shogi Denosen, Game 5: Hiroyuki Miura 8 dan vs. GPS Shogi, Dainikai ShÅgi DenÅsen Daigokyoku Miura Hiroyuki vs GPS ShÅgi, 20 April 2013, ja:第2å å°æ£é»çæ¦ ç¬¬5å± ä¸æµ¦å¼è¡å
«æ®µ vs GPSå°æ£,weblink Niwango, 17 December 2014, ja, On December 13, 2015, the highest rated player on Shogi Club 24 was computer program Ponanza, rated 3455.WEB,weblink Computer program Bonkras highest rated player on Shogi Club 24, Shogi Club 24, ja, On April 10, 2016, Ponanza defeated Takayuki Yamasaki, 8-dan in 85 moves. Takayuki used 7 hours 9 minutes.NEWS, Shinji, Fukamatsu, AI beats top shogi player in first match of tournament finalï¼The Asahi Shimbun,weblink 17 May 2016, The Asahi Shimbun, en-us, In October 2017, DeepMind claimed that its program AlphaZero, after a full nine hours of training, defeated elmo in a 100-game match, winning 90, losing 8, and drawing two.ARXIV, 1712.01815, cs.AI, David Silver (programmer), David Silver, Thomas Hubert, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Matthew Lai, Arthur Guez, Marc Lanctot, Laurent Sifre, Dharshan Kumaran, Thore Graepel, Timothy Lillicrap, Karen Simonyan, Demis Hassabis, Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm, 5 December 2017, NEWS,weblink DeepMind's AI became a superhuman chess player in a few hours, just for fun, The Verge, 2017-12-06, From a computational complexity point of view, generalized shogi is EXPTIME-complete.JOURNAL, H. Adachi, H. Kamekawa, S. Iwata, Shogi on n à n board is complete in exponential time, Trans. IEICE, J70-D, 1843â1852, 1987, Video games
Hundreds of video games were released exclusively in Japan for several consoles.Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics was released internationally by Nintendo in 2020 for the Nintendo Switch console, offering both Shogi and mini Shogi variants using either traditional or bilingual pieces. Culture
According to professional player Yoshiharu Habu, in Japan shogi is viewed as not merely a game as entertainment or a mind sport but is instead an art that is a part of traditional Japanese culture along with haiku, tanka, noh, ikebana, and the Japanese tea ceremony. Its elevated status was established by the iemoto system supported by the historical shogunate.WEB,weblink When a Shogi champion turns to chess, May 17, 2002, Chess News, WEB,weblinkweblink 2021-11-14, live, Aesthetics of game: shogi, Japanese traditional culture/GAME CHRONICLE/IS JAPAN COOL?(ç¾½çåæ²»), www.youtube.com, {{cbignore}}The backwards uma (shogi horse symbol) is often featured on merchandise (such as on large decorative shogi piece sculptures, keychains, and other keepsakes) available for sale in TendÅ. It also serves as a symbol of good luck. (Cf. Rabbit's foot.) There are multiple theories on its origin. One is that uma (ãã¾ ) spelled in the Japanese syllabary backwards is ã¾ã mau (èã), which means (to) dance and dancing horses are a good luck omen.Fairbairn, John. 1982. esorH drawkcaB ehT. Shogi, 37, p. 18.File:左馬.gif|The backwards 馬 uma (左馬 hidari uma)File:Ningen shogi himeji.jpg|Ningen Shogi held in Himeji City with real people (2015)File:Tendo station and shogi museum.jpg| TendÅ shogi museum (right) next to TendÅ Station (top) In popular culture
{{in popular culture|section|date=May 2017}}{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2017}}In the manga and anime series Naruto, shogi plays an essential part in Shikamaru Nara's character development. He often plays it with his sensei, Asuma Sarutobi, apparently always beating him. When Asuma is fatally injured in battle, he reminds Shikamaru that the shogi king must always be protected, and draws a parallel between the king in shogi and the children who would grow up to take care of the Hidden Leaf (Konoha) in the future, as well as his yet-unborn daughter, Mirai, whom he wanted Shikamaru to guide.Shogi has been a central plot point in the manga and anime Shion no Å, the manga and anime March Comes in Like a Lion,NEWS,weblink A Lion's Play of Words, 2017-03-08, Nihonden, 2017-03-09, en-US, and the manga and television drama 81diver.In the manga and anime Durarara!!, the information broker Izaya Orihara plays a twisted version of chess, go and shogi, where he mixes all three games into one as a representation of the battles in Ikebukuro.In the video game Persona 5, the Star confidant, a girl named Hifumi Togo, is a high school shogi player looking to break into the ranks of the professionals. The player character will gain a knowledge stat when spending time with the confidant, supposedly from learning to play shogi. The abilities learned from ranking up the confidant comes from Japanese shogi terms.In the manga and anime When Will Ayumu Make His Move?, second-year high school student Urushi Yaotome is the president of her school's shogi club, though the club is considered illegitimate due to not having enough members, the only other member being first-year student Ayumu Tanaka. See also
{{div col}}
{{div col end}}Notes
{{Notelist}} References
{{reflist}} Bibliography
- SHOGI Magazine (70 issues, January 1976 â November 1987) by The Shogi Association (edited by George Hodges)
- BOOK, Aono, Teruichi, 1983, Better Moves for Better Shogi, Tokyo, Japan, Sankaido Publishing Co., Ltd., 978-4-381-00597-7, translated by John Fairbairn (writer), John Fairbairn,
- BOOK, Aono, Teruichi, 1983, Guide to Shogi Openings: Shogi Problems in Japanese and English, Tokyo, Japan, Sankaido Publishing Co., Ltd., 978-4-381-00598-4, translated by John Fairbairn (writer), John Fairbairn,
- BOOK, Fairbairn, John, Shogi for beginners, 1986, 2nd, Ishi Press, 978-4-8718-720-10,
- BOOK, Habu, Yoshiharu, Yoshiharu Habu, Hosking, Tony, 2000, Habu's Words, Stratford-upon-Avon, England, The Shogi Foundation, 978-0-9531089-2-3, translated by Tony Hosking and {{Interlanguage link multi, Yamato Takahashi, ja, é«æ©å, sup, }}
- BOOK, Hosking, Tony, 1997, The Art of Shogi, Stratford-upon-Avon, England, The Shogi Foundation, 978-0-9531089-0-9,
- BOOK, Hosking, Tony, 2006, Classic Shogi: Games Collection, Stratford-upon-Avon, England, The Shogi Foundation, 978-0-9531089-3-0,
- BOOK
, Pritchard
, D. B.
, David Pritchard (chess player)
, The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
, Games & Puzzles Publications
, 1994
, Shogi
, 269â79
, 0-9524142-0-1,
- BOOK, Yebisu, Miles, 2016, Comprehensive shogi guide in English: How to play Japanese chess, Laboratory Publishing,
External links
{{Commons category}}
Rules
Online play
Online tools
{{Shogi title tournaments}}{{Shogi variants}}{{Chess variants}}{{Authority control}}
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "Shogi" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 5:00am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]
© 2024 M.R.M. PARROTT | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED