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Ruthenian Uniate Church
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{{Short description|Historical precursor of the Ukrainian and Belarusian Greek Catholic Churches}}{{Eastern Christianity}}{{About|the historic Eastern Catholic church|similarly named churches|Ruthenian Catholic Church (disambiguation){{!}}Ruthenian Catholic Church}}The Ruthenian Uniate Church (; ; ; ) was a particular church of the Catholic Church in the territory of the PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth. It was created in 1595/1596 by those clergy of the Eastern Orthodox Church who subscribed to the Union of Brest. In the process, they switched their allegiances and jurisdiction from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople to the Holy See. The church had a single metropolitan territory â the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia. The formation of the church led to a high degree of confrontation among Ruthenians, such as the murder of Archeparch Josaphat Kuntsevych in 1623. Opponents of the union called church members "Uniates," though Catholic documents today no longer use the term due to its perceived negative overtones.BOOK, Orthodox Christianity: A Very Short Introduction, Siecienski, A. Edward, Oxford University Press, 2019, New York City, Very Short Introductions, 108, - the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Background
Kievan Rus' is an ecclesiastical and cultural description of the eastern Rus' lands during the high Middle Ages. The Greek and Latin equivalents of Rus' were Rosija and Ruthenia. It had been an empire rather than a nation state since it had many principalities and some non-Slavic people. By the time of the Union of Brest, these names covered all the Eastern Slav peoples and lands, regardless of whether they belonged politically to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Crown of Poland or the Crown of Hungary. The Rus' accepted Christianity in its Byzantine form at the same time as the Poles accepted it in its Latin form; Lithuanians largely remained pagan to the late Middle Ages before their nobility embraced the Latin form upon the political union with the Poles. The eastward expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been facilitated by amicable treaties and inter-marriages of the nobility when faced with the external threat of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'.{{citation |last=Hinson |first=E. Glenn |title=The Church Triumphant: A History of Christianity Up to 1300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cY1SymrAGeEC&pg=PA438 |year=1995 |publisher=Mercer University Press |isbn=978-0-86554-436-9 |page=438}} Ethnically, the Catholics of the Commonwealth were Poles, Germans and Lithuanians.During the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, both the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth and the Ruthenian Church underwent a period of decay. The Ruthenian Church was the church of a people without statehood. The Poles considered the Ruthenians as a conquered people. Over time, the Lithuanian military and political ascendancy did away with the Ruthenian autonomies. The disadvantageous political status of the Ruthenian people also affected the status of their church and undermined her capacity for reform and renewal. Furthermore, they could not expect support from the Mother Church in Constantinople or from their co-religionists in Moscow. Thus the Ruthenian church was in a weaker position than the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth.Decay of the Ruthenian Church in the Commonwealth
Both the Catholic and the Ruthenian churches suffered from the policy of nominations to higher benefices by the King, the indifference of the nobility, and a low state of clerical education and discipline.Auguse Berga, Pierre Skarga, (Paris 1916), pg56-81 The monarchs used nominations to bishoprics as rewards to faithful civil servants.Kazimierz Chodynicki, Kosciol pravoslawny a Rzeczpospolita polsko (Warsaw 1934), p130-39 After Metropolitan Joseph II Soltan (1509â1522), the names of the great families are missing among the nominees to the bishoprics. While the great families could have obtained the nominations had they cared, since they did not, the nominees came from the poorer gentry and from the burghers.V. M. Ploshchanskii, Proshloe Kholmskoi Rusi. Dukhovenstvo (2 volumes; Vilna 1890-91), I, p61. Prelates continued to live the style of life they were used to as laymen: they took part in raids and carried on trade and money lending. The Ruthenian Church had no cathedral chapters to make up for the deficiencies of the bishops.Albert M. Ammann, Abriss der ostslawischen Kirchengeschichte (Vienna 1959), p199-200.The level of education of the Ruthenian peasantry had been falling during the sixteenth century.Ploshchanskii, ''Proshloe, Volume I, p10, shows it for the Diocese of Kholm. This was one of the main reasons for ecclesiastical decay and one of the impediments to renewal. For the common people, their religion was ritualism; attendance was often limited to baptism and church burial.Church of a conquered people
Poles regarded Ruthenians as a conquered people. As such, Ruthenians became a second class people in society, their culture backward compared to the other ethnic groups in the Commonwealth. This delayed the church in recovering from the predations of the Reformation. While the Ruthenian nobility had equal rights with the Polish nobility, by the fifteenth century their ranks had been thinned by war and waves of emigration to the east. The Poles who took their place came to control the sejm. If the Ruthenian aristocracy wanted to profit from its equality, it had to become Catholic and Polish. Intermarriage played a great role in the assimilation of the Ruthenian aristocracy; usually the Catholic faith prevailed. As a result, few Orthodox aristocratic families were left in Galicia or Podilia.HRUSHEVSKYI, MICHAEL S., Istoria Ukrainy-Rusy, Volume V, Kiev, p38-40. By the second half of the sixteenth century, Ruthenian nobility had little reason to feel discriminated against. They had kept their wealth, had access to the highest offices, and were socially accepted as equals with the Catholic nobility. By absorbing the Polish form of Western culture, they were also the first to be lost for the Ruthenian people. With the loss of the elite, the Ruthenian Church and people increasingly lost leadership, representation in the government, and benefactors for church-sponsored programmes.While the Catholic Church in the Commonwealth had successfully resisted the appeal of the Reformation, the Ruthenian church continued to decay. The Ruthenian elite looked externally for aid. The Patriarch in Constantinople could send neither aid nor teachers. Protestant aid was unacceptable to many of them. They therefore turned to the Pope in the hope that he would curb the excesses of the Polish Catholics against Catholic Ruthenians. In this way, they also hoped that acceptance of the Ruthenian hierarchy into Catholic communion would also lead to acceptance of the Ruthenian elite into the political structure of the Commonwealth.Ecclesiastical structure
(File:Administrative divisions of the Greek Catholic Church in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772.PNG|thumb|240px|Administrative divisions of the Ruthenian Uniate (Greek-Catholic) Church in 1772 (before the partition of Poland).)File:Kuntsevich by Repin.jpg|thumb|240px|The archbishop Josaphat Kuntsevych encourages inhabitants at Vitebsk, Vitebsk Voivodeship, to join the union.{{efn|In 1893, Russian painter Ilya Repin "depicted the moment when a Jesuit encourages residents of Vitebsk join the union," in a drawing on the theme of "preaching (Josaphat Kuntsevych|Kuntsevych]]".BOOK, 1969, BrodskiÄ, Iosif, Moskvinov, V. N., ru:Ðовое о Репине : ÑÑаÑÑи и пиÑÑма Ñ Ñдожника. ÐоÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑеников и дÑÑзей. ÐÑбликаÑии, ru, Leningrad, Ð¥Ñдожник РСФСР, 389, 4599550,weblink [...] 1893 года на ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ 'ÐÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ ÐÑнÑевиÑа', поÑвÑÑеннÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð· геÑоиÑеÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ñпизодов в жизни белоÑÑÑÑкого наÑода. Ð¥Ñдожник изобÑазил моменÑ, когда Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ñ -иезÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑизÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ñелей ÐиÑебÑка пÑимкнÑÑÑ Ðº Ñнии, [...], }})File:Simmler Martyrdom of Josaphat Kuntsevych.jpg|thumb|240px|Martyrdom of Vitebsk archbishop Josaphat in 1623 by Polish painter Simmler, 1861.]]Before the partitions of Poland
At the time of the negotiations for union there were eight Ruthenian bishoprics in the Commonwealth:Church Union of Berestia. Encyclopedia of Ukraine- The Metropolis of Kiev itself which had the following suffragan dioceses and archdioceses (archeparchies):
* Archeparchy of Polotsk (located in the modern state of Belarus)
* Eparchy of Brest-Litovsk. The bishop also held the title of "Bishop of Volodymyr" in Volhynia.
* Eparchy of Lutsk and Ostroh also in the region of Volhynia. During the Great Northern War, Volhynia was occupied by Russian troops and the eparchy was converted to Orthodoxy until the troops were withdrawn.
* Eparchy of Turov and Pinsk in the region of Polesia
* Eparchy of Lviv
* Eparchy of CheÅm
* Eparchy of PrzemyÅl and Sambir
Later, the Archeparchy of Smolensk was erected.Carpathian Rus' did not belong to the Commonwealth.After the partitions of Poland
Following the partitions, its successor states treated the Uniate Church differently. This is a list of eparchies that followed upon the partitions of the PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth (1772â1795):- Within the Russian Empire
- Archeparchy of Polotsk, Metropolitan of all Byzantine Catholics in Russia
- Eparchy of Brest
- Eparchy of Lutsk
- Eparchy of Lithuania
- Within the Kingdom of Prussia
- Eparchy of SupraÅl (previously part of the Eparchy of Volodymyr-Brest)
- Within the Austrian Empire
- Archeparchy of Lviv, Metropolitan of Galicia
- Eparchy of CheÅm
- Eparchy of PrzemyÅl and Sambir
List of metropolitan bishops
Metropolitans before the partitions of Poland
Metropolitans of Kyiv, Galicia and all Ruthenia:BOOK, Pelesz, Julian, Geschichte der Union der ruthenischen Kirche mit Rom, 1881, Woerl,weblink 1083â84,- 1596â1599 Michael Rohoza (, )
- 1600â1613 Hypatius Pociej (, )
- 1613â1637 Joseph Rutski (, )
- 1637â1640 Raphael Korsak (, )
- 1641â1655 Antonius Sielawa (, )
- 1666â1674 Gabriel Kolenda (, )
- 1674â1693 Cyprian Å»ochowski (, )
- 1694â1708 Leo ZaÅÄski (, )
- 1708â1713 George Winnicki (, )
- 1714â1729 Leo Kiszka (, )
- 1729â1746 Athanasius Szeptycki
- 1748â1762 Florian Hrebnicki
- 1762â1778 Philip WoÅodkowicz
- 1778â1779 Leo Szeptycki
- 1780â1786 Jason Smogorzewski
- 1787â1805 Theodosius Rostocki
Post-partition administrators in Russia
Successor entities
There are three successor entities:- Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church whose primate holds the title of Major archbishop. The incumbent Major archbishop (or metropolitan) of the Metropolis of Kyiv and Halych is Sviatoslav Shevchuk.
- Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
- Russian Greek Catholic Church
Development in Ukraine and Belarus
Today, the Ruthenian Uniate Church has two ecclesiastical jurisdictions: the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church. The Ukrainian jurisdiction operates in the following countries under a metropolitan bishop:- Poland under the Metropolitan of the Archeparchy of PrzemyÅlâWarsaw
- the United States under the Metropolitan of the Archeparchy of Philadelphia
- Canada under the Metropolitan of the Archeparchy of Winnipeg
- Brazil under the Metropolitan of the Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba
- Argentina as the Eparchy of Santa MarÃa del Patrocinio in Buenos Aires
- Australia, New Zealand and Oceania as the Eparchy of Saints Peter and Paul of Melbourne
- United Kingdom as the Eparchy of the Holy Family of London
- France, Belgium, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and Switzerland as the Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris
- Germany and Scandinavia as the Apostolic Exarchate of Germany and Scandinavia
- Italy and San Marino as the Apostolic Exarchate of Italy
Related
- Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, Byzantine Rite church of Carpathian Ruthenians (better known as Rusyns).
Notes
{{Notelist}}References
{{Reflist}}Further reading
- JOURNAL, Frick, David A., Meletij Smotryc'kyj and the Ruthenian Question in the Early Seventeenth Century, Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 1984, 8, 3â4, 351â375, 41036202,weblink
- JOURNAL, Litwin, Henryk, Catholicization among the Ruthenian Nobility and Assimilation Processes in the Ukraine during the Years 1569â1648, Acta Poloniae Historica, 1987, 55, 57â83,weblink
- JOURNAL, Nemec, Ludvik, The Ruthenian Uniate Church in its Historical Perspective, Church History, 1968, 37, 4, 365â388, 10.2307/3162256, 3162256, 154527129,weblink
- BOOK, Shipman, Andrew J., Ruthenian Rite, The Catholic Encyclopedia, 13, 1912a, New York, Robert Appleton Company, 276â277,weblink
- BOOK, Shipman, Andrew J., Ruthenians, The Catholic Encyclopedia, 13, 1912b, New York, Robert Appleton Company, 277â279,weblink
- JOURNAL, Wolff, Larry, The Uniate Church and the Partitions of Poland: Religious Survival in an Age of Enlightened Absolutism, Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 2003, 26 (2002â2003), 1â4, 153â244, 41036852,weblink
External links
- Uniate Churches. Encyclopedia.com
- Uniates and Greek Catholic church at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- Dzyuba, O. Kyiv Uniate Metropolitan Eparchy (ÐÐÐÐСЬÐРУÐÐÐÐÐ ÐÐТРÐÐÐÐÐЯ). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine
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