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President of Mexico
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{{Short description|Head of state and government of Mexico}}{{For|a list of presidents|List of presidents of Mexico}}{{More citations needed|date=November 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Requirements to hold office
Chapter III of Title III of the Constitution deals with the executive branch of government and sets forth the powers of the president, as well as the qualifications for the office. He is vested with the "supreme executive power of the Union".To be eligible to serve as president, Article 82 of the Constitution specifies that the following requirements must be met:- Be a natural-born citizen of Mexico ("mexicano por nacimiento") able to exercise full citizenship rights, with at least one parent who is a natural-born citizen of Mexico.
- Be a resident of Mexico for at least twenty years.
- Be at least thirty-five years of age at the time of the election.
- Be a resident of Mexico for the entire year prior to the election (although absences of 30 days or fewer are explicitly stated not to interrupt residency).
- Not be an official or minister of any church or religious denomination.
- Not be in active military service during the six months prior to the election.
- Not be a secretary of state or under-secretary of state, attorney general, governor of a state, or head of the government of Mexico City, unless "separated from the post" (resigned or been granted permanent leave of absence) at least six months prior to the election.
- Not have been president already, even in a provisional capacity (see Succession below).
Presidential elections
{{Further|Sexenio (Mexico)}}The presidential term was set at four years from 1821 to 1904, when President Porfirio DÃaz extended it to six years for the first time in Mexico's history, and then again from 1917 to 1928 after a new constitution reversed the change made by DÃaz in 1904.Finally, the presidential term was set at six years in 1928 and has remained unchanged since then. The president is elected by direct, popular, universal suffrage. Whoever wins a simple plurality of the national vote is elected; there is no runoff election.The current President, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, was elected in 2018 with a modern-era record of 53% of the popular vote in 2018.WEB, México: Asà quedaron los resultados oficiales de la elección presidencial, ¿por cuánto ganó AMLO según el INE?,weblink Fayer Wayer, 28 July 2019, 7 July 2018, es, Mexico: Here are the official results of the presidential election; How much did AMLO win by, according to INE?, The most recent former president, Enrique Peña Nieto won 38% of the popular vote in 2012.WEB, Enrique Pena Nieto wins Mexican presidential election, 2 July 2012,weblinkweblink 12 January 2022, subscription, live, The Daily Telegraph (London), 12 December 2012, {{cbignore}} Former President Felipe Calderón won with 36.38% of the votes in the 2006 general election, finishing only 0.56% above his nearest rival, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (who contested the official results).WEB, 2006 Presidential Electoral Results,weblink Political Database of the Americas, Center for Latinamerican Studies, Georgetown.edu, 28 July 2019, 26 November 2007, In 2000, former President Vicente Fox was elected with a plurality of 43% of the popular vote,WEB, Elecciones de 2000, una advertencia para el PRI en 2018,weblink Politico MX, 28 July 2019, 4 April 2018, es, 2000 election, a warning for PRI in 2018, Ernesto Zedillo won 48.7% of the vote in 1994,WEB, Elecciones en México 1979 â 2015,weblink Historia Electoral.com, 28 July 2019, es, Elections in Mexico 1979â2015, 13 April 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210413052752weblink">weblink dead, and his predecessor Carlos Salinas won with a majority of 50.4% in the 1988 election.WEB, México: Elecciones 1988 y 2006, 7 July 2006, Manuel Suarez Mier,weblink El Cato.org, 28 July 2019, es, Elections 1988 and 2006, 13 April 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210413052752weblink">weblink dead,President-elect
After a presidential election, political parties may issue challenges to the election. These challenges are heard by the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Power; after it has heard and ruled on them, the Tribunal must either declare the election invalid or certify the results of the elections in accordance to their rulings. Once the Tribunal declares the election valid, it issues a Constancia de MayorÃa () to the candidate who obtained a plurality. That candidate then becomes President-elect. The final decision is made in September, two months after the election.WEB, About Us,weblink Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Branch, 20 July 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130314161246weblink">weblink 14 March 2013, dead,Presidential powers
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2019}}{{Politics of Mexico}}The 1917 Constitution borrowed heavily from the Constitution of the United States, providing for a clear separation of powers while giving the president wider powers than their American counterpart.For the first 71 years after the enactment of the 1917 Constitution, the president exercised nearly absolute control over the country. Much of this power came from the de facto monopoly status of the PRI. As mentioned above, they effectively chose their successor as president by personally nominating the PRI's candidate in the next election. In addition, the unwritten rules of the PRI allowed them to designate party officials and candidates all the way down to the local level. They thus had an important (but not exclusive) influence over the political life of the country (part of their power had to be shared with unions and other groups, but as an individual, they had no peers). This and their constitutional powers made some political commentators describe the president as a six-year dictator, and to call this system an "imperial presidency". The situation remained largely unchanged until the early 1980s when a grave economic crisis created discomfort both in the population and inside the party, and the president's power was no longer absolute but still impressive.An important characteristic of this system is that the new president was effectively chosen by the old one (since the PRI candidate was assured of election) but once they assumed power, the old one lost all power and influence ("no reelection" is a cornerstone of Mexican politics). In fact, tradition called for the incumbent president to fade into the background during the campaign to elect their successor. This renewed command helped maintain party discipline and avoided the stagnation associated with a single person holding power for decades, prompting Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa to call Mexico's political system "the perfect dictatorship" since the president's powers were cloaked by democratic practice.With the democratic reforms of recent years and fairer elections, the president's powers have been limited in fact as well as in name. Vargas Llosa, during the Fox administration, called this new system "The Imperfect Democracy". The current rights and powers of the president of Mexico are established, limited and enumerated by Article 89 of the Constitution which include the following:- Promulgate and execute the laws enacted by Congress, providing in the administrative sphere to its exact observance;
- Appoint and remove freely the Secretaries of State, remove the ambassadors, consuls general and senior employees of the Treasury, appoint and remove freely all other employees of the Union whose appointment or removal is not otherwise in the Constitution or in laws;
- Appoint, with Senate approval, ambassadors, consuls general, superior employees of the Treasury and members of collegial bodies of regulation in telecommunications, energy and economic competition;
- Appoint, with the approval of the Senate, the colonels and general and flag officers of the Army, Navy and Air Force;
- Preserve national security, under the terms of the respective law, and have all of the permanent Armed Forces i.e. Army, Navy and Air Force for internal security and external defense of the Federation;
- Having the National Guard to the same duties and responsibilities, in the terms that prevent Section IV of Article 76;
- Declare war on behalf of the United Mexican States with consent from the Congress of the Union;
- Intervene in the appointment of the Attorney General of the Republic and delete it, in terms of the provisions of Article 102, Section A, of this Constitution;
- Conduct foreign policy and conclude international treaties and finish, denounce, suspend, modify, amend, remove reservations and issuing interpretative statements thereon, and submitting to the approval of the Senate. In conducting such a policy, the Chief Executive shall observe the following normative principles: self-determination of peoples; nonintervention; the peaceful settlement of disputes; the prohibition of the threat or use of force in international relations; the legal equality of States; international cooperation for development; respect, protection and promotion of human rights and the struggle for international peace and security;
- Convene Congress into special session, when agreed by the Standing Committee;
- Provide the judiciary the aid they need for the expeditious exercise of its functions;
- Enable all classes of ports, establish maritime and border customs and designate their location;
- Grant, according to law, pardons to criminals convicted of crimes jurisdiction of the federal courts;
- Grant exclusive privileges for a limited time, in accordance with the respective law, to discoverers, inventors or perfectors in any branch of industry;
- When the Senate is not in session, the President of the Republic may make appointments mentioned in sections III, IV and IX, with the approval of the Standing Committee;
- At any time, opt for a coalition government with one or more of the political parties represented in Congress.
- To submit to the Senate, the three candidates for the appointment of judges of the Supreme Court and submit their resignations to the approval of licenses and Senate itself;
- Objecting the appointment of commissioners body that sets the guarantor Article 6. of this Constitution made by the Senate, under the terms established in this Constitution and the law;
- The others expressly conferred by this Constitution.
Oath of office
Upon taking office, the President raises their right arm to shoulder-level and takes the following oath:Translation:Presidential sash and flag
(File:Presidential standard of Mexico for use in Sea.svg|thumb|right|200px|Ensign of the President, for use aboard naval vessels)The Mexican Presidential sash has the colors of the Mexican flag in three bands of equal width, with green on top, white in the center, and red on the bottom, worn from right shoulder to left waist; it also includes the National Seal, in gold thread, to be worn chest-high. In November 2018, a reform was made on Article 34 reordering the colors of the sash. A new sash was made putting the colors of the sash back to the previous order that was used from 1924 through 2009.{{Citation|last=Canal del Congreso México|title=Banda Presidencial|date=1 December 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2_Q9u3Zykk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/m2_Q9u3Zykk |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=1 December 2018}}{{cbignore}} In swearing-in ceremonies, the outgoing President turns in the sash to the current President of the Chamber of Deputies, who in turn gives it to the new president after the latter has sworn the oath of office. The sash is the symbol of the Executive Federal Power, and may only be worn by the current President.According to Article 35 of the Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem, the President must wear the sash at the swearing-in ceremony, when they make their annual State of the Union report to Congress, during the commemoration of the Grito de Dolores on 15 September of each year, and when they receive the diplomatic credentials of accredited foreign ambassadors and ministers. They are also expected to wear it "in those official ceremonies of greatest solemnity". The sash is worn from right shoulder to left hip, and should be worn underneath the coat. The only exception is during the swearing-in ceremony, when it is worn over the coat so that the out-going president may easily take the sash off and drape it over the incoming president (Article 36).In addition to the Presidential Sash, each president receives a Presidential Flag; the flag has imprinted the words Estados Unidos Mexicanos in golden letters and the national coat of arms also in gold.Presidential residence
The official residence and workplace of the President is the National Palace, a building facing the Plaza de la Constitución (Zócalo) in Mexico City. The site has been a seat of power since the Aztec Empire, with the materials of the current building taken from the palace of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II.Casas nuevas de Moctezuma {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903114958weblink |date=3 September 2018 }}, Historia.palacionacional.info The President also has the use of Chapultepec Castle, formerly the imperial palace of the Second Mexican Empire, and afterwards the official residence of Mexican presidents until 1934, when Lázaro Cárdenas established the presidential residence at Los Pinos. Andrés Manuel López Obrador moved the presidential residence back to the National Palace upon the start of his term in 2018.WEB, La Voz de Michoacan, ¿Cómo es la nueva residencia oficial del presidente de México?,weblink 14 December 2018, 28 July 2019, es, How is the new official residence of the President of Mexico?,Succession
{{Presidential orders of succession}}Articles 84 and 85 of the Mexican Constitution states that "in case of absolute absence of a President" the following should happen:- Until Congress names a Substitute or Interim President, the Secretary of the Interior (Secretario de Gobernación) assumes executive powers provisionally (Presidente Provisional), but cannot make changes to the cabinet without advice and consent from the Senate. They must also provide an official report of their actions within ten days of leaving the post. Congress must elect an Interim or Substitute President within 60 days of the original absence. The Secretary of the Interior is not required to meet all requirements for the Presidency; specifically, they are not required to meet the age or residency requirements, nor the requirement to not hold certain government positions (secretary of state, under-secretary of state, etc.)
- If Congress is not in session, then the Permanent Commission calls Congress to an extraordinary session, at which point the process continues as below.
- If the absence (death, impeachment, etc.) should occur in the first two years of the term, Congress (if in session, or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission) must elect, by a majority of votes in a secret ballot with a quorum of at least two-thirds of its members, an Interim President (Presidente Interino). Congress must also call for elections in no less than 14 months and no more than 18 months after the absence of the President occurs; the person who wins those elections will be president for the remainder of the original six-year presidential term.
- If the absence should occur in the last four years of the term, Congress (if in session, or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission) will select a Substitute President (Presidente Substituto) by a majority of votes in a secret ballot as above. The Substitute President will be President of the United Mexican States until the end of the original six-year presidential term, at which point regular elections are held.
- If an elected President is unable to assume office before being sworn in, the President of the Senate will assume executive powers provisionally until Congress (if in session, or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission) can elect an Interim President as stated above.
Post-presidency
Former presidents of Mexico continue to carry the title "president" until death but are rarely referred by it; they are commonly called ex-presidents. They were also given protection by the former Estado Mayor Presidencial. Prior to 2018, former presidents also received a lifetime pension, though they could refuse it, as Ernesto Zedillo did. However, the pensions were abolished and terminated in 2018.WEB,weblink Oficial: Eliminan pensión de ex-presidentes, El Debate, Debate, 14 September 2018, 2 December 2018, es, Contrary to what happens in many other countries, former presidents of Mexico do not continue to be important national figures once out of office, and usually lead a discreet life. This is partly because they do not want to interfere with the government of the new president and partly because they may not have a good public image.WEB, 5 December 2012, Por qué se van de México los expresidentes, Why ex-presidents leave Mexico,weblink 23 May 2022, BBC News Mundo, es, This tradition can be traced back to the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas. Former president Plutarco ElÃas Calles had personally selected Cárdenas as his successor, and had hoped to control things from behind the scenes as he had for the previous five years. However, when Cárdenas showed he was going to rule in fact as well as in name, Calles publicly criticized him, prompting Cárdenas to have Calles escorted out of the country by military police.WEB, Cruz Rivera, Dulce Liliana, El exilo de Plutarco ElÃas Calles, The exile of Plutarco ElÃas Calles,weblink 23 May 2022, Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana, es, Cárdenas himself remained silent on the policies of his successor Manuel Ãvila Camacho, establishing a tradition that former presidents do not interfere with their successors.For example, Ernesto Zedillo holds important offices in the United Nations and in the private sector, but outside of Mexico. It is speculated he lives in a self-imposed exile to avoid the hatred of some of his fellow members of the PRI for having acknowledged the PRI's defeat in the 2000 presidential election.WEB, Krauze, Enrique, 19 March 2012, Un digno expresidente, A worthy former president,weblink 23 May 2022, Letras Libres, es, Carlos Salinas de Gortari also lived in a self-imposed exile in Ireland, but returned to Mexico. He campaigned intensely to have his brother, Raúl Salinas, freed after he was jailed in the early days of Zedillo's term, accused of drug trafficking and planning the assassination of José Francisco Ruiz Massieu. Carlos Salinas also wrote a book on neo-liberal Mexico, secured a position with the Dow Jones Company in the United States, and worked as a professor at several prestigious universities in that country. Ernesto Zedillo and Felipe Calderón two surviving former presidents living in the United States and teaching at the universities where they studied: Zedillo at Yale University and Calderón at Harvard University.Along with Carlos Salinas de Gortari, two other surviving former presidents (Vicente Fox and Enrique Peña Nieto) still live in Mexico. On 30 June 2006, EcheverrÃa was placed under house arrest under charges of genocide for his role as Secretary of the Interior during the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre.WEB,weblink EcheverrÃa, bajo prisión preventiva domiciliaria â El Universal â México, El Universal, 19 September 2012, 23 July 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140723012208weblink">weblink dead, The house arrest was lifted in 2009.See also
References
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