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| native_name_lang = sr| official_name = City of Pirot| other_name = List of cities in Serbia>City| image_shield = Emblem of Pirot.png| image_flag = position=center|photo1a = Pirot fortress, Serbia 11.jpg|photo2a =Pirot Central Square.jpg|photo2b =Музеј Понишавља Пирот.jpg |photo3a =Pirot Town Hall.jpg|photo3b =Pirot Courthouse.jpg|photo4a =Pirot fortress, Serbia 09.jpg|size = 270|spacing = 1|color = #FFFFFF|border = 1Old House, Pirot>Museum Old House, Pirot Town Hall, Pirot Courthouse, Pirot Fortress}}| image_caption = | image_map = Municipalities of Serbia Pirot.png| map_caption = Location of the city of Pirot within Serbia| mapsize = 43N36region:RS|display=inline,title}}List of sovereign states>CountrySerbia}}Subdivisions of Serbia>Region| subdivision_name1 = Southern and Eastern SerbiaDistricts of Serbia>DistrictPirot District>Pirot| established_title = Founded| established_date = | established_title1 = City statusVladan Vasić (Serbian Progressive Party>SNS)| area_blank1_title = Urban| area_blank1_km2 = 29.53| area_blank2_title = Administrative| area_blank2_km2 = 1232List of cities in Serbia>5th| area_footnotes = {{Serbian municipalities 2006}}| elevation_m = 367| population_footnotes = {{Serbian census 2022}}| population_as_of = 2022 census| population_blank1_title = Urban| population_blank1 = 34942| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto| population_blank2_title = Administrative| population_blank2 = 49601| population_density_blank2_km2 = autoCentral European Time>CET| utc_offset = +1Central European Summer Time>CEST| utc_offset_DST = +2Postal codes in Serbia>Postal code| postal_code = 18300Telephone numbers in Serbia>Area code| area_code = +381(0)10Vehicle registration plates of Serbia>Car plates| blank_info = PIwww.pirot.rs}}}}Pirot () is a city and the administrative center of the Pirot District in southeastern Serbia. According to 2022 census, the urban area of the city has a population of 34,942, while the population of the city administrative area has 49,601 inhabitants.The city has rich geographical features, including the mountains of Stara Planina, Vlaška Planina, Belava, Suva Planina; rivers which flow through the town, including Nišava, Jerma, Rasnička Reka, Temštica and the Visočica; and four lakes, the Zavoj Lake, Berovacko Lake, Krupac Lake and Sukovo Lake.It also has a rich culture, with notable Orthodox church buildings, including the Church of St. Petka, and the monastery of St. Georges and St. John the Theologian from the late 14th century, both of which display an example of medieval architecture. Pirot is known for its traditional woven carpet, the Pirot carpet (Pirot ćilim).WEB,weblink [Project Rastko] THE HISTORY OF SERBIAN CULTURE - Miroslav Fruht: Applied art and design,

Geography

The municipality of Pirot covers an area of {{convert|1235|km²|2|abbr=on}}, with over seventy settlements, including the city of Pirot. According to the 2002 census report, in the municipality of Pirot lived 63791 residents. Around 45,000 people live in the city itself and about 22,000 people live in the villages around the city.The river Nišava divides the Pirot into two districts: Tijabara and Pazar.Pirot has several mountains in the vicinity, including Stara Planina, Vlaška planina, Belava, and Suva Planina.The following rivers flow through Pirot: the Nišava, Jerma, Rasnička Reka, Temštica, and Visočica. Pirot also has four lakes: Lake Zavoj, Lake Berovacko, Lake Krupac, and Lake Sukov.Pirot has a Temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) with warm summers and cold winters.{{Weather box|width = auto| metric first = yes| single line = yes| location = Pirot| Jan high C = 2.7| Feb high C = 5.1| Mar high C = 10.1| Apr high C = 15.6| May high C = 19.9| Jun high C = 23.5| Jul high C = 25.8| Aug high C = 26.3| Sep high C = 21.2| Oct high C = 15.7| Nov high C = 10.3| Dec high C = 4.1| Jan mean C = -1.6| Feb mean C = 0.5| Mar mean C = 5.2| Apr mean C = 10.6| May mean C = 15.3| Jun mean C = 19.0| Jul mean C = 21.2| Aug mean C = 21.3| Sep mean C = 16.4| Oct mean C = 10.8| Nov mean C = 5.6| Dec mean C = 0.1| Jan low C = -5.5| Feb low C = -3.7| Mar low C = 0.4| Apr low C = 5.3| May low C = 10.2| Jun low C = 14.0| Jul low C = 16.1| Aug low C = 16.2| Sep low C = 11.8| Oct low C = 6.4| Nov low C = 1.7| Dec low C = -3.2| Jan precipitation mm = 54| Feb precipitation mm = 50| Mar precipitation mm = 67| Apr precipitation mm = 84| May precipitation mm = 93| Jun precipitation mm = 89| Jul precipitation mm = 74| Aug precipitation mm = 54| Sep precipitation mm = 56| Oct precipitation mm = 54| Nov precipitation mm = 52| Dec precipitation mm = 62PUBLISHER= CLIMATE-DATA.ORG, 22 November 2023, }}

History

Roman era

During the rule of Roman Emperor Tiberius (14–37), Ponišavlje was part of Moesia, and during Vespasian (69–79) it was, as the rest of Serbia, organized into Upper Moesia (as opposed to most of Bulgaria, Lower Moesia).{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=9}} At the end of the 4th century the basin of the Nišava was organized into the province of Dacia Mediterranea.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=9}} The Roman settlement of Turres (Latin for "towers"), which was a military residence, is mentioned in the first half of the 3rd century.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=9}} Later, the Byzantine town of Quimedava is mentioned here, with remains that have survived.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=9}}The town was set to enable control and defence of the main road in this part of the empire. Besides, travellers could sleep here overnight, as well as get refreshments and new horses or vehicles. In time, the settlement advanced because of the important road passing through. It was also disturbed very persistently by invasions of the Gothic tribes throughout the 4th century, as well as the Huns in the 5th century.

Early Byzantine era

According to the written accounts On Buildings by Procopius of Caesarea, writing during the reign of the emperor Justinian I (527 – 565), the emperor ordered the reconstruction of thirty fortresses in the area from Niš to Sofia, including the towers of Pirot. He also gave the detailed description of those construction works. In times when the Slavs and Avars were invading the Balkans, the settlement was named Quimedava, and was situated on the southern slope of the Sarlah Hill.Corresponding to the archaeological investigations, the town back then, surrounded by forts and fortified walls, also included an early Christian basilica, thermae (public baths), a necropolis, and other facilities. Beside the military fortress, a civil settlement (vicus) existed on the site called Majilka. By the late 6th century and early 7th century, successive barbarian invasions had broken through the Byzantine Danube frontier, and Slavs settled in large numbers across the Balkans.

Middle Ages

By the mid-6th century Slavs had settled the area.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=9}} In 679 the Bulgars crossed the Danube into Lower Moesia, and eventually expand to the west and south.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|pp=9–10}} Since the beginning of the 9th century the region of Pirot is part of the First Bulgarian State. The Byzantine emperor Basil II (r. 960–1025) reconquered the Balkans from the Bulgars.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=10}}In 1153, Arab geographer Burizi crossed the country, and recorded the place of Atrubi at the site of old Turres, describing it as situated by a small river which arrives from the Serbian mountains and was a tributary of the Morava.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=10}}{{Verify source|date=May 2018}} In 1182–83 the Serbian army led by Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja conquered Byzantine territories from Niš to Sofia. The Serbians were expelled by the Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelus in 1190.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|pp=10–11}} Pirot and Bela Palanka (Remesiana) were not mentioned as they were in ruin since the rebellions in the 940s.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=10}} Since the end of the 12th century the region of Pirot was part of the restored Bulgarian state.Коледаров, Петър. Политическа география на средновековната българска държава, Втора част (1188-1396), София 1989, с. 27, карти 2, 4, 5, 7, 8. The region was for some time in the domains of Bulgarian noble sevastokrator Kaloyan. In 1331-1332 Church of St. Petka in Staničenje was built - at the time of Bulgarian Emperor Joan Asen (Ivan Alexander) and Vidin master Belaur.Church of St Nikola in Staničenje The Ktetors' Portraits (by Branislav Cvetković), page 81Some authors suggest that during the 1370s the region of Pirot was included in the Serbian state.Пеjић, Предраг. Пиротски град кроз векове, Пирот, 1996, с. 12 Pirot was part of Prince Lazar's state, in which it was an important strategical point.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=13}} The city was captured by the Ottomans in 1386.История на България, Том трети - Втора българска държава, София 1982, с. 358. The name of the city, Pirot, dates to the 14th century and is derived from Greek pirgos ("tower").{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=9}}

Ottoman rule

At the beginning of the 15th century, the region of Pirot was one of the centres of the Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin. A significant blow to the efforts of the Bulgarian princes for the restoration of the Bulgarian state was imposed by the Ottoman ruler Sulejman, who conquered the Bulgarian fortress of Temsko, near today's village of Temska, to the north of Pirot.Павлов, Пламен. Цар Константин II Асен (1397-1422) – последният владетел на Средновековна БългарияJagić, V., ed. "Константин Филозоф, „Живот Стефана Лазаревића"". Гласник Српског ученог друштва, књига XLII, 1875, с. 292.Its Turkish name, Şehirköy (meaning "city, town village"{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=20}}), is first mentioned in 1443.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=16}} It was organized into the Sanjak of Niš.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=20}} In 1469, the body of Serbian king Stefan Milutin was transferred via Pirot.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=17}} In 1561, hieromonk Isaija from Pirot visited Hilandar where he contributed a book.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=17}} Hilandar had dependencies in Pirot up until the 19th century.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=18}} Travel writer Stephen Gerlach (fl. 1578) recorded that Pirot Christians claimed that the town was the earlier estate of Miloš Obilić, the slayer of Sultan Murad at Kosovo.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=18}} He also noted that Pirot was a significant place in Bulgaria.Пеjић, Предраг. Пиротски град кроз векове, Пирот, 1996, с. 12 In 1659, Austrian deputy August von Mayern visited the town and described it as "Schiarchici, a town called by the Orthodox as Pirot, but is not surrounded by walls and inhabited by Turks and Rascians" (Rasciani according to the author were even the citizens of Sofia, Ihtiman etc.).{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=19}} In 1664, Austrian deputy Leslie and English nobleman John Burberry visited the town, the latter noting that there were three churches, one of which was earlier Dominican.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=19}} In 1688 Ottoman renegade Yegen Pasha resided in the town.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=20}}During the Great Turkish War, after taking Niš on 25 September 1689, Austrian general Piccolomini with his army of Serb volunteers and some Germans chased Turks towards Sofia. Arriving at Pirot, the town was empty of Turks, and he reported that the town was in flames and some parts in ash.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=20}} In August 1690 a large Ottoman army took Pirot, defended only by 100 Germans, and then besieged Niš, taking it after three weeks.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=21}} Hungarian detachments retreating via Temska ravaged the monastery and terrorized the surrounding population, as inscribed by a priest on the church walls.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=21}} That year, many locals fled northwards with Patriarch Arsenije III.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=21}}During the Austro-Turkish War (1737–39) the Austrian army took Pirot on 23 July 1737. In 1739, upon Ottoman return, the town was burnt down and its churches destroyed (one transformed into a mosque). 140 houses were burnt down which is evidence that hajduks of the region participated. Many locals from the region fled northwards with Patriarch Arsenije IV.{{sfn|Petrović|1996|p=21}}The first known literary monument, influenced by Torlakian dialects is the Manuscript from Temska Monastery from 1762, in which its author, the Monk Kiril Zhivkovich from Pirot, considered his language as "simple Bulgarian".Василев, В.П. Темският ръкопис – български езиков паметник от 1764 г, Paleobulgarica, IX (1986), кн. 1, с. 49-72In 1768, the town is described as half in ruins.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=20}} From 1761 to 1878, Pirot was the seat of the Metropolitan of Nišava.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=20}} In 1806, during the First Serbian Uprising (1804–13), Hajduk-Veljko attacked Bela Palanka.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=21}} Ibrahim Pasha, unable to enter Serbia cross Aleksinac and Deligrad, planned to attack from Pirot and Lom with the intent to clash with the Serbian army before Niš; the Serbian army went to stop this and defeated him in the mountains between Pirot, Knjaževac and Chiprovtsi.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=21}} Rebel leaders from Pirot included Mita and Marinko, who were tasked to defend the border towards Pirot (in Ottoman hands).{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=21}} After the Serbian Revolution, some of the population in the area migrated to avoid Ottoman retribution.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=22}} It was estimated in 1836 that there were 6–8,000 inhabitants.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=22}} Carpetry was the main occupation, there were many shops and cafés in the centre, the population was mixed, and it was the domain of the sister of the Sultan.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=22}} On 24 May 1836 a rebellion broke out in the town, which was suppressed by early June, and then another one broke out in August, also unsuccessful.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|pp=23–24}} The rebels corresponded with Prince Miloš Obrenović.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|pp=23–25}} The Niš Uprising (1841), which included the Pirot area, was also suppressed by the Ottomans. In 1846–1864 Pirot was administratively part of the Niš Eyalet. During this period, in 1863, first branch of Ziraat Bank, largest bank of modern Turkey specializing in agricultural banking, was opened in Pirot. With the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate in 1870 Pirot was the part of the {{Interlanguage link multi|Nishava eparchy|bg|Нишавска епархия}}.Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui, traveling across Bulgaria in 1841, describes the population of the Sanjak of Niš as Bulgarians.Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui, „Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l'année 1841“ (Жером-Адолф Бланки. Пътуване из България през 1841 година. Прев. от френски Ел. Райчева, предг. Ив. Илчев. София: Колибри, 2005, 219 с. {{ISBN|978-954-529-367-2}}.) The author describes the population of Sanjak of Niš as ethnic Bulgarians.weblink In the 19th century Johann Georg von Hahn stated that the Christian population of Pirot is Bulgarian. Philipp Kanitz claimed that some inhabitants "Did not imagine that six years later the cursed Turkish rule in their city would end, and even less, because they always felt that they are Bulgarians, that they would belong to the Principality of Serbia".Felix Philipp Kanitz, Овога пута сам се од Пирота растао с пријатнијим осећањима. Захвалио сам ханџији за његову собицу коју ми je уступио, његовој љупкој жени за изврстан опроштајни ручак. Бољег расположења je био и мој драгоман (тумач, преводилац); певушио je, што већ дуго нисам чуо, неку пољску песмицу за свој рачун; ваљда се радовао и томе што смо се приближавали циљу нашег путовања - Дунаву. Око два часа по подне мој мали караван je преко моста на Нишави кренуо кроз хришћанску махалу, у којој je због панађура било веома живо. Трговци и занатлије које сам посећивао поздрављали су ме скидањем капе и довикивали »срећан пут!« Тада нису ни слутили да ће шест година доцније често проклињаној турској владавини у њиховом граду доћи крај, a још мање, јер су се увек осећали Бугарима, да ће припасти Кнежевини Србији.. ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, p. 215)During the Exodus of Muslims from Serbia in 1862, some Turkish families from Belgrade for Pirot.JOURNAL, Özkan, Ayşe, The Expulsion of Muslims from Serbia after the International Conference in Kanlıca and Withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Serbia (1862-1867),weblink Akademik Bakış,

Modern history

File:Spomenik poginulima u Drugom srpsko-turskom ratu.jpg|thumb|right|Monument to fallen soldiers during the Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–1877)Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–1877)On 16 December 1877, during the Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–1877), the Serbian army entered Pirot.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=50}} This raised a conflict between the Serbian authorities and the local Bulgarian citizens led by {{Interlanguage link multi|Evstatiy of Pelagonia|bg|Евстатий Пелагонийски}}, the bishop of the Bulgarian Exarchate's Nishava eparchy.История на България, том седми - Възстановяване и утвърждаване на Българската държава. Национално-освободителни борби /1878-1903/, София, 1991, с. 421-423.Христов, Симеон. Пиротският окръг и неговото население, Сборник за народни умотворения, наука и книжнина, книга ХІ, 1894, с. 289-302. Pirot and its region were part of liberated Bulgaria according to Treaty of San Stefano. The Treaty of Berlin (1878) saw Pirot and Vranje ceded to Serbia.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=50}} A part of the local Bulgarians left the town and settled in Bulgaria.Българите от Западните покрайнини (1878-1975), Главно управление на архивите, Архивите говорят, т. 35, София 2005, с. 62-64 - А list of immigrants from Pirot in Bulgaria containing 160 names of heads of families.The 1879 Serbian regional population census registered that Pirot had a population of 76,892 people, and 11,005 households.WEB, Svetlana Radovanović, 1995, Demographic Growth and Ethnodemographic Changes in the Republic of Serbia,weblink It was temporarily occupied by the Bulgarian army after the Serbo-Bulgarian War, between 15 November and 15 December 1885 [O.S.].{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=56}} During World War I, the Bulgarian army entered Pirot on 14 October 1915 and occupied the city as well as the whole Pomoravlje region.{{sfn|Kostić|1973|p=63}}In the Interwar period, the Internal Western Outland Revolutionary Organization engaged in repeated attacks against the Yugoslav police and army. From 1929 to 1941, Pirot was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During World War II Bulgaria occupied the so-called Western Outlands, as well as Pirot and Vranje. After the Second World War, these regions were returned to Yugoslavia. After the dissolution of Yugoslavia, these areas remained within the Serbian state.Pirot was granted city status in February 2016.WEB,weblink Pirot, Kikinda i Vršac dobili status grada, B92, 29 February 2016, 26 June 2016, Pirot, Kikinda and Vršac Granted City Status,

Settlements

Aside from the city of Pirot itself, the city territory covers over 70 settlements:{{div col|colwidth=13em}}

• Bazovik
• Barje ÄŒiflik
• Basara
• Bela
• Berilovac
• Berovica
• Blato
• Brlog
• Velika Lukanja
• Veliki Jovanovac
• Veliki Suvodol
• Veliko Selo
• Visočka Ržana
• Vlasi
• Vojnegovac
• VraniÅ¡te
• Gnjilan
• Gornja Držina
• GostuÅ¡a
• GradaÅ¡nica
• GradiÅ¡te
• Dobri Do
• Dojkinci
• Držina
• Zaskovci
• Izvor
• Jalbotina
• Jelovica
• Kamik
• KoprivÅ¡tica
• Kostur
• Krupac
• Kumanovo
• Mali Jovanovac
• Mali Suvodol
• Milojkovac
• Mirkovci
• NiÅ¡or
• Novi Zavoj
• Obrenovac
• Oreovica
• Orlja
• Osmakova
• PakleÅ¡tica
• Pasjač
• Petrovac
• Planinica
• Pokrevenik
• Poljska Ržana
• Ponor
• Prisjan
• RagodeÅ¡
• Rasnica
• Rosomač
• Rsovci
• Rudinje
• Sinja Glava
• Slavinja
• Sopot
• Srećkovac
• Staničenje
• Sukovo
• Temska
• Topli Do
• Trnjana
• Cerev Del
• Cerova
• Crvenčevo
• CrnokliÅ¡te
• ÄŒiniglavci
• Å ugrin

{{div col end}}

Demographics

{{Historical populations| type = |percentages = 70049 69210 68073 69285 69653 67658 63791 57928WEBSITE=STAT.GOV.RSACCESS-DATE=6 MARCH 2017, }}According to the 2011 census results, the city of Pirot has a population of 57,928 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups

The ethnic composition of the municipality:{|class="wikitable"! Ethnic group! Population!%Serbsalign="right"|53,232|91.89%Romani people in Serbia>2,576|4.45%Bulgarians in Serbia>549|0.95%Gorani people>80|0.14%Macedonians in Serbia>67|0.12%Yugoslavs in Serbia>47|0.08%Croats of Serbia>42|0.07%Montenegrins of Serbia>23|0.04%Albanians in Serbia>19|0.03%Othersalign="right"|1,293|2.23%Totalalign="right"|57,928|

Culture

Notable brands of Pirot include the Pirot carpet, Pirot opanak, Pirot cheese, and ironed sausage.

Tourist attractions

• Pirot Fortress, dating to the 14th-century Serbian Empire
• Temska Monastery, 16th-century Orthodox monastery
• Zavoj Lake
• National Park Old Mountain
• Mountain home

Economy

On the territory of the city of Pirot operates tire manufacturer Tigar Tyres which is one of top Serbian exporters in the period from 2013 to 2017. As of September 2017, Pirot has one of 14 free economic zones established in Serbia.NEWS, Mikavica, A., Slobodne zone mamac za investitore,weblink 17 March 2019, politika.rs, 3 September 2017, sr, The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):WEB, MUNICIPALITIES AND REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2019.,weblink stat.gov.rs, Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 25 December 2019, 25 December 2019, {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"! Activity! Total1631175,7921782916401,64551059021724593216929278571,191183394124 class="sortbottom"Total>15,088

Gallery

File:Pirot Fortress - 3.jpg|Southeastern walls of Pirot Fortress File:1900 Pirot.jpg|Postcard from Pirot in 1900File:Pirot Town Hall.jpg|The District Hall File:Pirot central area.jpg|The central pedestrian area in the cityFile:Pirot Courthouse.jpg|The courthouse in PirotFile:Pirot Employment Service building.jpg|The National Employment Service building in PirotFile:NisavaPirot.JPG|Nišava River in PirotFile:Church of the Nativity of Christ - Pirot.jpg|Church of the Nativity of Christ

Notable people

{{further|:Category:People from Pirot}}

• Dragutin GostuÅ¡ki, Serbian composer, musicologist and art historian
• Dobrosav Živković, illustrator and caricaturist (and first cousin of Miroslav Krstic)
• Miroslav Krstic, university professor in the United States, member of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (and first cousin of Dobrosav Živković)
• Zoran ĐorÄ‘ević, football manager
• Svetislav PeÅ¡ić, basketball coach and former player
• Nikola ĐurÄ‘ić, Serbian football player
• Krastyo Krastev, writer and translator, notable as the first Bulgarian literary critic

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Sources

• BOOK, Kostić, Kosta N., 1973, Istorija Pirota, Muzej PoniÅ¡avlja, Pirot,weblink NBPI-knjige-042,
• BOOK, Lilić, Borislava V., Istorija Pirota i okoline: Pirot u periodu turske vlasti 1804-1878. Deo 1,weblink 1994, Izdavač NiP Hemikale, Å¡tampa "Grafika", 978-86-82473-01-5,
• BOOK, Nikolić, Vladimir M., Стари Пирот, 1974,weblink 2017-04-03, 2017-06-25,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170625103719weblink">weblink dead,
• BOOK, Petrović, Svetislav, 1996, Хемикалс, Пирот,weblink Историја града Пирота, NBPI-knjige-007, 2017-04-03, 2021-07-02,weblink dead,
• BOOK, Stanković, Stevan M., 1996, Пирот и околина, Sloboda, Pirot,weblink NBPI-knjige-050,
• BOOK, Živković, Vitomir V., 1994, Торлак, Пирот,weblink NBPI-knjige-030,

External links

{{commons category|Pirot}}{{wikivoyage|Pirot}}

• {{official websiteweblink}}

{{Pirot}}{{Municipalities and cities of Southern and Eastern Serbia}}{{Okruzi}}{{Pirot District}}{{Authority control}}