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Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza
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Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2024}}{{Short description|Italian-French explorer (1852â1905)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
factoids | |
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- Adolphe de Chambrun (father-in-law)
- Pierre de Chambrun (brother-in-law)
- Charles de Chambrun (brother-in-law)
Early years
(File:Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza by Félix Nadar.jpg|thumb|Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, by Nadar, 1889)Born in Rome, Pietro Savorgnan di Brazzà was the seventh of thirteen children. His father Ascanio Savorgnan di Brazzà , was a nobleman and well known artist, from a family with ancient Friulian origins and many French connections. His mother Giacinta Simonetti, from an old Roman family with Venetian roots, was 24 years younger than his father. From an early age, Pietro was interested in explorations, particularly in West Africa, and he won entry to the French naval school Academy of Borda at Brest. In 1870, he graduated and sailed aboard the French ironclad Jeanne d'Arc to Algeria, where he witnessed the bloody crushing of the Mokrani Revolt. This committed him to a philosophy of non-violence throughout his life.{{reference needed|date=January 2023}}Exploration in Africa
Brazza first encountered Africa in 1872, while sailing on an anti-slavery mission near Gabon.WEB,weblink Vita â Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, His next ship was the Vénus, which stopped at Gabon regularly. In 1874, Brazza made two trips into the interior, up the Gabon and Ogooué rivers. He then proposed to the government that he explore the Ogooué to its source. With the help of friends in high places, including Jules Ferry and Leon Gambetta, he secured partial funding, the rest coming from his own pocket. He was granted French citizenship in 1874,BOOK, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800â1914: A-K,weblink limitedPersonal life
Brazza's younger brother, Jacques, was a mountaineer and naturalist who accompanied Pierre in Africa from 1883 to 1886.WEB,weblink 16 June 2021, Brazza, Fabiana, Luca di, Simonetto, BRAZZà (DI) SAVORGNAN GIACOMO, it, Dizionario Biografico dei Friulani, 2016, Istituto Pio Paschini per la storia della Chiesa in Friuli, He married Thérèse Pineton de Chambrun (1860â1948) on 12 August 1895.{{sfn|Akyeampong|2012|page=4}}JOURNAL, Pourcher, Yves, Laval Museum, Historical Reflections, Spring 2012, 38, 1, 105â125, 10.3167/hrrh.2012.380108, One day, the Count told me he had made a discovery of some papers that Josee had gathered about his parents, the Chambruns, and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, his paternal uncle., They had four children{{Emdash}}Jacques (1899â1903), Antoine, Charles and Marthe.{{sfn|Akyeampong|2012|page=4}}Brazza became a Freemason in 1888, being initiated at the Alsace-Lorraine lodge in Paris on 26 June.BOOK, Daniel, Ligou, Dictionnaire de la Franc-maçonnerie, Presses Universitaires de France, 2011, 163, fr, BOOK, Laurent, Kupferman, Ce que la France doit aux francs-maçons, Emmanuel Pierrat, éditions Grund, 2012, fr, BOOK, Jean, Massicot, La franc-maçonnerie, édition Desnoël, 2010, 26, fr, Nevertheless, he left the organisation in 1904, believing that the French Freemasonry had betrayed its own principles by colluding with corporations for the benefit of an inhuman colonial system.NEWS, Campiche, Christian,weblink Brazza a-t-il été empoisonné?, 13 April 2013, 5 January 2023, Journal21.ch, fr,Death and legacy
(File:Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, d'après Pottier.jpg|thumb|Drawing of Brazza, 23 February 1895)In September 1905, toward the end of his Mission Extraordinaire, Brazza became sick. On the return voyage to France, when the ship docked in Dakar, he was brought to the hospital where he died at the age of 53, with his wife Thérèse at his side. His body was repatriated to France and he was given a state funeral at Sainte-Clotilde, Paris. Thérèse, who always maintained that her husband had been poisoned by the colonial authorities, refused the honour of burial in the Pantheon and buried him temporarily at the cemetery of Père Lachaise in Paris. Later, Thérèse had Brazza's body exhumed and re-interred in Algiers (capital of present-day Algeria).NEWS,weblink Brazza's death, brazza.culture.fr,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070701105022weblink">weblink 1 July 2007, 5 January 2023, The epitaph on his burial site in Algiers reads: "Une mémoire pure de sang humain" ("a memory untainted by human blood").In 2006, his remains were once again exhumed and removed to a mausoleum in Brazzaville.NEWS,weblink Africa explorer's remains exhumed, bbc.co.uk, The French Navy aviso {{ship|French aviso|Savorgnan de Brazza||2}}, completed in 1933 and sold in 1957, was named for Brazza.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}Brazzaville Mausoleum
(File:Mosobrazza.png|thumb|right|The Brazza Mausoleum at Brazzaville)In February 2005, presidents Nguesso of Congo, Ondimba of Gabon and Chirac of France gathered at a ceremony to lay the foundation stone for a memorial to Brazza, a mausoleum of Italian marble. On 30 September 2006, Brazza's remains were exhumed in AlgiersNEWS, Doyle, Mark,weblink Africa explorer's remains exhumed, BBC News, 30 September 2006, 5 January 2023, along with those of his wife and four children.NEWS, McGreal, Chris,weblink African nation builds £1.4m marble mausoleum for colonial master, Johannesburg, The Guardian, 4 October 2006, 5 January 2023, They were reinterred in Brazzaville on 3 October in a new, marble mausoleum built for them at a cost of some {{US$|10}} million dollars. The reburial ceremony was attended by three African presidents and a French foreign minister, who paid tribute to Brazza's humanitarian work against slavery and the abuse of African workers.Mausoleum controversy
The decision to honour Brazza as a founding father of the Republic of the Congo has elicited protests among many Congolese. Mwinda Press, the journal of the Association of Congolese Democrats in France, published articles quoting Théophile Obenga who depicted Brazza as a coloniser and not a humanist. He was declared to have raped a Congolese woman, who was a princess and the equivalent of a Vestal Virgin, and to have pillaged villages, raising highly charged questions as to why the coloniser should be revered as a national hero instead of the Congolese who fought against colonisation.WEB,weblink Congo-Brazzaville: Should a Colonizer Be Honored Like a Founding Father?, Brea, Jennifer, 9 October 2006, Global Voices, en, 13 September 2018,Taxa named in Brazza's honor
- The fish Enteromius brazzai (Pellegrin, 1901).WEB, Scharpf, Christopher, Lazara, Kenneth J., 22 September 2018, Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily SMILIOGASTRINAE,weblink 7 October 2021, The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database,
- The catfish Atopochilus savorgnani.WEB, 2016-09-13, Order SILURIFORMES: Families MALAPTERURIDAE, MOCHOKIDAE, SCHILBEIDAE, AUCHENOGLANIDIDAE, CLAROTEIDAE and LACANTUNIIDAE,weblink 2024-02-10, The ETYFish Project, en-US,
Notes
{{reflist|30em}}References
- Maria Petringa, Brazza, A Life for Africa, Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-4259-1198-0}}
- Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa (1991)
- Richard West, Brazza of the Congo Victorian & Modern History Book Club (1973)
- Emanuela Ortis â "Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza: heròs du Friul" (2003) Radici n.9
- Théophile Obenga â Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza à la cour royale du Makoko,
- Congolese reaction to the Mausoleum controversy
- BOOK, Emmanuel Kwaku, Akyeampong, Henry Louis, Gates,weblink Dictionary of African Biography, 2 February 2012, Oxford University Press USA, 978-0-19-538207-5, 5 January 2023, 1â6, {{harvid, Akyeampong, 2012, }}
External links
{{EB1911 poster|Brazza, Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan de}}{{Commons category|Pietro Savorgnan di Brazza}}- NEWS, Final return to Congo, 23 September 2006, BBC News,weblink 6 August 2008
- A site dedicated to Brazza's life and times (in French, Italian and English)
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070612041331weblink">Fondation Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (in French)
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20061108125758weblink">Maria Petringa's 1997 "Brief Life of a Lover of Africa", a short biography of Savorgnan de Brazza with one of Paul Nadar's famous photos of the explorer
- Congolese reaction to the Mausoleum controversy ( in French and English)
- {{PM20|FID=pe/015397}}
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