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{{Short description|NASA Mars rover deployed in 2021}}{{Use American English|date=March 2020}}{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}{{Italic title}}

factoids

| type = Mars rover| owner = NASA| manufacturer = Jet Propulsion Laboratory2.92.72.2abbr=on|disp=br()}}1025|kg}}Ultra high frequency: ~400 Hertz>MHz, 2 Data-rate units>X band: 7–8 GHz, 800-bit/s}}Multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator>MMRTG; 110 wattAtlas V>Atlas V 541

• Cachecam
• EDLC × 2
• Hazcam × 8
• Mastcam-Z
• MEDA
• Microphones
• MOXIE
• Navcam × 2
• PIXL
• RIMFAX
• SHERLOC
• SuperCam

{edih}Cape Canaveral Space Force Station>Cape Canaveral SLC-41Mars 2020#Cruise stage and EDLS>Mars 2020 EDLS18.44777.402globe:MarsJezero (crater)>Jezero crater, Mars25.113202428WEBSITE=MARS 2020 MISSION PERSEVERANCE ROVER ACCESS-DATE=MARCH 28, 2024, | fate =|programme = NASA Mars roverCuriosity (rover)>Curiosity}}Perseverance, nicknamed Percy,NEWS, Landers, Rob, February 17, 2021, It's landing day! What you need to know about Perseverance Rover's landing on Mars, Florida Today,weblink live, February 19, 2021, February 19, 2021,weblink is a car-sized Mars rover designed to explore the Jezero crater on Mars as part of NASA's Mars 2020 mission. It was manufactured by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched on July 30, 2020, at 11:50 UTC.WEB,weblink Launch Windows, NASA, mars.nasa.gov, July 28, 2020, July 31, 2020,weblink live, {{PD-notice}} Confirmation that the rover successfully landed on Mars was received on February 18, 2021, at 20:55 UTC.NEWS, Overbye, Dennis, Perseverance's Pictures From Mars Show NASA Rover's New Home – Scientists working on the mission are eagerly scrutinizing the first images sent back to Earth by the robotic explorer.,weblink February 19, 2021, The New York Times, February 19, 2021, February 19, 2021,weblink live, As of 18 May 2024, Perseverance has been active on Mars for {{Perseverance Mission Timer}} sols ({{age in days|February 18, 2021}} Earth days, or {{Age in years, months and days|February 18, 2021}}) since its landing. Following the rover's arrival, NASA named the landing site Octavia E. Butler Landing.NASA's Perseverance Drives on Mars' Terrain for First Time {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306174915weblink |date=March 6, 2021 }} NASA, March 5, 2021.NEWS, Staff, Welcome to 'Octavia E. Butler Landing',weblink March 5, 2021, NASA, March 5, 2021, March 5, 2021,weblink live, Perseverance has a similar design to its predecessor rover, Curiosity, although it was moderately upgraded. It carries seven primary payload instruments, nineteen cameras, and two microphones.WEB, Mars Perseverance Landing Press Kit,weblink Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, February 17, 2021, February 18, 2021,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}The rover also carried the mini-helicopter Ingenuity to Mars, an experimental technology testbed that made the first powered aircraft flight on another planet on April 19, 2021.NEWS, Chang, Kenneth, April 19, 2021, NASA's Mars Helicopter Achieves First Flight on Another World – The experimental Ingenuity vehicle completed the short but historic up-and-down flight on Monday morning., The New York Times,weblinkweblink December 28, 2021, limited, April 19, 2021, {{cbignore}} On January 18, 2024 (UTC), it made its 72nd and final flight, suffering damage on landing to its rotor blades, possibly all four, causing NASA to retire it.WEB,weblink After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, {{Citation |title=NASA Science Live: Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Tribute & Legacy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkZ6jkqPMEc |access-date=2024-02-01 |language=en}}The rover's goals include identifying ancient Martian environments capable of supporting life, seeking out evidence of former microbial life existing in those environments, collecting rock and soil samples to store on the Martian surface, and testing oxygen production from the Martian atmosphere to prepare for future crewed missions.

Mission

Despite the high-profile success of the Curiosity rover landing in August 2012, NASA's Mars Exploration Program was in a state of uncertainty in the early 2010s. Budget cuts forced NASA to pull out of a planned collaboration with the European Space Agency which included a rover mission.WEB, Europe To Press Ahead with ExoMars Plans Without NASA,weblink SpaceNews, February 13, 2012, By the summer of 2012, a program that had been launching a mission to Mars every two years suddenly found itself with no missions approved after 2013.NEWS, Kremer, Ken, Budget Axe to Gore America's Future Exploration of Mars and Search for Martian Life,weblink Universe Today, February 11, 2012, February 17, 2021, November 29, 2020,weblink live, In 2011, the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, a report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine containing an influential set of recommendations made by the planetary science community, stated that the top priority of NASA's planetary exploration program in the decade between 2013 and 2022 should be to begin a NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return campaign, a four-mission project to cache, retrieve, launch, and safely return samples of the Martian surface to Earth. The report stated that NASA should invest in a sample-caching rover as the first step in this effort, with the goal of keeping costs under US$2.5 billion.BOOK, Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013–2022,weblink National Research Council, March 7, 2011, 10.17226/13117, 978-0-309-22464-2, February 17, 2021, February 11, 2021,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}After the success of the Curiosity rover and in response to the recommendations of the decadal survey, NASA announced its intent to launch a new Mars rover mission by 2020 at the American Geophysical Union conference in December 2012.NEWS, NASA to Launch New Mars Rover in 2020,weblink December 5, 2012, SPACE.com, December 4, 2012, Mike, Wall, November 11, 2017,weblink live, Though initially hesitant to commit to an ambitious sample-caching capability (and subsequent follow-on missions), a NASA-convened science definition team for the Mars 2020 project released a report in July 2013 that the mission should "select and store a compelling suite of samples in a returnable cache."JOURNAL, Mustard, J.F., Adler, M., Allwood, A., Bass, D.S., Beaty, D.W., Bell, J.F., 3, Report of the Mars 2020 Science Definition Team, Mars Exploration Program Anal. Gr., July 1, 2013,weblink NASA, February 17, 2021, October 20, 2020,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}

Science objectives

The Perseverance rover has four main science objectivesWEB, Objectives,weblink 2020 Mission Perseverance Rover, NASA, September 29, 2021, en, that support the Mars Exploration Program's science goals:WEB,weblink Overview, NASA, mars.nasa.gov, October 6, 2020, June 8, 2019,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}

• Looking for habitability: identify past environments that were capable of supporting microbial life.
• Seeking biosignatures: seek signs of possible past microbial life in those habitable environments, particularly in specific rock types known to preserve signs over time.
• Caching samples: collect core rock and regolith (unconsolidated and loose "soil") samples and store them within the rover and on the Martian surface (as a backup) for delivery to a future sample return rocket.TWEET, NASA, NASAPersevere, 1606429868442669056, December 23, 2022, Some of you are wondering about the samples..., January 5, 2023,
• Preparing for humans: test oxygen production from the Martian atmosphere.

In the first science campaign Perseverance performs an arching drive southward from its landing site to the Séítah unit to perform a "toe dip" into the unit to collect remote-sensing measurements of geologic targets. After that it will return to the Crater Floor Fractured Rough to collect the first core sample there. Passing by the Octavia E. Butler landing site concludes the first science campaign.The second campaign will include several months of travel towards the "Three Forks" where Perseverance can access geologic locations at the base of the ancient delta of Neretva river, as well as ascend the delta by driving up a valley wall to the northwest.Perseverance's First Road Trip

Design

File:PIA23499-Mars2020Rover-FirstTestDrive-20191217a.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right| Perseverance in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory near PasadenaPasadenaThe Perseverance design evolved from its predecessor, the Curiosity rover. The two rovers share a similar body plan, landing system, cruise stage, and power system, but the design was improved in several ways for Perseverance. Engineers designed the rover wheels to be more robust than Curiosity{{'s}} wheels, which had sustained some damage.WEB, Lakdawalla, Emily, Curiosity wheel damage: The problem and solutions,weblink planetary.org, The Planetary Society, August 19, 2014, August 22, 2014, May 26, 2020,weblink live, Perseverance has thicker, more durable aluminum wheels, with reduced width and a greater diameter, {{cvt|52.5|cm}}, than Curiosity{{'s}} {{cvt|50|cm}} wheels.WEB, Wehner, Mike, NASA's Perseverance rover got some sweet new wheels,weblink BGR, April 7, 2020, February 27, 2021, February 27, 2021,weblink live, WEB,weblink Mars 2020 – Body: New Wheels for Mars 2020, NASA/JPL, July 6, 2018, July 26, 2019,weblink live, {{PD-notice}} The aluminum wheels are covered with cleats for traction and curved titanium spokes for springy support.WEB,weblink Mars 2020 Rover – Wheels, NASA, July 9, 2018, June 29, 2019,weblink live, {{PD-notice}} The heat shield for the rover was made out of phenolic-impregnated carbon ablator (PICA), to allow it to withstand up to {{convert|2400|F|C}} of heat.WEB, Meyer, Mal, February 19, 2021, Biddeford company creates critical part for Mars rover 'Perseverance' to land safely,weblink April 22, 2021, WGME, Like Curiosity, the rover includes a robotic arm, although Perseverance{{'}}s arm is longer and stronger, measuring {{cvt|2.1|m}}. The arm hosts an elaborate rock-coring and sampling mechanism to store geologic samples from the Martian surface in sterile caching tubes.WEB, Mars 2020 Rover's 7-Foot-Long Robotic Arm Installed,weblink mars.nasa.gov, July 1, 2019, June 28, 2019, The main arm includes five electrical motors and five joints (known as the shoulder azimuth joint, shoulder elevation joint, elbow joint, wrist joint and turret joint). Measuring {{convert, 7, ft, m, off, us, long, the arm will allow the rover to work as a human geologist would: by holding and using science tools with its turret, which is essentially its hand.|archive-date=December 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205153153weblink|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}} There is also a secondary arm hidden below the rover that helps store the chalk-sized samples. This arm is known as the Sample Handling Assembly (SHA), and is responsible for moving the soil samples to various stations within the Adaptive Caching Assembly (ACA) on the underside of the rover. These stations include volume assessment {{anchor|volume station}}(measuring the length of sample), imaging, seal dispensing, and hermetic seal station, among others.WEB,weblink Inside Perseverance: How Maxar Robotics Will Enable a Historic Mars…, Owing to the small space in which the SHA must operate, as well as load requirements during sealing activities, the Sample Caching System "is the most complicated, most sophisticated mechanism that we have ever built, tested and readied for spaceflight."WEB,weblink The Extraordinary Sample-Gathering System of NASA's Perseverance Mars, June 2, 2020, File:MarsPerseveranceRover-FamilyPortrait-20210225.jpg|thumb|Family portrait on the roverNEWS, Staff, Messages on Mars Perseverance Rover,weblink 2021, (NASA]], March 7, 2021, March 2, 2021,weblink live, )The combination of larger instruments, new sampling and caching system, and modified wheels makes Perseverance heavier, weighing {{cvt|1025|kg}} compared to Curiosity at {{cvt|899|kg}}—a 14% increase.WEB, July 26, 2020,weblink August 13, 2020,weblink July 26, 2020, NASAfacts: Mars 2020/Perseverance, {{PD-notice}}The rover's multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) has a mass of {{cvt|45|kg}} and uses {{cvt|4.8|kg}} of plutonium-238 oxide as its power source. The radioactive decay of plutonium-238, which has a half-life of 87.7 years, gives off heat which is converted to electricity—approximately 110 watts at launch.WEB,weblink Mars 2020 Rover Tech Specs, JPL/NASA, July 6, 2018, July 26, 2019,weblink live, {{PD-notice}} This will decrease over time as its power source decays. The MMRTG charges two lithium-ion rechargeable batteries which power the rover's activities, and must be recharged periodically. Unlike solar panels, the MMRTG provides engineers with significant flexibility in operating the rover's instruments even at night, during dust storms, and through winter.The rover's computer uses the BAE Systems RAD750 radiation-hardened single board computer based on a ruggedized PowerPC G3 microprocessor (PowerPC 750). The computer contains 128 megabytes of volatile DRAM, and runs at 133 MHz. The flight software runs on the VxWorks operating system, is written in C and is able to access 4 gigabytes of NAND non-volatile memory on a separate card.WEB,weblink Prototyping an Onboard Scheduler for the Mars 2020 Rover, NASA, July 30, 2020, February 18, 2021,weblink live, {{PD-notice}} Perseverance relies on three antennas for telemetry, all of which are relayed through craft currently in orbit around Mars. The primary UHF antenna can send data from the rover at a maximum rate of two megabits per second.WEB,weblink Communications, NASA, February 2, 2021, January 28, 2021,weblink live, Two slower X-band antennas provide communications redundancy.

Instruments

File:PIA24641-MarsPerseveranceRover-WatsonCameraViewsRocks-20210510.webm|thumb|WATSON camera views (Rocks on Mars|rocks]] (Mars; video; 0:05; May 10, 2021)){{Listen| filename = Sounds of Perseverance Mars rover driving.oga| title = Sounds of Perseverance Mars rover drivingPerseverance recorded over 16 minutes of audio.SOUNDS OF PERSEVERANCE MARS ROVER DRIVING – SOL 16 (16 MINUTES)ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210320022158/HTTPS://MARS.NASA.GOV/RESOURCES/25731/SOUNDS-OF-PERSEVERANCE-MARS-ROVER-DRIVING-SOL-16-16-MINUTES/PUBLISHER=NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATIONARCHIVE-DATE=MARCH 20, 2021, live, | pos =}}NASA considered nearly 60 proposalsWEB, Webster, Guy, Brown, Dwayne, NASA Receives Mars 2020 Rover Instrument Proposals for Evaluation,weblink January 21, 2014, NASA, January 21, 2014, November 12, 2020,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}NEWS, Timmer, John,weblink NASA announces the instruments for the next Mars rover, Ars Technica, July 31, 2014, March 7, 2015, January 20, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150120210008weblink">weblink live, for rover instrumentation. On July 31, 2014, NASA announced the seven instruments that would make up the payload for the rover:WEB, Brown, Dwayne, Release 14-208 – NASA Announces Mars 2020 Rover Payload to Explore the Red Planet as Never Before,weblink July 31, 2014, NASA, July 31, 2014, April 1, 2019,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}WEB, Brown, Dwayne, NASA Announces Mars 2020 Rover Payload to Explore the Red Planet as Never Before,weblink July 31, 2014, NASA, July 31, 2014, March 5, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160305012957weblink">weblink live, {{PD-notice}}

• Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE), an exploration technology investigation to produce a small amount of oxygen ({{chem2|O2}}) from Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide ({{chem2|CO2}}). On April 20, 2021, 5.37 grams of oxygen were produced in an hour, with nine more extractions planned over the course of two Earth years to further investigate the instrument.WEB, Potter, Sean, April 21, 2021, NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen from Red Planet,weblink April 22, 2021, NASA, This technology could be scaled up in the future for human life support or to make the rocket fuel for return missions.WEB, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE),weblink December 28, 2019, techport.nasa.gov, NASA, October 17, 2020,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}JOURNAL, Hecht, M., Hoffman, J., Rapp, D., McClean, J., SooHoo, J., Schaefer, R., Aboobaker, A., Mellstrom, J., Hartvigsen, J., Meyen, F., Hinterman, E., 2021, Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE),weblink Space Science Reviews, en, 217, 1, 9, 10.1007/s11214-020-00782-8, 2021SSRv..217....9H, 1721.1/131816.2, 106398698, 0038-6308, March 9, 2021, free,
• Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry (PIXL), an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine the fine scale elemental composition of Martian surface materials.WEB, Webster, Guy, Mars 2020 Rover's PIXL to Focus X-Rays on Tiny Targets,weblink July 31, 2014, NASA, July 31, 2014, June 22, 2020,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}WEB,weblink Adaptive sampling for rover x-ray lithochemistry, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140808034737weblink">weblink David Ray Thompson, August 8, 2014, JOURNAL, Allwood, Abigail C., Wade, Lawrence A., Foote, Marc C., Elam, William Timothy, Hurowitz, Joel A., Battel, Steven, Dawson, Douglas E., Denise, Robert W., Ek, Eric M., Gilbert, Martin S., King, Matthew E., 2020, PIXL: Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry,weblink Space Science Reviews, en, 216, 8, 134, 10.1007/s11214-020-00767-7, 2020SSRv..216..134A, 229416825, 0038-6308, March 9, 2021, February 27, 2021,weblink live,
• Radar Imager for Mars' subsurface experiment (RIMFAX), a ground-penetrating radar to image different ground densities, structural layers, buried rocks, meteorites, and detect underground water ice and salty brine at {{cvt|10|m}} depth. The RIMFAX is being provided by the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI).WEB,weblink RIMFAX, The Radar Imager for Mars' Subsurface Experiment, NASA, July 2016, July 19, 2016, December 22, 2019,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}NEWS, Chung, Emily,weblink Mars 2020 rover's RIMFAX radar will 'see' deep underground, Canadian Broadcasting Corp., cbc.ca, August 19, 2014, August 19, 2014, September 25, 2020,weblink live, WEB,weblink University of Toronto scientist to play key role on Mars 2020 Rover Mission, March 14, 2020, August 6, 2020,weblink live, JOURNAL, Hamran, Svein-Erik, Paige, David A., Amundsen, Hans E. F., Berger, Tor, Brovoll, Sverre, Carter, Lynn, DamsgÃ¥rd, Leif, Dypvik, Henning, Eide, Jo, Eide, Sigurd, Ghent, Rebecca, 2020, Radar Imager for Mars' Subsurface Experiment – RIMFAX, Space Science Reviews, en, 216, 8, 128, 10.1007/s11214-020-00740-4, 2020SSRv..216..128H, 0038-6308, free, 10852/81406, free,
• Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA), a set of sensors that measure temperature, wind speed and direction, pressure, relative humidity, radiation, and dust particle size and shape. It is provided by Spain's Centro de Astrobiología.WEB,weblinkweblink dead, In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), April 2, 2015,
• SuperCam, an instrument suite that can provide imaging, chemical composition analysis, and mineralogy in rocks and regolith from a distance. It is an upgraded version of the ChemCam on the Curiosity rover but with two lasers and four spectrometers that will allow it to remotely identify biosignatures and assess the past habitability. SuperCam is used in conjunction with the AEGIS targeting system. Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology ((:fr:Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie|IRAP)) in France, the French Space Agency (CNES), the University of Hawaii, and the University of Valladolid in Spain cooperated in the SuperCam's development and manufacture.WEB,weblink NASA Administrator Signs Agreements to Advance Agency's Journey to Mars, NASA, June 16, 2015, March 14, 2020, November 8, 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20201108095545weblink">weblink live, {{PD-notice}}JOURNAL, Manrique, J. A., Lopez-Reyes, G., Cousin, A., Rull, F., Maurice, S., Wiens, R. C., Madsen, M. B., Madariaga, J. M., Gasnault, O., Aramendia, J., Arana, G., 2020, SuperCam Calibration Targets: Design and Development, Space Science Reviews, en, 216, 8, 138, 10.1007/s11214-020-00764-w, 0038-6308, 7691312, 33281235, 2020SSRv..216..138M,
• Mastcam-Z, a stereoscopic imaging system with the ability to zoom.JOURNAL, Kinch, K. M., Madsen, M. B., Bell, J. F., Maki, J. N., Bailey, Z. J., Hayes, A. G., Jensen, O. B., Merusi, M., Bernt, M. H., Sørensen, A. N., Hilverda, M., 2020, Radiometric Calibration Targets for the Mastcam-Z Camera on the Mars 2020 Rover Mission, Space Science Reviews, en, 216, 8, 141, 10.1007/s11214-020-00774-8, 2020SSRv..216..141K, 0038-6308, free, 10261/234124, free, JOURNAL, Bell, J. F., Maki, J. N., Mehall, G. L., Ravine, M. A., Caplinger, M. A., Bailey, Z. J., Brylow, S., Schaffner, J. A., Kinch, K. M., Madsen, M. B., Winhold, A., 2021, The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mast Camera Zoom (Mastcam-Z) Multispectral, Stereoscopic Imaging Investigation, Space Science Reviews, en, 217, 1, 24, 10.1007/s11214-020-00755-x, 0038-6308, 7883548, 33612866, 2021SSRv..217...24B, Many photos were included in the published NASA photogallery. (Including Raw)
• Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC), an ultraviolet Raman spectrometer that uses fine-scale imaging and an ultraviolet (UV) laser to determine fine-scale mineralogy and detect organic compounds.WEB, Webster, Guy, SHERLOC to Micro-Map Mars Minerals and Carbon Rings,weblink July 31, 2014, NASA, July 31, 2014, June 26, 2020,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}WEB,weblink SHERLOC: Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals, an Investigation for 2020, March 14, 2020, September 28, 2020,weblink live,

There are additional cameras and two audio microphones (the first working microphones on Mars), that will be used for engineering support during landing,NEWS,weblink Microphones on Mars 2020, NASA, December 3, 2019, March 29, 2019,weblink live, {{PD-notice}} driving, and collecting samples.NEWS, Strickland, Ashley,weblink New Mars 2020 rover will be able to "hear" the Red Planet, CNN News, cnn.com, July 15, 2016, March 14, 2020, October 16, 2020,weblink live, JOURNAL, Maki, J. N., Gruel, D., McKinney, C., Ravine, M. A., Morales, M., Lee, D., Willson, R., Copley-Woods, D., Valvo, M., Goodsall, T., McGuire, J., 2020, The Mars 2020 Engineering Cameras and Microphone on the Perseverance Rover: A Next-Generation Imaging System for Mars Exploration, Space Science Reviews, en, 216, 8, 137, 10.1007/s11214-020-00765-9, 0038-6308, 7686239, 33268910, 2020SSRv..216..137M, For a full look at Perseverance{{'}}s components see Learn About the Rover.{{Multiple image |total_width=600 |align=center| image1 = PIA19672-Mars2020Rover-ScienceInstruments-20150610.jpg| caption1 = Scientific instruments diagram| image2 = Cameras documenting the descent and landing of Perseverance rover.png| caption2 = Cameras documenting the descent and landing| image3 = PIA22103-Mars2020Rover-23Cameras-20171031.jpg| caption3 = Cameras onboard the rover}}

Mars Ingenuity helicopter experiment

The Ingenuity helicopter, powered by solar-charged batteries, was sent to Mars in the same bundle with Perseverance. With a mass of {{cvt|1.8|kg}}, the helicopter demonstrated the reality of flight in the rarefied Martian atmosphere and the potential usefulness of aerial scouting for rover missions. It carried two cameras but no scientific instrumentsWEB,weblink Mars mission readies tiny chopper for Red Planet flight, BBC News, August 29, 2019, March 14, 2020, December 5, 2020,weblink live, NEWS,weblink Chang, Kenneth, A Helicopter on Mars? NASA Wants to Try, The New York Times, May 12, 2018, May 12, 2018, December 17, 2020,weblink live, WEB, Gush, Loren, NASA is sending a helicopter to Mars to get a bird's-eye view of the planet – The Mars Helicopter is happening, y'all,weblink May 11, 2018, The Verge, May 11, 2018, December 6, 2020,weblink live, and communicated with Earth via a base station onboard Perseverance.WEB,weblink 2014 Robotics Activities at JPL, Volpe, Richard, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, September 1, 2015, February 21, 2021,weblink live, {{PD-notice}} Its pre-launch experimental test plan was three flights in 45 days, but it far exceeded expectations and made 72 flights in nearly three years. After its first few flights, it made incrementally more ambitious ones, several of which were recorded by Perseverance{{'}}s cameras. The first flight was April 19, 2021, at 07:15 UTC, with confirmation from data reception at 10:15 UTC.AV MEDIA,weblink First Flight of the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter: Live from Mission Control, April 19, 2021, NASA, April 19, 2021, YouTube, WEB, April 12, 2021, Work Progresses Toward Ingenuity's First Flight on Mars,weblink NASA Mars Helicopter Tech Demo, NASA, WEB, April 17, 2021, Mars Helicopter completed full-speed spin test,weblink April 17, 2021, Twitter, NASA, WEB, April 18, 2021, Mars Helicopter Tech Demo,weblink Watch Online, NASA, April 18, 2021, WEB, Mccurdy, Christen, April 17, 2021, Mars Ingenuity flight scheduled for Monday, NASA says,weblink Mars Daily, ScienceDaily, April 18, 2021, It was the first powered flight by any aircraft on another planet. On January 18, 2024 (UTC), it made its 72nd and final flight, suffering damage to its rotor blades on landing, causing NASA to retire it.{{multiple image |header = | direction = horizontal| total_width = 600caption_align = center|image1 = PIA23968-MarsPerseveranceRover-HelicopterBase-20210120.jpg|caption1 = Location of the base radio station at Perseverance|image2 = Antenna for Ingenuity on Perseverance.png|caption2 = Antenna for Ingenuity on Perseverance (view from top)|image3 = Antenna for Ingenuity on Perseverance (bw).png|caption3 = Antenna for Ingenuity and the Sky camera of Perseverance|image4 = Mars helicopter on sol 46.png|caption4 = Ingenuity helicopter deployed on the Martian surface}}

Name

File:Mars 2020 Rover Name Announcement (NHQ202003050031).jpg|thumb|right|alt=About twenty K-12 student finalists are standing on a stage, all smiling, and holding a banner that reads "NASA's perseverance rover". In front of them on the stage is a miniature rover.|NASA's Thomas Zurbuchen announced the rover's official name, Perseverance, on March 5, 2020, at Lake Braddock Secondary School in Burke, Virginia. Zurbuchen made the final selection following a 2019 nationwide naming contest that drew more than 28,000 essays by K-12K-12Associate Administrator of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Thomas Zurbuchen selected the name Perseverance following a nationwide K-12 student "name the rover" contest that attracted more than 28,000 proposals. A seventh-grade student, Alexander Mather from Lake Braddock Secondary School in Burke, Virginia, submitted the winning entry at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In addition to the honor of naming the rover, Mather and his family were invited to NASA's Kennedy Space Center to watch the rover's July 2020 launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) in Florida.Mather wrote in his winning essay:Curiosity. InSight. Spirit. Opportunity. If you think about it, all of these names of past Mars rovers are qualities we possess as humans. We are always curious, and seek opportunity. We have the spirit and insight to explore the Moon, Mars, and beyond. But, if rovers are to be the qualities of us as a race, we missed the most important thing. Perseverance. We as humans evolved as creatures who could learn to adapt to any situation, no matter how harsh. We are a species of explorers, and we will meet many setbacks on the way to Mars. However, we can persevere. We, not as a nation but as humans, will not give up. The human race will always persevere into the future.WEB,weblink Name the Rover, NASA, mars.nasa.gov, 2020-10-20, 21 November 2020,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}

Twin rover

File:The full-scale engineering model of NASA's Perseverance rover, OPTIMISM Rover.jpg|thumb|The full-scale twin engineering model of Perseverance, OPTIMISM rover used at the JPL Mars Yard for testing procedures and solving problems{{efn|name="diff"|Note the difference: the twin rover on Earth is powered by electric cables, while Perseverance on Mars is powered by a multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generatormulti-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generatorJPL built a copy of the Perseverance; a twin rover used for testing and problem solving, OPTIMISM (Operational Perseverance Twin for Integration of Mechanisms and Instruments Sent to Mars), a vehicle system test bed (VSTB). It is housed at the JPL Mars Yard and is used to test operational procedures and to aid in problem solving should any issues arise with Perseverance.WEB,weblink NASA's Perseverance Mars rover has an Earth twin named Optimism, Amanda Kooser, September 5, 2020, C/Net, February 25, 2021, November 28, 2020,weblink live,

Operational history

{{Further|Timeline of Mars 2020}}

Mars transit

The Perseverance rover lifted off successfully on July 30, 2020, at 11:50:00 UTC aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V launch vehicle from Space Launch Complex 41, at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) in Florida.WEB, Drake, Nadia, Nadia Drake, NASA's newest Mars rover begins its journey to hunt for alien life,weblink nationalgeographic.com, July 30, 2020, National Geographic, July 30, 2020, July 30, 2020,weblink dead, The rover took 29 weeks to travel to Mars and made its landing in Jezero Crater on February 18, 2021, to begin its science phase.WEB, Mission Timeline > Cruise,weblink mars.nasa.gov, NASA, January 20, 2021, January 20, 2021,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}After May 17, 2022, the rover will move uphill and examine rocks on the surface for evidence of past life on Mars. On its return downhill, it will collect sample rocks to be retrieved and examined by future expeditions.NEWS, May 17, 2022, Perseverance: Nasa rover begins key drive to find life on Mars, en-GB, BBC News,weblink May 19, 2022,

Landing

{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 780| image1 = Tungsten impact crater on Mars.png| caption1 = The 6-m crater created with the impact of the 77-kg tungsten cruise mass balance device released during the EDL stage on February 18, 2021| image2 = MarsPerseveranceRover-EDL-Overview-20210218.jpg| caption2 = The landing site and the spacecraft debris(February 2021)| image3 = PIA24483-MarsPerseveranceRover-OctaviaEButler-LandingSite-20210305.jpgOctavia E. Butler Landing Site In Jezero (crater)>Jezero Crater(March 5, 2021)| image4 = MarsPerseveranceRover-PossibleRoutes-20210305.jpg| caption4 = Variants of routes as seen in March 2021|image5=Map of Perseverance's Delta Top Campaign.jpg|caption5=Map of Perseverance's Delta Top Campaign}}The successful landing of Perseverance in Jezero Crater was announced at 20:55 UTC on February 18, 2021,WEB, mars.nasa.gov, Touchdown! NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover Safely Lands on Red Planet,weblink February 18, 2021, NASA, February 20, 2021,weblink live, {{PD-notice}} the signal from Mars taking 11 minutes to arrive at Earth. The rover touched down at {{coord|18.4446|N|77.4509|E|globe:Mars}},WEB,weblink Perseverance Rover Landing Site Map, mars.nasa.gov, NASA, February 19, 2021, February 22, 2021,weblink live, {{PD-notice}} roughly {{cvt|1|km}} southeast of the center of its {{convert|7.7|x|6.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}WEB, Mehta, Jatan, February 17, 2021, How NASA Aims to Achieve Perseverance's High-Stakes Mars Landing,weblink live, February 25, 2021, Scientific American, en, February 26, 2021,weblink wide landing ellipse. It came down pointed almost directly to the southeast,WEB, February 22, 2021, Al Chen, at 26:11, of NASA Press Conference Transcript February 22: Perseverance Rover Searches for Life on Mars,weblink live, February 27, 2021, Rev, en-US, March 2, 2021,weblink with the RTG on the back of the vehicle pointing northwest. The descent stage ("sky crane"), parachute and heat shield all came to rest within 1.5 km of the rover (see satellite image). Having come within sixteen feet (~5 meters) of its target, the landing was more accurate than any previous Mars landing; a feat enabled by the experience gained from Curiosity{{'}}s landing and the use of new steering technology.One such new technology is Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN), a technique in which the rover compares images of the surface taken during its descent with reference maps, allowing it to make last minute adjustments to its course. The rover also uses the images to select a safe landing site at the last minute, allowing it to land in relatively unhazardous terrain. This enables it to land much closer to its science objectives than previous missions, which all had to use a landing ellipse devoid of hazards.The landing occurred in the late afternoon, with the first images taken at 15:53:58 on the mission clock (local mean solar time).WEB, NASA/JPL-Caltech, February 18, 2021, Images from the Mars Perseverance Rover – Mars Perseverance Sol 0: Front Left Hazard Avoidance Camera (Hazcam),weblink live, February 25, 2021, mars.nasa.gov, en, February 26, 2021,weblink The landing took place shortly after Mars passed through its northern vernal equinox (Ls = 5.2°), at the start of the astronomical spring, the equivalent of the end of March on Earth.WEB, Lakdawalla, Emily, January 28, 2021, Coming Soon: Perseverance Sol 0,weblink Patreon, The parachute descent of the Perseverance rover was photographed by the HiRISE high-resolution camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO).WEB, HiRISE Captured Perseverance During Descent to Mars,weblink NASA, February 25, 2021, February 19, 2021, February 22, 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210222163352weblink">weblink live, Jezero Crater is a paleolake basin.Smith, Yvette (February 2, 2021). "Astrobiologist Kennda Lynch Uses Analogs on Earth to Find Life on Mars" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301110603weblink |date=March 1, 2021 }}. NASA. Retrieved 2021-03-02.Daines, Gary (August 14, 2020). "Season 4, Episode 15 Looking For Life in Ancient Lakes". {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219062308weblink |date=February 19, 2021 }} Gravity Assist. NASA. Podcast. Retrieved 2021-03-02. It was selected as the landing site for this mission in part because paleolake basins tend to contain perchlorates. Astrobiologist Dr. Kennda Lynch's work in analog environments on Earth suggests that the composition of the crater, including the bottomset deposits accumulated from three different sources in the area, is a likely place to discover evidence of perchlorate-reducing microbes, if such bacteria are living or were formerly living on Mars.Perseverance Rover's Descent and Touchdown on Mars Onboard Camera Views .webm|Video of Perseverance's parachute deployment and powered landing sequenceHiRISE Captured Perseverance During Descent to Mars.jpg|Perseverance parachute descent over the Jezero crater photographed by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)File:Perseverance_sky_crane_(cropped).jpg|An illustration of Perseverance tethered to the sky crane.File:NASA-MarsPerseveranceRover-LandingDrop-20210218.png|The rover photographed from the sky crane during descentA few days after landing, Perseverance released the first audio recorded on the surface of Mars, capturing the sound of Martian wind.WEB,weblink NASA shares first video and audio, new images from Mars Perseverance rover, Ashley, Strickland, February 23, 2021, May 2, 2021, CNN, WEB, Crane, Leah, Perseverance rover has sent back stunning video and audio from Mars,weblink February 22, 2021, May 2, 2021, New Scientist, en-US, During its travels on Mars, NASA scientists had observed around Sol 341 (February 4, 2022) that a small rock had dropped into one of its wheels while the rover was studying the Máaz rock formation. The rock was visible from one of the hazard avoidance cameras, and was determined not to be harmful to the rover's mission. The rock has since stayed on Perseverance{{'}}s wheels for at least 123 sols (126 days) as the rover traveled over {{convert|5|mi|km}} on the surface. NASA deemed that Perseverance had adopted a pet rock for its journey.WEB,weblink Perseverance Has a Pet Rock!, Eleni, Ravanis, June 2, 2022, June 10, 2022, NASA, WEB,weblink Perseverance rover has made a friend on Mars, Megan, Marples, June 9, 2022, June 10, 2022, CNN,

Traverse

(File:Relative positions of Ingenuity and Perseverance after flight 64.png|thumb|Total tracks of Ingenuity and Perseverance November 10, 2023 „Where is the rover”|361x361px)It is planned for Perseverance to visit the bottom and upper parts of the 3.4 to 3.8 billion-year-old Neretva Vallis delta, the smooth and etched parts of the Jezero Crater floor deposits interpreted as volcanic ash or aeolian airfall deposits, emplaced before the formation of the delta; the ancient shoreline covered with Transverse Aeolian Ridges (dunes) and mass wasting deposits, and finally, it is planned to climb onto the Jezero Crater rim.WEB, Jezero Crater: Perseverance rover will soon explore geology of ancient crater lakework=Astronomy.comaccess-date=June 22, 2021,weblink In its progressive commissioning and tests, Perseverance made its first test drive on Mars on March 4, 2021. NASA released photographs of the rover's first wheel tracks on the Martian soil.WEB, Perseverance Is Roving on Mars – NASA's Mars Exploration Program, mars.nasa.gov, NASA’s Mars Exploration Program, March 5, 2021, March 6, 2021,weblink March 6, 2021,weblink live, {{multiple images |total_width=600 |align=center |header=Perseverance{{'}}s first test drive (March 4, 2021)|image1=Perseverance first drive on Mars 2021-03-04.png |caption1=Rover's first wheel tracks|image2=PIA24490-MarsPerseveranceRover-FirstDrive-GIF-20210305.gif |caption2=Rover's first test drive|image3=PIA24488-MarsPerseveranceRover-RocketScour-DriveTracks-20210305.jpg |caption3=Rocket scour and tracks}}

Samples cached for the Mars sample-return mission

(File:PIA25590.jpg|thumb|Perseverance rover's sampling bits{{bulleted list|The pointed one with two windows on the left is the regolith drill| the two shorter ones on the right are abrasion tools|the others in the center are rock drills}})(File:Mars 2020 Sample Collection Map showing samples to be left behind at Three Forks Sample Depot.jpg|thumb|Mapping Perseverance{{'s}} samples collected to date (The 10 duplicate samples to be left behind at Three Forks Sample Depot are framed in green colour.)|361x361px)In support of the NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return, rock, regolith (Martian soil), and atmosphere samples are being cached by Perseverance. As of October 2023, 27 out of 43 sample tubes have been filled,WEB, mars.nasa.gov, Perseverance Rover Mars Rock Samples,weblink 2023-12-25, NASA Mars Exploration, en, including 8 igneous rock samples, 12 sedimentary rock sample tubes, a Silica-cemented carbonate rock sample tube,WEB, Nobody Tell Elmo About Issole,weblink February 11, 2022, nasa.gov, en, two regolith sample tubes, an atmosphere sample tube,WEB, mars.nasa.gov, NASA's Perseverance Plans Next Sample Attempt,weblink August 27, 2021, NASA’s Mars Exploration Program, en, and three witness tubes.WEB, Sample Caching Dry Run, 1st sample tube cached,weblink August 27, 2021, Twitter, en, Before launch, 5 of the 43 tubes were designated "witness tubes" and filled with materials that would capture particulates in the ambient environment of Mars. Out of 43 tubes, 3 witness sample tubes will not be returned to Earth and will remain on rover as the sample canister will only have 30 tube slots. Further, 10 of the 43 tubes are left as backups at the Three Forks Sample Depot.WEB, mars.nasa.gov, Perseverance Sample Tube 266,weblink September 9, 2021, NASA’s Mars Exploration Program, en,

Cost

NASA plans to invest roughly US$2.75 billion in the project over 11 years, including US$2.2 billion for the development and building of the hardware, US$243 million for launch services, and US$291 million for 2.5 years of mission operations.WEB, Cost of Perseverance,weblink The Planetary Society, February 17, 2021, February 18, 2021,weblink live, Adjusted for inflation, Perseverance is NASA's sixth-most expensive robotic planetary mission, though it is cheaper than its predecessor, Curiosity.WEB, The Cost of Perseverance, in Context,weblink The Planetary Society, February 17, 2021, March 11, 2021,weblink live, Perseverance benefited from spare hardware and "build-to print" designs from the Curiosity mission, which helped reduce development costs and saved "probably tens of millions, if not 100 million dollars" according to Mars 2020 Deputy Chief Engineer Keith Comeaux.WEB, Answering Your (Mars 2020) Questions: Perseverance vs. Curiosity Rover Hardware, June 19, 2020,weblink TechBriefs, February 17, 2021, September 20, 2020,weblink live,

Commemorative artifacts

"Send Your Name to Mars"

NASA's "Send Your Name to Mars" campaign invited people from around the world to submit their names to travel aboard the agency's next rover to Mars. 10,932,295 names were submitted. The names were etched by an electron beam onto three fingernail-sized silicon chips, along with the essays of the 155 finalists in NASA's "Name the Rover" contest. The three chips share space on an anodized plate with a laser engraved graphic representing Earth, Mars, and the Sun. The rays emanating from the Sun contain the phrase "Explore As One" written in Morse code.TWEET, NASAPersevere, NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover (official account), 1244763786789060610, March 30, 2020, Some of you spotted the special message I'm carrying to Mars along with the 10.9+ million names you all sent in. "Explore As One" is written in Morse code in the Sun's rays, which connect our home planet with the one I'll explore. Together, we persevere., The plate was then mounted on the rover on March 26, 2020.NEWS, March 26, 2020, 10.9 Million Names Now Aboard NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover, Mars Exploration Program, NASA,weblink live, July 30, 2020, December 9, 2020,weblink {{PD-notice}}{{Multiple image |total_width=600 |align=center |header="Send Your Name to Mars" campaign of Mars 2020 | image1 = “Send Your Name to Mars” placard on Perseverance rover.jpg| caption1 = "Send Your Name" placard on the Perseverance rover on Earth(March 26, 2020)| image2 = BoardingPass MyNameOnMars Mars2020.png| caption2 = A sample of a souvenir boarding pass for those who registered their names to be flown aboard the Perseverance rover as part of the "Send Your Name to Mars" campaign.| image3 = PIA24615-MarsPerseveranceRover-SendYourNameChips-20210228.jpg| caption3 = "Send Your Name" placard now on Mars(February 28, 2021)}}

Geocaching in Space Trackable

(File:PIA24261-MarsPerseveranceRover-SHERLOC-CalibrationTarget-20201208.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|SHERLOC's calibration target aboard the Perseverance Mars rover with Mars Meteorite in the center of the top row)Part of Perseverance{{'}}s cargo is a geocaching trackable item viewable with the SHERLOC's WATSON camera.WEB,weblink 5 Hidden Gems Are Riding Aboard NASA's Perseverance Rover, NASA, February 16, 2021, February 17, 2021,weblink live, {{PD-notice}}In 2016, NASA SHERLOC co-investigator Dr. Marc Fries — with help from his son Wyatt — was inspired by Geocaching's 2008 placement of a cache on the International Space Station to set out and try something similar with the rover mission. After floating the idea around mission management, it eventually reached NASA scientist Francis McCubbin, who would join the SHERLOC instrument team as a collaborator to move the project forward. The Geocaching inclusion was scaled-down to a trackable item that players could search for from NASA camera views and then log on to the site.WEB,weblink Geocaching on Mars: An Interview with NASA's Dr. Francis McCubbin, February 9, 2021, Geocaching Official Blog, February 16, 2021, February 21, 2021,weblink live, In a manner similar to the "Send Your Name to Mars" campaign, the geocaching trackable code was carefully printed on a one-inch, polycarbonate glass disk serving as part of the rover's calibration target. It will serve as an optical target for the WATSON imager and a spectroscopic standard for the SHERLOC instrument. The disk is made of a prototype astronaut helmet visor material that will be tested for its potential use in crewed missions to Mars. Designs were approved by the mission leads at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA Public Affairs, and NASA HQ, in addition to Groundspeak Geocaching HQ.WEB,weblink Geocaching and NASA head to Mars with the Perseverance Rover, July 28, 2020, Geocaching Official Blog, February 16, 2021, February 16, 2021,weblink live, WEB,weblink NASA's Perseverance rover to test future spacesuit materials on Mars, collectSpace, February 16, 2021, February 18, 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210218063530weblink">weblink live,

Tribute to healthcare workers

(File:PIA23921-MarsPerseveranceRover-HonoringHealthcareWorkers-20200617.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|Tribute to Healthcare Workers plate seen before being attached to the rover.)Perseverance launched during the COVID-19 pandemic, which began to affect the mission planning in March 2020. To show appreciation for healthcare workers who helped during the pandemic, an {{cvt|8|x|13|cm}} plate with a staff-and-serpent symbol (a Greek symbol of medicine) was placed on the rover. The project manager, Matt Wallace, said he hoped that future generations going to Mars would be able to appreciate healthcare workers during 2020.WEB, Mike, Wall, NASA's next Mars rover carries tribute to healthcare workers fighting coronavirus,weblink space.com, June 17, 2020, July 31, 2020, December 16, 2020,weblink live,

Family portrait of NASA Mars rovers

One of the external plates of Perseverance includes a simplified representation of all previous NASA Martian rovers, Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, as well as Perseverance and Ingenuity, similar to the trend of automobile window decals used to show a family's makeup.WEB,weblink NASA's Perseverance rover on Mars is carrying an adorable 'family portrait' of Martian rovers, Hanneke, Weitering, February 25, 2021, July 14, 2021, Space.com,

Parachute with coded message

(File:Mars Perseverance Rover Parachute Deployed.png|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Perseverance's parachute )The orange-and-white parachute used to land the rover on Mars contained a coded message that was deciphered by Twitter users. NASA's systems engineer Ian Clark used binary code to hide the message "dare mighty things" in the parachute color pattern. The {{convert|70|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}} parachute consisted of 80 strips of fabric that form a hemisphere-shape canopy, and each strip consisted of four pieces. Dr. Clark thus had 320 pieces with which to encode the message. He also included the GPS coordinates for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's headquarters in Pasadena, California (34°11’58” N 118°10’31” W). Clark said that only six people knew about the message before landing. The code was deciphered a few hours after the image was presented by Perseverance{{'}}s team.NEWS, Mars rover's giant parachute carried a secret message,weblink The Washington Post, February 26, 2021, NEWS, 'Dare mighty things': hidden message found on Nasa Mars rover parachute,weblink The Guardian, Martin, Belam, 23 February 2021, February 26, 2021, February 26, 2021,weblink live, NEWS, NASA Sent a Secret Message to Mars. Meet the People Who Decoded It.,weblink The New York Times, February 24, 2021, Kenneth, Chang, February 26, 2021, February 25, 2021,weblink live, "Dare mighty things" is a quote attributed to U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt and is the unofficial motto of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.WEB, Roosevelt, Theodore, Dare mighty things,weblink March 2, 2021, February 23, 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210223185551weblink">weblink live, It adorns many of the JPL center's walls.

NASA outreach to students

File:NASA Virtual guest program 06.png|NASA thumbIn December 2021, the NASA team announced a program to students who have persevered with academic challenges. Those nominated will be rewarded with a personal message beamed back from Mars by the Perseverance rover.(File:PIA24948-YouveGotPerseverance-NominateAStudent-20211209.gif|thumb|center|300px|You've Got Perseverance - Nominate A Student(December 9, 2021))

Gallery

{{Multiple image| header = Early images align = centercaption1=Octavia E. Butler Landing(February 2021) caption2 = Smoke plume from the descent stage right after landing caption3 = View from the rear right Hazard Avoidance Camera| image4 = Perseverance, its parachute and backshell (sol 213).png| caption4 =Sol 213: the parachute and the backshell are laying on a ridge 2 km north from Perseverance which resides among the ripples of Séítah-S| image5 = Perseverance's First Full-Color Look at Mars.png| caption5 = First color photo| image6 = Jezero crater on Mars, sol 14 of Perseverance mission.png| caption6 = The panoramic view after the first long drive on sol 14| image7 = Perseverance's Big Wheel.png| caption7 = One of Perseverance{{'}}s wheels| perrow = 4, 3}}{{Multiple image | header = Landing ellipse and further tracks of the rover| total_width = 780| align = center| image1 = Jezero crater and surrounds (annotated) ESA23161702.png| caption1 = Ancient river system surrounding Jezero crater| image2 = MarsPerseveranceRover-LandingSite-20210218.png| caption2 = Start position within the landing ellipse| image3 = MarsPerseveranceRover-Location-20210218.jpg| caption3 = Landing ellipse and landing site| image4 = Locations and future destinations of Perseverance in Jezero.jpg| caption4 = Campaign plans for 2021–2022caption5=Mars Helicopter Route Options out of 'Séítah' with EDL hardware}}{{Multiple image | header = Ground tracks | total_width = 780| align = center| image1 = Perseverance rover track and Ingenuity Helicopter Flight Zone.jpg| caption1 = The rover track as of sols 52–64 at Van Zyl Overlook|image3=Perseverance’s Drive to Citadelle.jpg|caption3=Variants as of sol 174 (August 19, 2021)|image4=Perseverance and Ingenuity wait out the solar conjunction.pngR210 is the rover position on sol 210;H{{sup sub >163H{{sup sub >174H{{sup sub >193|3}} means 1st, 2nd and 3rd landing sites of Ingenuity on the Field H on sols 163, 174 and 193 respectively|image5=PIA25174 Perseverance captured by Hirise camera on mars reconaissance orbiter.jpg|caption5=Perseverance captured by Hirise camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter at Maaz formation on February 26, 2022}}{{multiple image | align= center| header = Reciprocal photos of Perseverance and Ingenuitytotal_width=780caption1=Wright Brothers Field, April 2021 caption2=Van Zyl Overlook, {{efn|Aerial image by Ingenuity }} April 2021caption3=Video and audio of the 4-th Ingenuity flight, April 30, 2021caption4=Perseverance spotted by Ingenuity on its 11th flight, August 2021|image5=Perseverance-Selfie-at-Rochette-Horizontal-V2.gif|caption5=Rochette, September 2021}}{{multipleimage | header = Entry-descent-landing debrisIngenuity photographed the spacecraft backshell and parachute (April 19) and other apparent EDL debris (April 3).CHANG TITLE=NASA SEES 'OTHERWORLDLY' WRECKAGE ON MARS WITH INGENUITY HELICOPTER – THE DEBRIS WAS PART OF THE EQUIPMENT THAT HELPED THE PERSEVERANCE MISSION SAFELY LAND ON THE RED PLANET IN 2021. DATE=APRIL 27, 2022 THE NEW YORK TIMES >ACCESSDATE=APRIL 28, 2022, | align = center| caption_align = center| direction = horizontal| total_width = 780| image1 = PIA25219-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-Backshell-20220419.jpg| image2 = PIA25218-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-LandingGear-20220419.jpg| image3 = PIA25217-MarsIngenuityHelicopter-LandingGear-20220419.jpg|image4=EDL hardware debris captured by Ingenuity.gif|width4=100| image5= Skycrane captured by Ingenuity Helicopter 02.jpg}}{{multiple image| header = Tracks of Perseverance on Ingenuity’s photos| align = center| direction = horizontal| total_width =780| caption_align = center| image1 = 1st aerial image on mars taken by Ingenuity.jpg| caption1 = April 22, 2021. First aerial image taken by Ingenuity| image2 = Second Color Image Taken by Ingenuity.jpg| caption2 = April 22, 2021. Second color image taken by Ingenuity| image3 = The Third Color Image Taken by Ingenuity.jpg| caption3 = April 22, 2021. Third color image taken by Ingenuity| image4 = Ingenuity flies over Perseverance tracks in flight 9.png| caption4 = July 5, 2021. Ingenuity flies over Perseverance tracks}}{{multiple images | width=780 |direction=vertical|align = center|image1 = Mastcam-Z's First 360-Degree Panorama.jpg|caption1= Panoramic 360° view from Perseverance{{'s}} landing site, stitched together from more than 100 individual images.|image2 = Panorama of Jezero crater on Mars, sol 44 of Perseverance mission.png|caption2= April 4, 2021 (Sol 44) at 14:02:08 local mean solar time. Ingenuity with its solar cells sprinkled with sand stands before the rover|image3 = PIA24625-MarsIngenuityHelicopterViewsPerseveranceRoverFromAir-20210425a.jpg|caption3= In its third flight Ingenuity spots Perseverance (left) in the aerial photo}}March 5, 2024: NASA released images of transits of the moon Deimos, the moon Phobos and the planet Mercury as viewed by the Perseverance rover on the planet Mars.{{multiple images |header=Transits viewed from Mars by the Perseverance rover |direction=horizontal |align=center |width= |image1=PIA26249-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitDeimos-Video-20240119.webm |caption1=Transit of Deimos(January 19, 2024) |width1=200 |image2=PIA26248-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitPhobos-Video-20240208.webm |caption2=Transit of Phobos(February 8, 2024) |width2=200 |image3=PIA26250-MarsPerseveranceRover-TransitMercury-GIF-20231028.gif| |caption3=Transit of Mercury(October 28, 2023) |width3=135 |footer }}{{clear}}{{Mars map indicating landers}}

Notes

{{notelist}}{{NoteFoot}}

See also

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Exploration of Mars
• Viking 1 (lander)
• Viking 2 (lander)
• Sojourner (rover)
• Spirit (rover)
• Opportunity (rover)
• Curiosity (rover)
• Zhurong (rover)
• Rosalind Franklin (rover) (planned mission)
• List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies
• Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers

{{div col end}}

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{Commons category|Perseverance rover}}

• Mars 2020 and Perseverance rover official site at NASA
• {{youTube|5qqsMjy8Rx0|Mars 2020: Overview (2:58; July 27, 2020; NASA)}}
• {{YouTube|cGQu5ks34Fs|Mars 2020: Launch of rover (6:40; July 30, 2020)}}
• {{YouTube|VWD-nx9gA0o|Mars 2020: Launch of rover (1:11; July 30, 2020; NASA)}}
• {{youTube|4czjS9h4Fpg|Mars 2020: Landing of rover (3:25; February 18, 2021; NASA)}}
• Mars 2020: Landing of rover (3:55pm/et/usa, 18 February 2021
• Mars 2020 Perseverance Launch Press Kit
• Video: Mars Perseverance rover/Ingenuity helicopter report (9 May 2021; CBS-TV, 60 Minutes; 13:33)
• Mars Guy. Short and concise weekly updates of NASA's Perseverance mission
• Official archive of all raw images taken by the rover's and helicopter's cameras
• Official archive of all Mastcam-Z images in two different calibrations
• Nonofficial archive of daily color-calibrated images taken by the rover's Navcam, Hazcam, Watson cam and the helicopter's RTE camera

{{Mars 2020}}{{Mars rovers}}{{2020 in space}}{{2021 in space}}{{Mars spacecraft}}{{Orbital launches in 2020}}{{incubator|vai/ꔵ ꕢꕘꔤ ꗷꗺꗡ}}{{Authority control}}