{{short description|Species of plant in the family Fabaceae}}{{about|the brazilwood tree|the unrelated tree that yields Brazil nuts|Brazil nut}}{{Speciesbox|name = Paubrasilia echinata|image = Caesalpinia-echinata.jpg|image_caption = An adult specimen in a park in FlorianÃ³polis, Brazil.|status = EN|status_system = IUCN2.3

TITLE=PAUBRASILIA ECHINATA

PAGE=E.T33974A9818224

ACCESS-DATE=19 NOVEMBER 2021, |display_parents = 2|genus = Paubrasilia|parent_authority =(Gagnon, H.C.Lima & G.P.Lewis 2016)|species = echinata

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck>Lam.) Gagnon, H.C.Lima & G.P.Lewis 2016) PAUBRASILIA ECHINATA >URL=HTTP://SERVICOS.JBRJ.GOV.BR/FLORA/SEARCH/PAUBRASILIA

PUBLISHER=INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH RIO DE JANEIRO BOTANICAL GARDEN, 20 February 2019, |synonyms =

Caesalpinia echinata Lam. 1785
Guilandina echinata Spreng. 1825

FIRST2=ANNE

FIRST3=COLIN E.

FIRST4=LUCIANO

FIRST5=GWILYM P.

DATE=2016-10-12

CAESALPINIA GROUP (LEGUMINOSAE) >JOURNAL=PHYTOKEYS

PAGES=1â€“160

PMID=28814915

PMC=5558824, free, }}Paubrasilia echinata is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae, that is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.JOURNAL, The Legume Phylogeny Working Group, 2017, A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny, Taxon (journal), Taxon, 66, 1, 44â€“77, 10.12705/661.3, free, 10568/90658, free, It is a Brazilian timber tree commonly known as Pernambuco wood or brazilwood{{GRIN | Paubrasilia echinata | 478573 | access-date = 1 October 2022}} (, ; Tupi: BOOK, DicionÃ¡rio de tupi antigo: a lÃngua indÃgena clÃ¡ssica do Brasil, Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida, Global, 2013, 9788526019331, 1, SÃ£o Paulo, 522, pt, Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, ) and is the national tree of Brazil. This plant has a dense, orange-red heartwood that takes a high shine, and it is the premier wood used for making bows for stringed instruments.BOOK, Lichtenberg, Silke, Strategies and Tools for a Sustainable Rural Rio de Janeiro, Huber-Sannwald, Elisabeth, Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald, Nehren, Udo, Reyes-AgÃ¼ero, Juan Antonio, Use and Conservation of the Threatened Brazilian National Tree Paubrasilia echinata Lam.: A Potential for Rio de Janeiro State?, 2019, 205â€“219, 0172-6161, 10.1007/978-3-319-89644-1_14, Springer Series on Environmental Management, 978-3-319-89643-4, 134437366, JOURNAL, Alves, Edenise Segala, Longui, Eduardo Luiz, Amano, Erika, Pernambuco Wood (Caesalpinia Echinata) used in the Manufacture of Bows for String Instruments, IAWA Journal, 29, 3, 2008, 323â€“335, 0928-1541, 10.1163/22941932-90000190, free, The wood also yields a historically important red dye called brazilin, which oxidizes to brazilein.JOURNAL, Dapson, RW, Bain, CL, Brazilwood, sappanwood, brazilin and the red dye brazilein: from textile dyeing and folk medicine to biological staining and musical instruments., Biotech Histochem, 2015, 90, 6, 401â€“23, 25893688, 10.3109/10520295.2015.1021381, The name pau-brasil was applied to certain species of the genus Caesalpinia in the medieval period, and was given its original scientific name Caesalpinia echinata in 1785 by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. More recent taxonomic studies have suggested that it merits recognition as a separate genus, and it was thus renamed Paubrasilia echinata in 2016. The Latin specific epithet of echinata refers to hedgehog, from echinus, and describes the thorns which cover all parts of the tree (including the fruits).BOOK, Stearn, William, Botanical Latin, Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 2004, 9780881926279, The name of Brazil is a shortened form of , ‘land of brazilwood’.WEB,www.lib.umn.edu/bell/tradeproducts/brazilwood, Brazilwood: A Brief History, University of Minnesota Libraries, 2019-09-16,web.archive.org/web/20200727034659/https://www.lib.umn.edu/bell/tradeproducts/brazilwood, 27 July 2020, dead,

Name

When Portuguese explorers found Paubrasilia on the coast of South America, they recognised it as a relative of an Asian species of sappanwood already used in Europe for producing red dye. The Portuguese named these trees pau-brasil, the term pau meaning wood, and brasil meaning reddish/ember-like. The South American trees soon dominated trading as a better source of dye. Such a vigorous trade resulted from the woods that early sailors and merchants started referring to the land itself as Terra do Brasil, or simply, the “Land of Brazil”; from this use, the present name of Brazil was derived.Botanically, several tree species are involved, all in the family Fabaceae (the pulse family). The term “brazilwood” is most often used to refer to the species Paubrasilia echinata, but it is also applied to other species, such as Caesalpinia sappan and Haematoxylum brasiletto. The tree is also known by other names, such as ibirapitanga, from Tupi, meaning “reddish wood”; or pau de pernambuco, named after the Brazilian state of Pernambuco.In the bow-making business, it is usual to refer to some species other than Paubrasilia echinata as “brazilwood”; examples include pink ipÃª (Handroanthus impetiginosus), Massaranduba (Manilkara bidentata) and palo brasil (Haematoxylum brasiletto). The highly prized Paubrasilia echinata is usually called “Pernambuco wood” in this particular context.

Description

(File:Mapa do NÃºmero das Toras de Pau- Brasil Descoberto na Capitania de IlhÃ©us.jpg|thumb|Map of the Number of Logs of Brazilwood Discovered in the Captaincy of IlhÃ©us.)The brazilwood tree may reach up to {{convert|15|m}} in height, and the dark brown bark flakes in large patches, revealing the lustrous blood-red sapwood underneath. The leaves are pinnate and each consists of between 9 and 19 small, leathery leaflets, which are broadly oblong in shape.BOOK, Lewis, G.P., Caesalpinia: a revision of the Poincianella-Erythrostemon Group, 1998, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, The flower stalk, or inflorescence, is also branched and contains between 15 and 40 yellow, strongly perfumed flowers, which may be pollinated by bees. The petals are usually yellow with a blood-red blotch. The fruits are oval-shaped woody seedpods, measuring up to {{convert|7.3|cm}} long and {{convert|2.6|cm}} across; they hang off the branches and after the seeds are expelled, the pods become twisted. The branches, leaves and fruit are covered with small thorns.There are some important differences between geographically distinct populations and it is thought that separate subspecies of the pau brasil may exist. This tree may have some medicinal properties and has been used as an astringent and antidiuretic by local people; extracts have been tested as possible cancer treatments.

Historical importance

missing image!
- Caesalpinia echinata Taub95.png -
An illustration of the tree leaves and flowers.

Starting in the 16th century, brazilwood became highly valued in EuropeJOURNAL, Dodge, Cameron J. G., A Forgotten Century of Brazilwood: The Brazilwood Trade from the Mid-Sixteenth to Mid-Seventeenth Century, e-Journal of Portuguese History, 2018, 16, 1, 1â€“27, 10.7301/Z0VH5MBT, and quite difficult to get. A related wood, sappanwood, coming from Asia was traded in powder form and used as a red dye in the manufacture of luxury textiles, such as velvet, in high demand during the Renaissance. When Portuguese navigators landed in present-day Brazil, on April 22, 1500, they immediately saw that brazilwood was extremely abundant along the coast and in its hinterland, along the rivers. In a few years, a hectic and very profitable operation for felling and shipping all the brazilwood logs they could get was established, as a crown-granted Portuguese monopoly. The rich commerce which soon followed stimulated other nations to try to harvest and smuggle brazilwood contraband out of Brazil, and corsairs to attack loaded Portuguese ships in order to steal their cargo. For example, the unsuccessful attempt in 1555 of a French expedition led by Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, vice-admiral of Brittany and corsair under the King, to establish a colony in present-day Rio de Janeiro (France Antarctique) was motivated in part by the bounty generated by economic exploitation of brazilwood. In addition, this plant is also cited in Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius.

Excessive harvesting

Excessive harvesting led to a steep decrease in the number of brazilwood trees in the 18th century, causing the collapse of this economic activity. Presently, the species is nearly extirpated in most of its original range. Brazilwood is listed as an endangered species by the IUCN, and it is cited in the official list of endangered flora of Brazil.(File:Bow Cello2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A cello bow)The trade of brazilwood is likely to be banned in the immediate future,{{needs update inline|date=April 2023}} creating a major problem in the bow-making industry which highly values this wood.Smithsonian, April 2004, cover story The International Pernambuco Conservation Initiative (IPCI), whose members are the bowmakers who rely on pernambuco for their livelihoods, is working to replant the trees. IPCI advocates the use of other woods for violin bows to raise money to plant pernambuco seedlings. The shortage of pernambuco has also helped the carbon fiber and composite bow industry to thrive.

Replanting efforts

Restoration of the species in the wild is hampered by the fact that it is a climax community species, which will develop well only when planted amongst secondary forest vegetation.Cf. Backes, P. & Irgang, B., Mata AtlÃ¢ntica: as Ã¡rvores e a paisagem (Atlantic Reinforest: its trees and landscape), Porto Alegre, Paisagem do Sul, 2004, page 228 Although many saplings have been distributed or sold during recent decades, that has led to the tree being planted in places outside its natural range, with somewhat poor results, such as happens with brazilwood trees used for urban landscaping in the city of SÃ£o Paulo, whose development and flowering is usually hampered by the colder environment.Cf. Ãrvores de SÃ£o Paulo — O pau-brasil estÃ¡ frutificando na cidade, Ricardo Cardim 15 December 2009 blog entry; “Coisa rara no clima paulistano, as inÃºmeras Ã¡rvores de pau-brasil (Caesalipinia echinata) plantadas pela cidade estÃ£o frutificando abundantemente.” (in exceptional circumstances, however, brazilwood may flower in SÃ£o Paulo) {{in lang|pt}}

Gallery

{{gallery

Bee in flower, Botanical Garden, SÃ£o Paulo

Spiny trunk, Botanical Garden, SÃ£o Paulo

Spiny fruit (legume-like seed pods), CERET Park, SÃ£o Paulo

Flowers detail

Botanical Garden, SÃ£o Paulo

P. echinata heartwood}}

References

External links

{{ARKive}}
www.robertmorrowbowmaker.com./thebowmaker/smithsonian/index.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20090103075340www.robertmorrowbowmaker.com./thebowmaker/smithsonian/index.htm">Saving the Music Tree
www.arcosbrasil.com/PernambuccoWood/pernambuccowood.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20060720214856www.arcosbrasil.com/PernambuccoWood/pernambuccowood.html">About Pernambuco Wood from a bowmaker’s website.
USDA Plants Profile: Caesalpinia echinata
Flora Brasiliensis: Caesalpinia echinata {{in lang|pt}}
Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais: Caesalpinia echinata {{in lang|pt}}

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