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{{Short description|Russian revolutionary and scientist of Ukrainian-Serbian origin (1853–1881)}}{{More citations needed|date=January 2009}}

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| death_place = Saint Petersburg, Russia| death_cause = Execution by hanging}}Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich (, , , Mykola Ivanovych Kybalchych; 19 October 1853BOOK, Katorga i ssylka, 1971, Obshchestvo, 56,weblink 12 March 2024, ru, According to the parish register of the Assumption Church of the out-of-state town of Korop, Krolevetsky district, he is listed as born on October 19, 1853, – April 3, 1881BOOK, Радзинский, Эдвард, Цари: Александр II, Николай II, 2008, АСТ, 978-5-17-047533-9, 505,weblink 12 March 2024, ru, BOOK, Даринский, Анатолий Викторович, Start︠s︡ev, Vitaliĭ Ivanovich, История Санкт-Петербурга XVIII-XIX вв, 2000, Глагол, 978-5-89662-014-3, 162,weblink 12 March 2024, ru, ) was a Russian revolutionary of Ukrainian-Serbian origin who took part in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II as the main explosive expert for Narodnaya Volya ("People's Will"), and was also a rocket pioneer. He was a distant cousin of revolutionary Victor Serge.{{sfn|Serge|2002|p=2}}

Early life

Born in Korop, Krolevetsky Uyezd, Chernigov Governorate (present-day Ukraine) in 1853 into a clerical family,{{sfn|Solymar|2013|p=115}} Kibalchich was the son of an Orthodox parish priest.{{sfn|Kizilova|2008}} He entered a gymnasium in 1864 but was later admitted to a seminary. But he returned to secondary school and finishing it with a silver medal several years later.{{sfn|Kizilova|2008}}In 1871 he entered St Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers and in 1873 he entered Saint Petersburg Emperor Military Medical Academy to study medicine{{sfn|Solymar|2013|p=115}}{{sfn|Famous scientists}} and worked on experiments into pulsed rocket propulsion.{{sfn|Famous scientists}}

Biography

In October 1875, Kibalchich was arrested for lending a prohibited book to a peasant named Prytulya.BOOK, Николай Иванович Кибальчич, 1903, Тип. Партіи соціалистов-революціонеров, 40,weblink 12 March 2024, ru, He spent 3 years in prison{{sfn|Kizilova|2008}} before being sentenced to 2 months imprisonment.He went on to join Narodnaya Volya in 1878,{{sfn|Kizilova|2008}} becoming their main explosives expert.{{sfn|Kizilova|2008}}

Assassination of Alexander II

During the night from February 28 to March 1, 1881, Kibalchich and his assistants, Fleet Lieutenant Sukhnanov and Mikhail Grachvesky, prepared four explosive projectiles that were used in the assassination of Alexander II later that day. Kibalchich was arrested on March 17, 1881.BOOK, Россия: иллюстрированная энциклопедия, 2006, ОЛМА Медиа Групп, 978-5-94849-897-3, 241,weblink 12 March 2024, ru, In his statement to the Special Committee of the Senate, V.N. Gerard noted that when his men came to see Kibalchich as his appointed counsel for the defense, they were surprised to find his mind occupied with things that had no bearing on the trial. He seemed to be immersed in research on some aeronautic missile and he greatly desired the opportunity to write down the calculations involved in the discovery.In a note written in his prison cell, Kibalchich proposed a manned jet air-navigating apparatus.JOURNAL, М.и, Неведомский, Н. И. Кибальчич: революционер и ученый, Актуальные проблемы авиации и космонавтики, 2017, 3, 13, 1006–1007,weblink 12 March 2024, He examined the design of a gunpowder-powered rocket engine, controlling the flight by changing the engine's angle, and his design is dated March 23.JOURNAL, Kushlakova, N. M., Vavilova, I. B., Vavilova, I. B., 2019, Nikolai Kibalchich in the history of world rocket-space technics: discussion questions of domestic and world historiography,weblink Space Science and Technology, 25, 6, 70–83, 2019KosNT..25f..70S, 10.15407/knit2019.06.070, 12 March 2024, WEB, Nikolai I. Kibalchich,weblink 12 March 2024, New Mexico Museum of Space History, WEB, Классика: Кибальчич Николай Иванович. Проект воздухоплавательного прибора,weblink az.lib.ru, lib.ru, 12 March 2024, He produced this scientific work truly at death's door.On March 26, General Komarov, Chief of the Gendarmery Department, informed the Police Department of Kibalchich's design.BOOK, V mire knig: kritiko-bibliograficheskiĭ zhurnal, 1981, Kniga., 80,weblink 12 March 2024, ru, BOOK, Тарасов, Борис Федорович, Николай Алексеевич Рынин: 1877-1942, 1990, Наука. Ленингр. отд-ние, 978-5-02-024626-3, 118,weblink 12 March 2024, ru, The brief written in the report said: "To be filed with the March 1 dossier and to give this to scientists for consideration now would hardly be expedient since this can only give rise to a lot of wanton talk. Kibalchich's design was put in an envelope, sealed and filed. The inventor was told that his design would be handed over to scientists for examination."Kibalchich awaited for their answer. The month of March was at an end, with two days left before execution. On March 31 Kibalchich wrote this solicitation address to the Minister of Interior: "By instruction of your Excellency my design of an aeronautic apparatus has been submitted for the consideration of technical committee; could your Excellency direct that I be allowed to meet with any of the committee members on the matter of this design not later than tomorrow morning or at least to receive a written answer from the experts who have examined my design, also no longer than tomorrow. I also ask your Excellency for permission for me, before I die, to meet with all my comradesin the trial or at least with Zhelyabov and Perovskaya." All of his requests were ignored.

Execution

{{refimprove section|date=December 2023}} At 7:50 AM on the sunny spring morning of April 3 two "chariots of shame" with the condemned prisoners rode out of the house of the detention to Shpalernaya Street. Zhelyabov was in the first, and by his side was Rysakov, who had tossed the first bomb at the coach of Alexander II and then betrayed his comrades during the interrogation. Kibalchich, Perovskaya and Mikhailov were in the second. The hands and feet of the condemned were tied to the seats. Each had on his chest a black plaque with the white colored inscription: "A regicide".At 9:21 AM the executioner removed the foot stool from under the feet of Kibalchich. Mikhailov, Perovskaya, Zhelyabov and Rysakov were executed after him.Thus, Kibalchich and other Narodnaya Volya plotters including Sophia Perovskaya, Andrei Zhelyabov, Nikolai Rysakov and Timofei Mikhailov were hanged on April 3, 1881.

Final letter

{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2009}}

Legacy

(File:Кибальчич_ракета.jpg|thumb|right|Kibalchich's drawing of his proposed rocket)The fate of the invention, mentioned in Kybalchych's last letter, proved to be as tragic as that of its 27-year-old creator. Kibalchich's design was buried in the archives of Police Department, but the tsar authorities failed to consign the name of the inventor and his idea to oblivion. The trial and execution of the Narodniks had wide repercussions around the world. Much was said and written about Kibalchich's design abroad and allkinds of conjectures were made about the essence of the invention and its subsequent fate. In 1917, Nikolai Rynin rediscovered the manuscript in the archives and published an account of it 1918 in the historic magazine Byloye (Былое, The Past). In the issue Nikolai Ryninpublished Kibalchich's description of a manned, rocket-propelled ship, from his final letter. The letter had been filed in police archives until Rynin fished it out, after hearing rumors of the design.In 1891, similar ideas were developed independently by the German engineer Hermann Ganswindt. After WWII, Stanislaw Ulam proposed a nuclear pulse propulsion scheme which was studied in Project ORION.TECH REPORT, Schmidt, George R, Bonometti, J.A., Morton, P.J., 1 January 2000, Nuclear Pulse Propulsion: Orion and Beyond, NASA, 20000096503,weblink WEB, ON A METHOD OF PROPULSION OF PROJECTILES BY MEANS OF EXTERNAL NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS PART I,weblink apps.dtic.mil, 12 March 2024, The International Astronomical Union honoured the rocketry pioneer by naming a crater on the Moon Kibalchich's crater (Kibal'chich), which is centered at 2.72° N 147.18° W and as on the Moon's far side.WEB, Planetary Names,weblink planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov, 12 March 2024, Mount Kibal'chich, which is the highest peak of the Kvaevenutane Peaks in Antarctica and was discovered by Germans during 1938-9 is also named after him.WEB, Mount Kibal'chich,weblink 12 March 2024, 2 June 2021,weblink 2021-06-02,

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

• WEB

FAMOUS SCIENTISTS, | title=Кибальчич Николай Иванович | trans-title = Kibalchich Nikolay Ivanovich| lang = ru| url=https://famous-scientists.ru/great/90/ | website=Famous scientists| access-date = 31 December 2023| archive-date = 23 March 2023| archive-url =weblink}}

• WEB, Kizilova, Anna,weblink Nikolai Kibalchich - Science for Terrorism, 10 April 2008, Russia-IC, Guarant-InfoCentre, 31 December 2023, 1 June 2023,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20230601190519weblink">weblink

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• BOOK, Serge, Victor, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 2002, University of Iowa Press, 9780877458272, 2,weblink 16 May 2020

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• BOOK, Solymar, Laszslo, 21 November 2013, Anatomy of Assassinations: from biblical times to the end of the second millennium

publisher=Author House, 115, 978-1-491-88182-8,

External links

{{commons category|Nikolai Kibalchich}}

• Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy and Spaceflight
• weblink
• Суд над цареубийцами. Дело 1-го марта 1881 года. Под редакцией Ð’.Ð’.Разбегаева. Изд. им. Н.И.Новикова. С-Пб том 1 и 2. 2014.{{ISBN|978-5-87991-110-7}}, {{ISBN|978-5-87991-112-1}}

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