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{{short description|Popular court dance in royal India}}File:Portrait of an Indian Nautch girl in Bombay (c. 1920-30s).jpg|thumb|Nautch girl in BombayBombay File:Brooklyn Museum - Raja Enthroned with Courtiers Musicians and Nautch Girls in Attendance.jpg|thumb|A RajaRaja(File:Nautch girl dancing, while two men play a string instrument and a drum nearby.jpg|thumb|A Nautch girl performing, 1862)The nautch ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɔː|tʃ}}, meaning "dance" or "dancing" from Hindustani: "naach")Scott A. Kugle, 2016, When Sun Meets Moon: Gender, Eros, and Ecstasy in Urdu Poetry, p.230. was a popular court dance performed by girls (known as "nautch girls") in later Mughal and colonial India.BOOK, Brown, Louise T., Dancing Girls of Lahore, 2006, HarperCollins Publishers, 0060740434, 36, The word "nautch" was a British corruption of Nachna, the Hindi{{Citation |title=नाचना |date=2023-09-16 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE&oldid=76134538 |access-date=2024-04-19 |language=en}} verb to dance. The culture of the performing art of the nautch rose to prominence during the later period of Mughal Empire and the rule of the East India Company.WEB, Nautch girls: Sahibs danced to their tune,weblink 25 July 2004, Over time, the nautch travelled outside the confines of the imperial courts of the Mughals, the palaces of the nawabs and the princely states, and the higher echelons of the officials of the British Raj, to the places of zamindars. However under the British Raj they came to be reviled as lewd by the Victorian standards of the British and not well tolerated. As a result many nautch girls lost their former patrons and were pushed further into prostitution, as local mistresses for the British were replaced with wives from Britain.Some references use the terms nautch and nautch girls to describe Devadasis who used to perform ritual and religious dances in the Hindu temples of India. However, there is not much similarity between the Devadasis and the nautch girls. The former performed dances, mostly Indian classical dances, including the ritual dances, in the precincts of the Hindu temples to please the temple deities, whereas the nautch girls performed nautches for the pleasure of men. In 1917, attributing the adjective to a woman in India would suggest her entrancing skill, tempting style and alluring costume could mesmerize men to absolute obedience.Yasmini in "King, of the Khyber Rifles" by Talbot Mundy {{ISBN|0854681779}} Tom Stacey 1972 orig 1917 hb, p16

History

Earlier, devotional dances were performed in the temples by the devdasi for spiritual reasons only. During the mughal era, dance for entertainment became popular, and many rulers took dance girls in their entourages even at their battle-camps. The early British migrants to India were often given tawaifs as welcome gifts or rewards. In 18th century, young princes were sent to nautch girls to learn tehzeeb (elegance and court manners) and culture.During the Mughal and British era, nautch girls regularly performed at durbars.1857, The Athenæum: A Journal of Literature, Science, the Fine Arts, p.876. Nautch girls were also invited to perform on the special events of the native Indians where guests congregated in a separate performance hall, nautch girls sat with the nautch party, composed of attendant musicians and two or more nautch girls, whose numbers vary depending on the status of the host.F. M. Coleman, 1897, Typical Pictures of Indian Natives: With Descriptive Letterpress, Thacker & Company, limited, p.19.

Nautch

Nautch types

The nautch, performed only by the girls, evolved into several styles, three of which were most essential, the mor nach (the dance of peacock to attract peahens), patang nach (the kite dance imitating both the kite and the kite flier) and qahar ka nach (the palki pallbearer's dance, erotic and suggestive dance performed as finale) were popular types of dance.

Regional variations of the nautch

The "zamindari nautch" patronised by the Zamindar of Baghmundi was known as the araiha, in which two or four nautch girls and two jhumar singers in company of about 20 male dancers took part in the singing and dancing. Part of the songs were repeated by the dancing girls and by the male dancers, and the nautch girls formed a line or a circle to perform a dance similar to the fox-trot as two or three sang, and they repeated the refrain.1967,Mainstream, - Volume 6, p.28.

Nautch party

The nautch girls performed in small troupes called the "nautch parties", which consisted of just one or two people to 10 or more, including dancers and singer, and their husbands often played the role of musicians and handlers.

Nautch girls

(File:Indian Nautch girls from Kashmir in the 1870s.JPG|thumb|Indian nautch girls from Kashmir in the 1870s)(File:Weeks_Edwin_Sketch_Two_Nautch_Girls.jpg|left|thumb|Two Nautch Girls by Edwin Lord Weeks (1849–1903))A nautch girl is a dancer who makes a living by entertaining men, women and children of all social classes, regions, castes and religions on various occasions including parties, weddings, christenings, religious ceremonies, and other social events. Their dances were simplified combination of kathak, dasi attam and folk dance. Wandering troops of nautch girls often traveled to different places, performed impromptu roadside dance performances or just turned up uninvited to perform at the homes of their richer patrons who were customarily obliged to pay them. They performed everywhere, in the homes of their patrons, public places or on stage, also in Mughal courts, palaces of nawabs, mahals (castles) of rajas, bungalows of British officers, homes of nobles, havelis (mansions) of zamindars (landowners) and many other places.File:Nautch girls Kabul 1879 second.jpg|thumb|Indian professional dancing nautch girls in Kabul for the Afghan emir Abdur Rahman KhanAbdur Rahman Khan

Nautch musicians

(File:Indian Nautch girls and musicians in the 1870s.jpg|thumb|Indian nautch girls and musicians in the 1870s)The nautch party musicians historically played four instruments: sarangi, tabla, manjeera and dholak. A fifth instrument, the harmonium, was introduced in the beginning of the 20th century. Musicians performed while standing in the courts, palaces and the homes of rich patrons. They performed while sitting in the homes of poor patrons and in public performances. Singers of the nautch party used thumri, dadra, ghazal and geet.The Nautch - Ally Adnan on the colorful dancing girls who dazzled India in the 19th century, The Times of India, 1 Aug 2014.

Nautch handlers: mama and muhafiz

A mama, usually an older and experienced maidservant, who sat in a corner of the dais preparing paan (betel nut) and beedi (Indian cigar) for patrons, was responsible for taking care of nautch girls, their meals, and safekeeping of the jewelry worn by them. A muhafiz was an unarmed guard who maintained order, acted as usher, and ensured protection during performance and travel. Mashalchis (one or two lamp bearers) of the troupe were responsible for the lighting during night performances.

Famous nautch girls

(File:Baz Bahadur and Rani Rupmati - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Baz Bahadur and Rani Roopmati)Roopmati was a famous Hindu nautch girl from Saharanpur, who married Baz Bahadur, the Muslim sultan of Malwa. Akbar the Great is said to have invaded Malwa after hearing about her beauty.Nautch Girls of the Raj, Mumbai Mirror, 8 Aug 2010. In 1561 Akbar's army, led by Adham Khan and Pir Muhammad Khan, attacked Malwa and defeated Baz Bahadur in the battle of Sarangpur (29 March 1561). One of the reasons for Adham Khan's attack seems to be his lust for Rani Roopmati. She, however, poisoned herself upon hearing of the fall of Mandu. Baz Bahadur fledBOOK, Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605, Smith, Vincent, Arthur,weblink to Khandesh."Pyari Jan" was a famous nautch girl of Delhi in 1815.File:Begum Samru.jpg|thumb|A portrait of Begum Samru in her old age.]]Begum Samru (christened as Joanna Nobilis Sombre) was an 18th century ruler who started her life as a nautch girl and became ruler of Sardhana, a small principality near Meerut and the only ever Catholic ruler of India. She rose to prominence through marriage to her European husband Walter Reinhardt Sombre and inherited his estate after his death. She is buried in the Basilica of our Lady of Graces, which she commissioned.BOOK, Chakravarty, Gautam, The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination, 2005, Cambridge University Press, 2005, 978-0521832748,

Anti-Nautch movement

The shift in attitude to nautch girls can be attributed to the British Raj, who after capturing Lahore from the Sikhs after the Anglo-Sikh wars did not share the same attitude towards dancing girls.While the British men were happy to take local women as concubines and mistresses they were uninterested in becoming patrons of the formerly well tolerated courtesans of Lahore, and even less interested in spending lavish sums upon them. The Victorian purity movement, which spread from England to the colonies and the Indian mutiny of 1857 further reinforced these views on local practices such as dancing girls which were seen as lewd by the Victorian standards of the British Raj. British women were imported into India (and modern day Pakistan) as respectable wives to replace local mistresses.BOOK, Brown, Louise T., Dancing Girls of Lahore, 2006, HarperCollins Publishers, 0060740434, 35-36,

Decline in patronage, shift towards prostitution

(File:Nautch girls, Hyderabad; a photo by Hooper and Western.jpg|thumb|Nautch girls, Hyderabad; a photo commissioned by the Indian government in the 19th Century; the colonial authorities designated a "prostitute class" for the dancers.WEB,weblink Prostitution and Culture: The Case of the Dancing Girl · Prostitution and Colonialism: A Comparative Analysis of Algeria and North India · A la Recherche des Femmes Perdues, onprostitution.oberlincollegelibrary.org, 2019-01-07, )In the mid-nineteenth century, with the spread of western education and pressure from the increased number of Christian missionaries after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, dance was stigmatized and shunned by Europeans and Indians alike. Consequently, nautch girls abandoned by their patrons were often forced to take up prostitution for survival, and by the early 20th century the respectable art of the nautch had acquired a derogatory connotation.cf. the evidently scandalous character of a nautch-girl in dialogue in Act 1 of the play The Watched Pot by "Saki" and Charles Maude: The Novels and Plays of "Saki" (H H Munro), 1933, The Bodley Head, London, p.389.

See also

• Mujra
• Ghawazi
• Bacha bazi
• Devadasi
• Tawaif
• Dance bar
• Dance in India
• Indian classical dance
• List of Indian folk dances
• Naach, a 2004 dance film
• The Nautch Girl, a 1891 opera
• Prostitution in colonial India
• Prostitution in India
• Prostitution in Pakistan

Further reading

• (Nautch Girls of India: Dancers, Singers, Playmates) by Pran Nevile

{{Prostitution in India}}

References

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External links

• The Nautch Girl, memoirs by James Forbes

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