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{{Short description|American research institute in Houston}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Use American English|date=January 2024}}

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|address = 3600 Bay Area Blvd.weblink}}|footnotes = }}The Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) is a scientific research institute dedicated to study of the solar system, its formation, evolution, and current state. The Institute is part of the Universities Space Research AssociationWEB,weblink Universities Space Research Association | USRA, www.usra.edu, 24 November 2022, (USRA) and is supported by the Science Mission Directorate of the National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationWEB,weblink NASA, NASA, 24 November 2022, (NASA). Located at 3600 Bay Area Boulevard in Houston, Texas, the LPI is an intellectual leader in lunar and planetary science. The Institute serves as a scientific forum attracting world-class visiting scientists, postdoctoral fellows, students, and resident experts; supports and serves the research community through newsletters, meetings, and other activities; collects and disseminates planetary data while facilitating the community's access to NASA astromaterials samples and facilities; engages and excites the public about space science; and invests in the development of future generations of scientists. The LPI sponsors and organizes several workshops and conferences throughout the year, including the Lunar and Planetary Science ConferenceWEB,weblink LPSC 2024 - Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, LPSC 2024 - Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 24 November 2022, (LPSC) held in March in the Houston area.

History

In his March 1968 speech at the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) in Houston, Texas, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced the formation of the Lunar Science Institute (LSI).(File:LBJ announces Lunar Science Institute in 1968.jpg|thumb|left|Johnson at Manned Spacecraft Center in 1968)"We will welcome here all who are interested in the sciences of space. We will strengthen the cooperation between NASA and our universities. And we will set new patterns of scientific cooperation which will have profound effects on man's knowledge of his universe."-- President Lyndon B. Johnson, March 1, 1968Maloney, Jim (March 2, 1968). LBJ Visits MSC, Tells of Lunar Institute Aims. Houston Post, p. 1"The institute will provide a base for outside scientists, encouraging them to visit the Manned Spacecraft Center and use its laboratories, lunar photographs, and (ultimately) its rock samples. LSI is viewed as a major potential stimulus to lunar science at MSC and elsewhere."Carter, Luther J. (March 21, 1969). Lunar Science Institute: Link between NASA and Academe. Science, v. 163, pp. 1311-1313This announcement was the culmination of meetings and events involving NASA, the National Academy of Sciences, Universities Research Association (a university consortium founded to run what became Fermilab) and several major universities. Initially operated by the National Academy of Sciences, USRA, a newly-formed university consortium, took over the management of the Lunar Science Institute on December 11, 1969.Cummings, W. David (2009). A Documentary History of the Formation of USRA, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MDFile:Apollo 8 Image of the Moon (AS08-14-2506).jpg|thumb|Moon from Apollo 8Apollo 8William W. Rubey was appointed the first director of the Lunar Science Institute. Rubey led the institute through the transition to the new management operation under USRA. A program of visiting university-based scientists was established, the first symposium was organized, and the first lecture of the LSI seminar series was presented. The Lunar Science Institute was formally dedicated on January 4, 1970, at the former West Mansion on NASA Road 1 near the Manned Spacecraft Center.Thomas R. McGetchin was appointed director in 1977. Under his leadership, McGetchin expanded the focus of the Lunar Science Institute to include the study of the entire Solar System, and the name was changed to the Lunar and Planetary Institute.In 1991, under the leadership of David C. Black, the LPI moved into a new facility. This new building combined several USRA divisions and operations into one location. The building, dedicated in January 1992, provided more office, meeting, computer and library space and improved USRA-Houston operations.WEB,weblink LPI 50th Anniversary,

Science

General focus

Research topics of the LPI include the formation and evolution of the solar system, petrology and geochemistry of planetary materials and volatiles, planetary interiors, volcanism, tectonism, impact cratering, and planetary sample science. Research interests range from Mercury to Pluto and the icy moons of the solar system.(File:CassiniPhotographMimasSaturn.jpg|left|thumb|Saturn from the Cassini Orbiter)The LPI serves a scientific forum attracting world-class visiting scientists, postdoctoral fellows, students, and resident experts. Resident scientists provide planetary science expertise necessary for the LPI to achieve its goals and maintain their scientific proficiency through peer-reviewed activities. The research carried out at the LPI supports NASA's efforts to explore the solar system.The Center for Lunar Science and Exploration, a collaborative effort of the Lunar and Planetary Institute and the Johnson Space Center and an integral part of the Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI) (formerly the NASA Lunar Science InstituteWEB,weblink NASA Lunar Science Institute, Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute, 24 November 2022, ), was established in 2009. The Center is designed to develop a core, multi-institutional lunar science program, provide scientific and technical expertise to NASA, support the development of a lunar science community, and develop lunar science education and outreach programs.

Analysis groups

The LPI provides support for a number of NASA's community analysis groups, including:Extraterrestrial Materials Analysis Group (ExMAG) - responsible for the collection, curation, and analysis of extraterrestrial samplesLunar Exploration Analysis Group (LEAG) - responsible for analyzing scientific, technical, commercial, and operational issues associated with lunar exploration in response to requests by NASAMapping and Planetary Spatial Infrastructure Team (MAPSIT) - responsible for ensuring that planetary data are usable for any purpose, now and in the futureMars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) - responsible for providing science input for planning and prioritizing future Mars exploration activities for the next several decadesMercury Exploration Assessment Group (MExAG) - responsible for providing science input and analysis needed to plan and prioritize Mercury research and exploration activitiesOuter Planets Assessment Group (OPAG) - responsible for identifying the scientific priorities and pathways for exploration in the outer solar systemOcean Worlds Working Group (OWWG) - responsible for bridging planetary science and astrobiology and covering the rich diversity of targets that provide unique opportunities for mission and technology developmentSmall Bodies Assessment Group (SBAG) - responsible for identifying scientific priorities and opportunities for the exploration of asteroids, comets, interplanetary dust, small satellites, and trans-Neptunian objects and for providing scientific input on the utility of asteroids and comets in support of human space activitiesVenus Exploration Analysis Group (VEXAG) - responsible for identifying scientific priorities and strategy for the exploration of Venus

Summer intern programs

The LPI hosts a Summer Intern Program providing undergraduates an opportunity to participate in cutting-edge research in the planetary sciences. LPI Summer Interns work one-on-one with scientists at the LPI or at the Johnson Space Center to complete research projects of current interest. The Summer Intern Program allows participants to experience a real research environment, to learn from leading planetary scientists, and to preview careers in research.From 2008 through 2013, the LPI also hosted a Lunar Exploration Summer Intern Program designed to evaluate possible landing sites for robotic and human exploration missions. Interns worked with LPI scientific staff and other collaborators. The program was open to graduate students in geology, planetary science, and related fields, and undergraduates with at least 50 semester hours of credit. In 2015, a new Exploration Science Summer Intern Program was established, building on the success of the previous program, but with a broader scope that includes both the Moon and near-Earth asteroids.

Meetings

The LPI organizes and sponsors a number of planetary science workshops and conferences throughout the year in both domestic and international locations, including the annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC). This important five-day meeting held in the Houston area in March brings together international specialists in petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, geology, and astronomy to present scientific findings in planetary science. The LPSC dates back to the days of the Apollo program and the early meetings focusing on the study of the lunar samples. After over 50 years, this conference continues to thrive, drawing planetary scientists and researchers from around the world.

Publications

The LPI has collaborated on a number of publications in the prestigious Space Science Series of the University of Arizona Press, including Asteroids III ({{ISBN|0816522812}}), Comets II ({{ISBN|0816524505}}), Europa ({{ISBN|9780816528448}}), Meteorites and the Early Solar System II ({{ISBN|9780816525621}}), Origin of the Earth and Moon ({{ISBN|0816520739}}), Protostars and Planets V ({{ISBN|9780816526543}}), The Solar System Beyond Neptune ({{ISBN|9780816527557}}), Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets ({{ISBN|9780816530595}}), and The Pluto System After New Horizons ({{ISBN|9780816540945}}).WEB,weblink UAPress, UAPress, 24 November 2022, The LPI also publishes a large number of planetary science workshop and meeting documents every year. From March 1974 through July 2023, the LPI published the quarterly newsletter, the Lunar Science Information Bulletin, which later became the Lunar and Planetary Information Bulletin. Since June 2014, eighteen lunar and planetary science books, most published by LPI such as Traces of CatastropheBOOK, French, Bevan M., Bevan M. French, Traces of Catastrophe,weblink April 3, 2013, LPI Contribution No. 954, 1998, Lunar and Planetary Institute, 120, and Lunar Stratigraphy and Sedimentology, have been digitized and made available online.WEB,weblink Books, Lunar and Planetary Institute, January 13, 2014, 20 February 2014, live,weblink Jul 4, 2014,

Scientist engagement and public outreach

The LPI has a long tradition of space science education and public outreach through a number of programs and resources. This effort serves a wide variety of audiences, including informal educators, undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students, and the public in informal venues and on local, regional, and national levels.These programs and resources include the following:Professional Development - a series of seminars and workshops on topics like communication, networking, career exploration, and moreExplore - a program designed to bring space science into libraries and informal learning environmentsPlanetary Science News for Students - information and resources for students and early-career researchers in planetary sciencePlanetary ReaCH - a program that enhances the ability of the planetary science and astrobiology community, aka "Content Heroes," to engage Black and Latinx youth and their familiesVIRTEX - a program connecting Boys & Girls Clubs with researchers who study unique extreme environmentsCosmic Explorations: A Speakers Series - a series of free public lectures presented by international experts in space science (past lectures are made available online at the LPI website)

Library

The LPI library contains more than 63,000 cataloged books, documents, maps, films and videos, and print and electronic journals and newsletters. The subject emphasis of the collection is planetary science and geology, with limited collection development extending into the secondary support field of computer science remote sensing. There is an ongoing effort to scan and make available to the scientific community and the general public a number of out-of-print planetary science books, NASA documents and images, and related works. (These publications are copyright-free or made available with permission.)This collection was a NASA Regional Planetary Image FacilityWEB,weblink Regional Planetary Image Facility, Lunar and Planetary Institute, live,weblink Oct 19, 2023, (RPIF) and includes photographs, maps, and other data from planetary missions including Apollo, Lunar Orbiter, Clementine, Mars Pathfinder, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Magellan, Galileo, and Mars Global Surveyor.

Directors of the LPI

• William Walden Rubey (1968-1971)
• Joseph W. Chamberlain (1971-1973)
• David W. Strangway (1973)
• James W. Head (1973-1974)
• Robert O. Pepin (1974-1977)
• Thomas R. McGetchin (1977-1979)
• John R. Sevier (1979)
• Roger J. Phillips (1979-1982)
• Kevin C. Burke (1982-1988)
• David C. Black (1988-2002)
• Arch M. Reid (2002)
• Stephen J. Mackwell (2002–2016)
• Louise Prockter (2016–2020)
• Lisa Gaddis (2020–2023)
• Walter Kiefer (2023–present)

References

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