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Lontara script
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{{short description|Script traditionally used for the Bugis, Makassarese, and Mandar languages of Sulawesi in Indonesia}}{{For|the palm-leaf manuscripts|Lontara}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
factoids | |||||||||||
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name | Lontara
HistoryLontara is a descendant of the Kawi script, used in Maritime Southeast Asia around 800 CE. It is unclear whether the script is a direct descendant from Kawi, or derived from one of Kawi's other descendants. One theory states that it is modelled after the Rejang script, perhaps due to their graphical similarities. But this claim may be unfounded as some characters of the Lontara are a late development.{{sfn|Noorduyn|1993}}The term Lontara has also come to refer to literature regarding Bugis history and genealogy, an important subject in traditional South Sulawesi societies. Historically, Lontara was also used for a range of documents including contracts, trade laws, treaties, maps, and journals. These documents are commonly written in a contemporary-like book form, but they can be written in a traditional palm-leaf manuscript called lontar, in which a long, thin strip of dried lontar is rolled to a wooden axis in similar manner to a tape recorder. The text is then read by scrolling the lontar strip from left to right.{{sfn|Tol|1996}}Lontara in South Sulawesi appears to have first developed in Bugis area of the Cenrana-Walannae region at about 1400. Writing may have spread to other parts of the South Sulawesi from this region, but the possibility of independent developments cannot be dismissed. What is evident is that the earliest written records for which there is any evidence were genealogical.JOURNAL, The lands west of the lakes, A history of the Ajattappareng kingdoms of South Sulawesi 1200 to 1600 CE, 2009, KITLV Press Leiden, 63, Druce, Stephen C., When paper became available in South Sulawesi in the early 17th century, Lontara script, which previously had to be written straight, angled-corner and rigid on palm leaves, could now be written faster and more variedly using ink on paper. It is worth noting that R.A. Kern (1939:580-3) writes that modified curved letters in the Lontara script one finds written on paper do not appear to have been used in the palm-leaf Bugis manuscripts he examined.BOOK, The lands west of the lakes, A history of the Ajattappareng kingdoms of South Sulawesi 1200 to 1600 CE, 2009, KITLV Press Leiden, 57â63, Druce, Stephen C., Through the efforts of Dutch Linguist, B.F. Matthes, printing types of the Bugis characters, designed and cast in Rotterdam in the mid-19th century, were used from that time onwards for printing in both the South Celebes capital, Makassar, and Amsterdam. They were also used as models for teaching the script in schools, first in Makassar and environs, and then gradually in other areas of South Celebes. This process of standardization clearly influenced the later handwriting of the script. As a standard style of the script emerged, previously existing variations disappeared.{{sfn|Jukes|2019|pp=535}} By the end of the 19th century, the use of the Makasar (or Jangang-Jangang script) had been completely replaced by the Lontara Bugis script, which Makassarese writers sometimes referred to as "New Lontara". {{sfn|Jukes|2019|pp=49}}Although the Latin alphabet has largely replaced Lontara, it is still used to a limited extent in Bugis and Makasar. In Bugis, its usage is limited to ceremonial purposes such as wedding ceremonies. Lontara is also used extensively in printing traditional Buginese literature. In Makasar, Lontara is additionally used for personal documents such as letters and notes. Those who are skilled in writing the script are known as palontara, or 'writing specialists'.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}UsageTraditionally, Lontara is used to write several languages of south Sulawesi. Most Lontara materials are written in the Bugis language, followed by Makassarese and (by a rather wide margin) Mandar. The Toraja people who also reside in south Sulawesi do not use the script as their literary tradition is primarily oral based, without an indigenous written form.{{sfn|Tol|1996|p=213}} Due to Bugis-Makassar contact, modified Lontara are also used for several writing traditions outside of south Sulawesi, like the Bima, in eastern Sumbawa Island and Ende in Flores Island.{{sfn|Tol|1996|p=216}}{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" | ||||||||||
collapsed}}} align=center colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"| Usage of Lontara script | |||||||||||
File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Historische_gedichten_en_fragmenten_uit_La_Galigo_poëzie_in_het_Buginees_op_lontarblad_dat_op_twee_houten_klossen_gewikkeld_is_TMnr_668-215.jpg|Palmleaf manuscript of an I La Galigo episode, TropenmuseumFile:BugineseMatthes1870s.jpg|Paper manuscript of an I La Galigo episode, University of LeidenFile:Journal_from_South_Sulawesi.jpg|Daily register or lontara' bilangFile:Hikayat_Amir_Hamzah_in_Makassarese.jpg|Makassar version of Hikayat Amir HamzahFile:Kutika_manuscript_1.jpg|A Kutika manuscript discussing calendrical calculations |
Contemporary use
File:Aksara_Lontara-10_Papan_tanda_museum_Balla_Lompoa.jpg|right|240px|thumb|Signage with Lontara in Museum Balla Lompoa, GowaGowaIn contemporary context, the Lontara script has been part of the local curriculum in South Sulawesi since the 1980s, and may be found infrequently in public signage. However, anecdotal evidence suggest that current teaching methods as well as limited and monotonous reading materials has in fact been counter productive in raising the script's literacy among younger generation. South Sulawesi youth are generally aware of the script's existence and may recognize a few letters, but it is rare for someone to able to read and write Lontara in a substantial manner. Sufficient knowledge of such manner is often limited to older generations who may still use Lontara in private works.{{sfn|Jukes|2014|pp=16â17}}{{sfn|Macknight|2016|pp=66â68}} An example is Daeng Rahman from Boddia village, Galesong (approximately 15 km south of Makassar), who wrote various events in Galesong since 1990 in Lontara registers (similar to the chronicle genre of attoriolong/patturiolong). As of 2010, his notes spanned 12 volumes of books.{{sfn|Jukes|2014|p=12}} Old Lontara texts can sometimes be venerated as heirlooms, although modern owners who no longer able to read Lontara are prone to weave romanticized and exaggerated claims that do not reflect the actual content of the texts. For example, when researcher William Cummings conducted his study of Makassar writing tradition, a local contact told him of a Lontara heirloom in one family (whose members are all illiterate in Lontara) that no one had dared to open. After he was allowed to open the manuscript in order to check its content, it turned out to be a purchase receipt of a horse (presumably long dead by the time).BOOK, William, Cummings, 2002,weblink Making Blood White: historical transformations in early modern Makassar, University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 9780824825133,Ambiguity
Lontara script does not have a virama or other ways to write syllable codas in a consistent manner, even though codas occur regularly in Bugis and Makassar. For example, the final nasal sound /-Å/ and glottal /Ê/ which are common in Bugis language are entirely omitted when written in Lontara so that Bugis words like sara' (to rule), and sarang (nest) would all be written as sara (sadness) {{script|lont|á¨á¨}}. Another example in Makassar is baba {{script|lont|ᨠᨠ}} which can correspond to six possible words: baba, baba', ba'ba, ba'ba', bamba, and bambang.{{sfn|Jukes|2014|p=6}} Given that Lontara script is also traditionally written without word breaks, a typical text often has many ambiguous portions which can often only be disambiguated through context. This ambiguity is analogous to the use of Arabic letters without vowel markers; readers whose native language use Arabic characters intuitively understand which vowels are appropriate in a given sentence so that vowel markers are not needed in standard everyday texts. Even so, sometimes even context is not sufficient. In order to read a text fluently, readers may need substantial prior knowledge of the language and contents of the text in question. As an illustration, Cummings and Jukes provide the following example to illustrate how the Lontara script can produce different meanings depending on how the reader cuts and fills in the ambiguous part: {| class="wikitable"Variants
- Lota Ende: An extended variant of the Lontara script is Lota Ende, which is used by speakers of the Ende language in central Flores.
- Mbojo: In eastern Sumbawa, another variant of the Lontara script is found, which is called the Mbojo script and used for the Bima language.WEB, Miller, Christopher, 2011, Indonesian and Philippine Scripts and extensions,weblink Unicode Technical Note 35, unicode.org,
- Satera Jontal: In western Sumbawa, another variant is used, called the Sumbawa script or Satera Jontal, used for the Sumbawa language.JOURNAL, Pandey, Anshuman, Representing Sumbawa in Unicode, 2016,weblink
Form
Letters
Letters (Bugis: inaâ sureâ {{script|lont|á¨á¨á¨á¨á¨á¨á¨}}, Makassar: anrong lontaraâ {{script|lont|á¨á¨á¨á¨á¨á¨á¨}}) represents syllables with inherent vowel /a/. There are 23 letters, shown below:{| class="wikitable"Diacritics
Diacritics (Bugis: anaâ surÉâ {{script|Bugi|á¨á¨ á¨á¨á¨á¨}}, Makassar: anaâ lontaraâ {{script|Bugi|á¨á¨ á¨á¨á¨á¨}}) are used to change the inherent vowel of the letters. There are five diacritics, shown below:JOURNAL,weblink Michael, Everson, Revised final proposal for encoding the Lontara (Buginese) script in the UCS, Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2, N2633R, 10 May 2003, Unicode, {| class="wikitable"Novel coda diacritics
As mentioned previously, Lontara script traditionally does not have any device to indicate syllable codas, except ancaâ in some circumstances. The lack of coda indicator is one reason why standard Lontara texts are often very ambiguous and difficult to parse to those not already familiar with the text. Lontara variants used for Bima and Ende are known to developed viramas,JOURNAL, Christopher, Miller, Indonesian and Philippine Scripts and extensions not yet encoded or proposed for encoding in Unicode, UC Berkeley Script Encoding Initiative, 2011-03-11, 676490, but these innovations are not absorbed back into Bugis-Makassar writing practice where lack of coda diacritics in Lontara texts is the norm until the 21st century.Users from Bugis-Makassar regions only experimented with novel coda diacritics in the early 21st century, at a time when the use of Lontara has significantly declined. Some Bugis experts describe them as necessary additions to preserve the script's cultural relevance, in addition to practical benefits such as making texts less ambiguous and teaching Lontara easier. In 2003, Djirong Basang proposed three new diacritics: virama, glottal stop, and nasal coda (akin to anusvara). Anshuman Pandey recorded no less than three alternative viramas proposed in various publications up to 2016. However, there are disagreements on whether new diacritics should be added to the Lontara repertoire at all. Other Bugis experts such as Nurhayati Rahman view such proposals negatively, arguing that they are often too disruptive or promoted based on simplistic and misleading premises that the so called "defectiveness" of Lontara need to be "completed" by conforming to Latin orthographical norms. Such proposals shows more of an inferiority complex that would alienate actual cultural practice and heritage from contemporary users, rather than preserve them.BOOK,weblink Suara-suara dalam Lokalitas, La Galigo Press, 978-9799911551, 2012, Nurhayati, Rahman, 124, As of 2018, proposals of Lontara coda diacritics do not have official status or general consensus, with disparate sources prescribing different schemes.JOURNAL,weblink Anshuman, Pandey, Proposal to encode VIRAMA signs for Buginese, Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2, L2/16â075, 2016-04-28, Unicode, BOOK,weblink Abd. Aziz, Ahmad, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Negeri Makassar: Pengembangan tanda baca aksara Lontara, 40â53, 978-602-5554-71-1, 2018, {{sfn|Jukes|2014|pp=7â8}} The only thing agreed upon is that coda diacritics have never been attested in traditional Bugis-Makassar documents.{{sfn|Tol|1996|pp=216â217}}{| class="wikitable"Punctuation
Traditional Lontara texts are written without space (scriptio continua) and only use a limited number of punctuation: pallawa (or passimbang in Makassar) and end of section marker. Pallawa separates "rhythmico-intonational groups" similar to the role of period and comma in the Latin script. End of section marker is observed in some traditional texts and is attested in Bugis specimen sheets produced by the Imprimerie Nationale.JOURNAL,weblink Daniel, Kai, Introduction to the Bugis Script, Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2, L2/03â254, 2003-08-13, Unicode, {| class="wikitable"Cipher
(File:Buginese_cypher_script_cited_by_matthes.jpg|right|240px|thumb|Table of Lontara Bilang-bilang letters with standard Lontara equivalence as recorded by Matthes (1883)BOOK,weblink Eenige proeven van Boegineesche en Makassaarsche Poëzie, B F, Matthes, Martinus Nijhoff, 1883, )Lontara script has a traditional ciphered version called Lontara Bilang-bilang which is sometimes used specifically to write basa to bakkeâ {{script|Bugi|ᨠᨠá¨á¨ ᨠá¨á¨}}, a kind of word game, and élong maliung bettuanna {{script|Bugi|á¨á¨á¨á¨ á¨á¨á¨á¨á¨ ᨠá¨á¨á¨á¨á¨}}, riddles that utilizes basa to bakkeâ. In élong maliung bettuanna, audience are asked to figure the correct pronunciation of a seemingly meaningless poem. When given in the form of Lontara text, the riddle giver would read the text in one way and audience may guess alternative readings of the same text to reveal the poem's hidden message.Lontara Bilang-bilang is a substitution cipher in which the glyph of standard Lontara letters are substituted by stylized digits derived from the numeric value of corresponding Arabic alphabet. Diacritics are not changed and used as is. Similar system of cipher was also recorded in South Asian regions spanning modern Pakistan and Afghanistan, which may have inspired Lontara Bilang-bilang.JOURNAL,weblink Roger, Tol, Fish food on a tree branch; Hidden meanings in Bugis poetry, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 148, 1, 1992, Leiden, 82-102, 10.1163/22134379-90003169, 191975859, free,Sample texts
Boné Chronicles
Below is an extract in Buginese from the attoriolong (chronicles) of the Boné Kingdom, as written in the NBG 101 manuscript kept in the University of Leiden. This is an episode telling the descend of tomanurung, a legendary figure whose appearance marks the beginning of South Sulawesi historical kingdoms in traditional accounts.{{sfn|Macknight|Paeni|Hadrawi|2020|pp=33â34}} Romanization and translation adapted from Macknight, Paeni & Hadrawi (2020).{{sfn|Macknight|Paeni|Hadrawi|2020|pp=54, 77â78, 109â110}}{| class="wikitable"Unicode
Buginese was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2005 with the release of version 4.1.Block
The Unicode block for Lontara, called Buginese, is U+1A00–U+1A1F:{{Unicode chart Buginese}}Sorting order
- The Lontara block for Unicode use Matthes' order, in which prenasalized consonants are placed after corresponding nasal consonant, similar to how aspirated consonant would be placed following its unaspirated counterpart in standard Sanskrit. Matthes' order however, does not follow traditional Sanskrit sequence except for the first three of its consonants.
{{script|Bugi|ᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠá¨
ᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠᨠá¨}}
- Lontara consonants can also be sorted or grouped according to their base shapes:
Consonant ka {{script|Bugi|á¨}}
Consonant pa {{script|Bugi|á¨}} and based on it: ga {{script|Bugi|á¨}}, mpa {{script|Bugi|á¨}}, nra {{script|Bugi|á¨}}
Consonant ta {{script|Bugi|á¨}} and based on it: na {{script|Bugi|á¨}}, ngka {{script|Bugi|á¨}}, nga {{script|Bugi|á¨}}, ba {{script|Bugi|á¨
}}, ra {{script|Bugi|á¨}}, ca {{script|Bugi|á¨}}, ja {{script|Bugi|á¨}}, sa {{script|Bugi|á¨}}
Consonant ma {{script|Bugi|á¨}} and based on it: da {{script|Bugi|á¨}}
Consonant la {{script|Bugi|á¨}}
Consonant wa {{script|Bugi|á¨}} and based on it: ya {{script|Bugi|á¨}}, nya {{script|Bugi|á¨}}, nca {{script|Bugi|á¨}}, ha {{script|Bugi|á¨}}, a {{script|Bugi|á¨}}
Comparison with Old Makassar script
The Makassar language was once written in a distinct script, the Makassar script, before it was gradually replaced by Lontara due to Bugis influence and eventually Latin in modern Indonesia. Lontara and Old Makassar script are closely related with almost identical orthography despite the graphic dissimilarities. Comparison of both scripts can be seen below:{{sfn|Jukes|2014|pp=2|loc=Table 1}}{| class="wikitable"Gallery {| class"wikitable" style"margin:0 auto;" align"center" colspan"2" cellpadding"3" style"font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
See also
- Lontara Bilang-bilang script
- Lontara
- Makassar language
- Buginese language
- Mandar language
- Palm-leaf manuscript
Notes
{{notelist}}References
{{Reflist}}Bibliography
- BOOK, George L., Campbell, Compendium of the World's Languages, 267â273, Routledge, 1991,
- BOOK, Cummings, William P., 2007, A Chain of Kings: The Makassarese Chronicles of Gowa and Talloq,weblink KITLV Press, 978-9067182874,
- BOOK, Peter T., Daniels, Bright, William, The World's Writing Systems,weblink 474, 480, Oxford University Press, 1996,
- BOOK, Andrew, Dalby, Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages,weblink limited, 99â100, 384, Columbia University Press, 1998, 9780713678413,
- JOURNAL,weblink Michael, Everson, Revised final proposal for encoding the Lontara (Buginese) script in the UCS, Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2, N2633R, 10 May 2003, Unicode,
- BOOK, Jukes, Anthony,weblink A Grammar of Makasar: A Language of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 2019-12-02, Brill, 978-90-04-41266-8,
- JOURNAL,weblink Anthony, Jukes, Writing and Reading Makassarese, 2014, LingDy2 Project, Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, International Workshop of Endangered Scripts of Island Southeast Asia: Proceedings, EN,
- BOOK, Tol, Roger, A Separate Empire: Writings of South Sulawesi,weblink Illuminations: The Writing Traditions of Indonesia, Ann Kumar, John H. McGlynn, Lontar Foundation, 1996, 0834803496, Jakarta, EN,
- JOURNAL,weblink Roger, Tol, Bugis Kitab Literature. The Phase-Out of a Manuscript Tradition, Journal of Islamic Manuscripts, 6, 66â90, 2015, 10.1163/1878464X-00601005,
- JOURNAL,weblink Charles Campbell, Macknight, The Media of Bugis Literacy: A Coda to Pelras, International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 12, supp. 1, 53â71, 2016, 10.21315/ijaps2016.12.s1.4, EN, free,
- BOOK, Macknight, Charles Campbell, Paeni, Mukhlis, Hadrawi, Muhlis, 2020, The Bugis Chronicle of Bone,weblink Campbell Macknight, Mukhlis Paeni, Muhlis Hadrawi, Canberra, Australian National University Press, 10.22459/BCB.2020, 9781760463588, 218816844, EN, free,
- JOURNAL,weblink Variation in the Bugis/Makasarese script, 1993, KITLV, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies, 533â570, Jacobus, Noorduyn, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 149, 3, 10.1163/22134379-90003120, 162247962, EN, free,
- BOOK, Sirk, Ã, Shkarban, Lina Ivanovna, USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies, The Buginese Language, 24â26, 111â112, Nauka Publishing House, Central Department of Oriental Literature, 1983,
External links
{{commons category}}- Lontara and Makasar scripts
- Unicode Table
- Buginese script on www.ancientscripts.com
- Saweri {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209043113weblink |date=2009-02-09 }}, one font that supports only lontara script. (This font is Truetype-only, and will not properly reorder the prepended vowel /e/ to the left without the help of a compliant text-layout engine, still missing)
- Proposal to encode Bima characters
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "Lontara script" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
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- "Lontara script" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 8:38am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
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