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{{Short description|Overview of Malay loanword origin from other languages}}{{Distinguish|List of loanwords in Malayalam}}The
Malay language has many loanwords from
Sanskrit,
Persian,
Tamil,
Greek,
Latin,
Portuguese,
Dutch, certain
Chinese dialects such as
Hokkien and more recently,
Arabic (in particular many religious terms) and
English (in particular many scientific and technological terms). Modern Malay loanwords are now primarily from
English,
Arabic and
Javanese — English being the language of trade and technology while Arabic is the
language of religion (Islam in the case of this language's concentrated regions), although key words such as
surga/ syurga (heaven) and the word "religion" itself (
agama) reflect their Sanskrit-Hindu origins. Javanese elements on the other hand are incorporated from the
variant of Malay used in Indonesia through the consumption of media from said country.While based on Malay itself, Indonesian is traditionally more influenced by Javanese and Sundanese, as the
Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Indonesia, with Javanese having the largest number of native speakers. Dutch influence over Indonesian vocabulary also is significant, as the Malay language itself was favored and adopted due to its trading benefit during VOC era over the archipelago, leading to mass loanword and influence over the modern Indonesian language. It is known that at least one third of the Indonesian vocabulary grew under Dutch influence.There are some words in Malay which are spelled exactly the same as in its other language counterparts, e.g. in English – museum (Indonesian), hospital (Malaysian), format, lesbian, transit etc. In contrast, some Malay words have been loaned into other languages,
e.g. in English – rice
paddy ("Padi"),
orangutan,
rattan,
babirusa,
The Royal Natural History: Mammals, Richard Lydekker, F. Warne, 1894 cockatoo,
A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, first edition 1882. compound,
1670s, via Dutch (kampoeng) or Portuguese, from Malay kampong "village, group of buildings." gong,
tuak,
sago,
Oriental herald and journal of general literature, Volume 19, 1828, p394The new American Cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general…, Volume 14 edited by George Ripley, Charles Anderson Dana cootie,
Cootie amok,
durian,
agar,
rambutan,
keris,
Pantoum/
pantun,
The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 20, (1911), Hugh Chisholm "so long",
Word Origins, By Dhirendra Verm angrecum (anggrek/ anggrik),
cassowary,
Victoria Museum gingham,
caddie,
camphor (kapur),
Gutta-percha (getah perca),
launch,
parang,
sarong,
dammar,
gambir.The Malay language has also heavily influenced the forms of colloquial English spoken in Malaysia, also known as
Manglish.Some examples are as follows:{{Dynamic list}}{|class="wikitable sortable"
|
!Word!English translation!From language!Word
|
|sebab|reason|Arabic|السبب / alsabab
|
|syarikat|company|Arabic|شركة / sharika
|
|abjad |alphabet/alefbet | Arabic |أبجد / abjad
|
|abolisi |abolition|Latin |abolitia
|
|akta |act (law) |Latin (via English)|actus
|
| aktiviti|activity|English|activity |
|
|ad interim |temporarily |Latin|ad interim
|
|Ahad |Sunday|Arabic |الأØد / al-Aḥad
|
|ahli|community, expert|Arabic |أهل / ahl
|
|agama|religion |Sanskrit |आगम / Ägama
|
|akhbar|news|Arabic |أخبار / akhbÄr
|
|aksara|alphabetic letter, key |Sanskrit|अकà¥à¤·à¤° / aká¹£ara
|
| Indonesian language>Indonesian: "lemari")|cupboard |Portuguese|armário |
|
|almamater |revered name for one's university |Latin|alma mater: wise and nurturing mother
|
|amnesti |amnesty, state-granted pardon |Latin|amnestia
|
|anggur|grape |Persian|انگور / angūr
|
|angkasa|outer space, sky (literary) |Sanskrit |आकाश ÄkÄÅ›a "sky"
|
|anugerah|award, blessing|Sanskrit|anugraha अनà¥à¤—à¥à¤°à¤¹ "favour"
|
|apam |kind of cake or hopper|Tamil|appam அபà¯à®ªà®®à¯
|
|arnab|rabbit|Arabic|أرنب / ʻarnab
|
|askar|soldier |Persian|عسكرى / ʻaskarī / asker
|
|asmara|love, passion |Sanskrit |सà¥à¤®à¤° / smara "memory, sexual love"
|
|badam|almond|Persian|بادام / bÄdÄm
|
|bahasa|language |Sanskrit|à¤à¤¾à¤·à¤¾ / bhÄá¹£Ä, Tamil பாஷை / pÄcai
|
|bahaya|danger |Sanskrit |à¤à¤¯ / bhaya "risk, peril"
|
|baju|shirt|Persian|بازو / bâzu "arm"
|
|baki|remainder, leftover|Arabic|باقي / bÄqÄ«
|
|bakti|homage, devotion, service |Sanskrit|à¤à¤•à¥à¤¤à¤¿ / bhakti
|
|baldi|bucket|Portuguese|balde
|
|bandar|port/town|Persian|بندر / bandar
|
|bangku|stool/chairs|Portuguese|banco / bank
|
|bangsa|nation, race|Sanskrit|वंश / vaṃśa "lineage, race" - cf. "wangsa"
|
| bas|bus |English|bus, from Latin "omnibus" |
|
|basikal|bicycle|English|bicycle
|
|baru|new|Hokkien/Teochew|麻æ±
|
|bayu (lit.)|wind |Sanskrit|वायॠ/ vÄyu
|
|bendera|flag |Portuguese |bandeira
|
|bendi (in Indonesian, it means "gig", different with "bhendi" in Hindi)|okra/lady's finger|Hindi|à¤à¥‡à¤‚डी bhēṇá¸Ä«, Tamil veṇá¹i / வெணà¯à®Ÿà®¿
|
| beca|trishaw |Hokkien |馬車,马车 / bé-tshia "horse-cart" |
|
| beza|difference|Sanskrit|à¤à¥‡à¤¦ / bheda "cleft, partition, contrast, division" |
|
|biara|monastery |Sanskrit |विहार / vihÄra
|
|bidadari|fairy, angel |Sanskrit |विदà¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤§à¤°à¥€ / vidyÄdharÄ« "fay, sprite"
|
|bina|to build |Arabic|بناء / binÄʼ / bina 'construction'
|
|bihun|rice vermicelli |Hokkien |米粉 / bÃ-hún
|
|biola|violin |Portuguese|viola
|
| biskut|biscuit |English|biscuit |
|
|bohsia|sexually active girl|Hokkien|ç„¡è² bô siaâ¿ 'without voice'
|
|bomba|fire brigade |Portuguese |bomba, "pump", or bombeiro, "fireman", lit. "pumper"
|
|boneka|doll |Portuguese |boneca
|
|bola|ball |Portuguese|bola
|
|budi|reason, virtue |Sanskrit |बà¥à¤¦à¥à¤§à¤¿ / buddhi "intelligence, mind, reason""budi" at Wiktionary
|
|buku|book |Dutch |boek
|
|bumi|earth |Sanskrit |à¤à¥‚मि / bhÅ«mi "land"
|
|cadar|bed linen |Persian |چادر / chÄdar "cloak"
|
|cawan|cup |Mandarin |茶碗,茶碗 / cháwÇŽn '“tea bowlâ€
|
|cendana|sandalwood |Sanskrit|चनà¥à¤¦à¤¨ / candana
|
|cuai|careless, negligent|Mandarin |居癌 / jūái "home"+"cancer"
|
|cukup|enough |Mandarin |足够 / zúgòu
|
| dacing|scales |Mandarin |å°ç§¤ / táichèng |
|
|dakwah|sermon |Arabic |دعوة / daʻwah
|
|degil|headstrong, stubborn |Sinhala |ඩීගිල් / á¸Ä«gil
|
|delima|pomegranate, ruby |Sanskrit |दालिम / dÄlima or दाडिम / dÄá¸ima "pomegranate"
|
|demokrasi |democracy |Greek|δημοκÏατία / dÄ“mokratÃa
|
|dekan|dean |Portuguese |decano
|
|denda|fine, punishment |Sanskrit|दणà¥à¤¡ / daṇá¸a "rod"
|
|desa|countryside, village |Sanskrit|देश / deśa "country"
|
|dewan|hall |Persian|دیوان / dÄ«vÄn "administration"
|
|dewi|Goddess |Sanskrit|देवी / devī "goddess"
|
|dirgahayu|"long live" (Dirgahayu Tuanku! - Long live the King!) |Sanskrit |दिरà¥à¤˜à¤¾à¤¯à¥ / dirghÄyu "long-lived"
|
|deskriptif|descriptive|English|descriptive
|
|dobi|laundry|Hindi| Dhobi>caste of laundrymen who used to wash people's clothes in bygone days" |
|
|duka|sadness |Sanskrit |दà¥à¤ƒà¤– / duḥkha "sorrow, distress, suffering"
|
|dunia|world |Arabic|دنيا / dunyÄ / dünya
|
|durjana|evil, wicked, malicious |Sanskrit |दà¥à¤°à¥à¤œà¤¨ / durjana "bad man, villain"
|
| emel|email|English|email |
|
|erti (Indonesian variant "arti")|meaning |Sanskrit|अरà¥à¤¥ / artha "aim, purpose"
|
|falsafah|philosophy |Arabic|Arabic ÙلسÙØ© / falsafah, from Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία / philosophÃa
|
|fitnah|slander |Arabic |Ùتنة / fitnah "upheaval, scandal"
|
|forum |forum |Latin|forum
|
|
|
|gajah|elephant |Sanskrit |गज / gaja
|
|gandum|wheat |Persian|گندم / gandom
|
|ganja|cannabis, marijuana|Sanskrit|गञà¥à¤œà¤¾ / gañjÄ
|
| garaj|garage |English|garage |
|
|garpu|fork |Portuguese |garfo
|
|gereja|church |Portuguese |igreja
|
|grafik|graphic|English|graphic
|
|gratis (mainly in Indonesian usage)|for free |Dutch|gratis
|
|guru|teacher |Sanskrit |गà¥à¤°à¥ / guru "heavy, venerable"
|
|had|limit |Arabic |Øد / ḥadd
|
|halal|permitted |Arabic|Øلال / ḥalÄl
|
|haram|forbidden |Arabic|Øرام / ḥarÄm
|
|harta|asset, treasure|Sanskrit/Tamil|arttam/à®…à®°à¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®®à¯, Sanskrit अरà¥à¤¥ / artha - cf "erti"
|
|hartal|strike, civil disobedience|Gujarati| હડતાળ) / haá¸tÄḷ, હડતાલ / haá¸tÄl (pronunciation with r via Hindustani Ûڑتال) |
|
| hewan|animal |Arabic|Øيوان / ḥaywÄn |
|
|hasta|hasta (unit) |Sanskrit|हसà¥à¤¤ / hásta
|
|hina|lowly, inferior, mock |Sanskrit |हीन / hīna
|
|hisab|counting/arithmetic |Arabic|Øساب / ḥisÄb
|
| Indonesian language>Indonesian)|humanities |Latin|humaniora |
|
|huruf|word character/letter |Arabic|Øر٠/ ḥarf (plural Øرو٠ḥurÅ«f)
|
|ilmu|knowledge|Arabic |علم / ʻilm
|
|istana|palace |Sanskrit |आसà¥à¤¥à¤¾à¤¨ / ÄsthÄna "assembly, audience hall"
|
| jawap|to answer |Arabic |جواب / jawÄb / Cevap |
|
|jelata|the masses |Sanskrit |जनता / janatÄ "folk, community"
|
|jendela (mainly in Indonesian usage)|window |Portuguese |janela
|
|Jepun (Indonesian: "Jepang")|Japan |Hokkien|JiÌtpún 日本
|
|jiran|neighbour|Arabic|jiran جيران
|
| Jumaat|Friday|Arabic|الجمعة / al-Jumʿah |
|
| Khamis|Thursday |Arabic |الخميس / al-Khamīs |
|
|kaca|glass (material)|Sanskrit|काच / kÄca "glass, crystal, lens"
|
|kamus|dictionary |Arabic|قاموس / qÄmÅ«s / kamus
|
| Indonesian language>Indonesian)|song |Latin|cantata |
|
|kapal |boat |Tamil|kappal கபà¯à®ªà®²à¯
|
|kaunter (Indonesian: konter (alternative of loket))|counter, desk|English|counter
|
|kedai |foodstall, shop |Tamil|kaá¹ai கடை
|
|keju|cheese |Portuguese|queijo
|
|kelas|class |English|class
|
|kemeja|shirt |Portuguese|camisa
|
|kepala|head |Sanskrit |कपाल / kapÄla "skull"
|
|kerana (Indonesian: karena)|because|Sanskrit|कारण / kÄraṇa
|
|kuli|coolie / port worker |Hindustani|Ù‚Ùلى qulÄ« (itself derived from a Turkic language)
|
|karton |carton (classifier for packaging) |English|carton
|
|kartun|cartoon (animated movie) |English|cartoon
|
|kereta| Indonesian language>Indonesian: train) |Portuguese|carreta |
|
| kursi|chair, stool|Arabic|كرسي kursii |
|
| khemah|tent|Arabic via Persian|خیمة / khaymah |
|
|kuil|temple/shrine |Tamil|kÅyil கோயிலà¯
|
|kismis|raisin|Persian|کشمش / kishmish
|
|kolam |pool|Tamil|kuḷam கà¯à®³à®®à¯
|
|koma-koma|saffron |Sanskrit / Arabic |कà¥à¤™à¥à¤•à¥à¤® / kuá¹…kuma
|
|kompromi|compromise|The pronunciation (lack of the "s" phoneme) suggests that this was borrowed from French (perhaps via Dutch)|compromis
|
|komputer|computer |English |computer
|
|kurkuma|saffron, turmeric |Sanskrit / Arabic |कà¥à¤™à¥à¤•à¥à¤® kuá¹…kuma 'saffron', influenced by Arabic كركم kurkum 'turmeric'
|
|kongsi|share, divide |Hokkien|kong-si å…¬å¸
|
|korban|sacrifice |Arabic |قربان / qurbÄn
|
|kota|city |Tamil |கோடà¯à®Ÿà¯ˆ / kÅá¹á¹ai
|
|kredo |creed |Latin|credÅ
|
|kucai|chives |Hokkien |éŸèœ,éŸèœ / kú-tshà i
|
|kuda|horse |Tamil |கோடை kÅá¹ai < Sanskrit घोट ghoá¹a
|
| kuih | kek|cake |Hokkien |kué 粿 |
|
| kualiti | quality | Latin | kualitas, through Dutch: kualiteit |
|
|kurma|date |Persian|خرما / khormÄ
|
| lanca|rickshaw|Hokkien|人車,人车 / lâng-tshia "human drag cart" |
|
|lelong|auction|Portuguese|leilão (archaic)
|
|lemari (Malaysian: "almari")|cupboard|Portuguese|armário
|
|lirik|lyrics|English|lyrics
|
|limau|lemon, orange|Portuguese|limão
|
|lobak|carrot |Cantonese|èåœ,蘿蔔 / lo4 baak6
|
| longkang|drain, sewer |Hokkien|é¾æ±Ÿ,龙江 / liông-kang |
|
|lori|truck/lorry|English|lorry
|
|maaf|sorry |Arabic|معا٠/ muÊ»Äf 'pardoned'
|
|maha|great |Sanskrit|महा / mahÄ
|
|makmal|laboratory |Arabic|معمل / maʻmal
|
|mangga|mango |Tamil |mangkÄy மாஙà¯à®•à®¾à®¯à¯
|
|mani|sperm, semen |Arabic / Sanskrit |مني / manī, Sanskrit मणि / maṇi "bead, jewel, gem"
|
|manusia|human |Sanskrit |मनà¥à¤·à¥à¤¯ / manuá¹£yá
|
|masjid|mosque |Arabic |مسجد / masjid
|
|maya|illusion (religious), imaginary |Sanskrit|माया / mÄyÄ
|
|mentega|butter |Portuguese|manteiga
|
| mee | mie|noodles |Hokkien |麪 / mī |
|
|meja|table |Portuguese|mesa
|
|melati|jasmine (jasminum grandiflorum)|Sanskrit|मालती / mÄlatÄ«
|
|merana|suffering, wasting away |Sanskrit |मारण / mÄraṇa "death"
|
|merdeka|free, independent(Country) |Sanskrit |महरà¥à¤¦à¥à¤§à¤¿à¤• / mahÄrdhika
|
|merdu|melodious, tuneful |Sanskrit |मृदॠ/ mṛdu "soft"
|
|mesej|message |English |message
|
|minggu| Indonesian language>Indonesian) |Portuguese |domingo (domingo means Sunday, "dominus" meaning "Lord" in Latin and "die dominicu" meaning "day of the Lord") |
|
|miskin|poor |Arabic|مسكين / miskīn
|
|misi |mission |Latin (via English)|missiÅ
|
|mitos |myth |Greek|μÏθος / mýthos
|
|motosikal|motorcycle|English|motorcycle
|
|muhibah|goodwill |Arabic |muhibbah موهبه "loving"
|
|muflis|bankrupt |Arabic |Ù…Ùلس / muflis
|
| mulai|to start, to begin |Sanskrit |मूल / mūla "root, origin" |
|
|munafik|hypocrite |Arabic |مناÙÙ‚ / munÄfiq
|
|mungkin|maybe, perhaps, possibly|Arabic|ممكن / mumkin "possible"
|
|mustahil|impossible |Arabic |مستØيل / mustaḥīl 'impossible, absurd'
|
| muzium|museum|English Derived from Greek, the "um" suffix is Latin|museum, from Ancient Greek μουσεῖον / mouseîon and Latin suffix "-um" |
|
|nadi|pulse, artery|Sanskrit |नाडी / nÄá¸Ä«
|
|najis|excrement |Arabic |نجس / najis
|
|nama|name |Sanskrit|नामनॠ/ nÄman
|
|naratif|narrative|English|narrative
|
|negara|country |Sanskrit |नगर / nagara "town, city"
|
| nenas|pineapple |Portuguese (itself from the Tupi language)|ananás |
|
|neraka|hell |Sanskrit|नरक / naraka
|
|nihil |nil, nothing, zero |Latin|nihil
|
|nisbah|ratio|Arabic|Ù†Ùسْبَة / nisba
|
|nota bene |actually, after look carefully, also |Latin|nota bene: note well, examine closely
|
|nujum (in the compound ahli nujum)|astrologer |Arabic |نجوم nujūm 'stars'
|
|nila|indigo dye |Sanskrit |नील / nīla "dark blue"
|
|nilam|sapphire |Sanskrit|नीलं / nīlam "blue"
|
|nobat|royal ensemble music |Arabic |نَوبة nawbah 'turn; changing of guards; bugle call; troupe of musicians'
|
| Nusantara (archipelago)>Nusantara|archipelago (esp. the Malay Archipelago) |Javanese / Sanskrit|Nusantara |
|
|oknum |authority figure (police, soldier, prosecutor, judge) that perform unlawful or corrupted deed |Arabic| Syriac language>Syriac Ü©Ü¢Ü˜Ü¡Ü qnoma 'person' |
|
|paderi|priest (Christian) |Portuguese |padre
|
|pahala|divine reward|Sanskrit|फल / phala "fruit"
|
|pahlawan|hero/warrior |Persian|پهلوان / pahlavÄn
|
|pancaragam|musical band|Sanskrit|pañca पञà¥à¤š "five" + rÄga राग "melody/tune/musical note"
|
| parasut|parachute|English|parachute |
|
| pao|steamed bun |Chinese | pão (bread), but this is incorrect;{{CN>date=October 2022}} a form of the word "bÄo" was already present in Middle Chinese to refer to steamed dumplings. |
|
|perkasa|mighty |Sanskrit |पà¥à¤°à¤•à¤¾à¤¶ / prakÄÅ›a "enlightened"
|
|permaisuri|supreme lady, queen|Sanskrit|परम parama 'supreme' + ईशà¥à¤µà¤°à¥€ Ä«Å›varÄ« 'female ruler', via Tamil பரமேஸà¯à®µà®°à®¿ paramÄ“svari
|
|perpustakaan|library |Sanskrit|base word pustaka / पà¥à¤¸à¥à¤¤à¤• "book, manuscript"
|
|pesta|party |Portuguese|festa
|
|pasar|market, bazaar |Persian |بازار / bÄzÄr / pazar
|
|peta|map |Tamil |paá¹am படம௠'cloth; picture'
|
|perdana menteri|prime minister |Sanskrit |pradhÄnamantri पà¥à¤°à¤§à¤¾à¤¨à¤®à¤¨à¥à¤¤à¥à¤°à¤¿à¤¨à¥
|
|pertama|first|Sanskrit|पà¥à¤°à¤¥à¤® / prathama
|
|pertiwi|native soil, motherland |Sanskrit |पृथिवी / pá¹›thivÄ« or पृथà¥à¤µà¥€ / pá¹›thvÄ« "mother goddess of the earth"
|
|piala|cup (in the sense of a trophy) |Persian |پیاله / piyÄlah
|
|pita|tape, knot |Portuguese |fita
|
|puasa|fasting |Sanskrit |उपवास / upavÄsa
|
|puja|idolize, worship |Sanskrit|पूजा / pÅ«jÄ
|
|punya|(possessive verb) |Sanskrit |पà¥à¤£à¥à¤¯ / puṇya "merit, deserving"
|
|pura|Hindu temple, city |Sanskrit|पà¥à¤° / pura "city, walled enclosure"
|
|purnama|(of the moon) full |Sanskrit|पूरà¥à¤£à¤®à¤¾ / pÅ«rṇamÄ - cf. "sempurṇa"
|
| putera|prince, male child |Sanskrit |पà¥à¤¤à¥à¤° / putra |
|
|purba|ancient |Sanskrit |पूरà¥à¤µ / purva
|
| rahsia|secret |Sanskrit|रहसà¥à¤¯ / rahasya "private, mystery" |
|
|raja|king |Sanskrit |राजनॠ/ rÄÌjan
|
|Rabu|Wednesday|Arabic|الأربعاء / al-ArbaÊ»Äʼ
|
|raksasa|monster |Sanskrit |राकà¥à¤·à¤¸ / rÄká¹£asa "demon, demoniacal"
|
|rasa|taste, feeling |Sanskrit|रस / rasa
|
|ratna|jewel, gemstone |Sanskrit|रतà¥à¤¨ / ratna
|
|renda|lace |Portuguese|renda
|
|risiko|risk|Dutch|risico
|
|roda|wheel |Portuguese|roda
|
|ronda|verb, to patrol |Portuguese |verb rondar or noun ronda
|
|rokok|cigarette |Dutch |roken "to smoke"
|
|roti|bread |Sanskrit/Hindi |रोटी roá¹Ä« 'bread'
|
|rupa|shape, form, appearance |Sanskrit |रूप / rūpa
|
|sabda|quote, say |Sanskrit |शबà¥à¤¦ / Å›abda "sound, word"
|
|Sabtu|Saturday|Arabic|السبت / al-Sabt
|
|sabun|soap |Arabic to Portuguese|Portuguese sabão < صابون á¹£ÄbÅ«n < Late Latin sapo < Proto-Germanic saipon
|
| Indonesian language>Indonesian: "saja")|only, casual, relaxed (e.g. duduk bersahaja "seated casually"), (something) alone|Sanskrit|सहज / sahaja "simple, natural, sudden" |
|
|sains|science|English|science
|
|sama|same |Sanskrit|सम / sama
|
|samseng|gangster |Hokkien|三牲 / sam-sing
|
|sakti|miraculous power, powerful |Sanskrit|शकà¥à¤¤à¤¿ / Å›akti "strength, ability"
|
| salji|snow |Arabic|ثلج thalj |
|
|sekolah|school |Portuguese|escola
|
|seks|sex |English|sex, from Latin
|
|selamat|safe, well-being |Arabic |سلامات salÄmÄt, used for greeting phrases as 'selamat pagi', etc.
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|Selasa|Tuesday|Arabic|الثلاثاء / al-ThulÄthÄʼ
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|sempurna|perfect, complete |Sanskrit |संपूरà¥à¤£ / sampÅ«rṇa "complete, whole" - cf. "purnama"
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|sengsara|Suffering |Sanskrit |संसार / saṃsÄra "wandering through"
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|Senin (Malaysian: "Isnin")|Monday|Arabic|الإثنين / al-Ithnayn
