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{{Short description|Irish republican (1892–1923)}}{{Use Hiberno-English|date=May 2022}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}

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| birth_place = Baurnagurrahy, Anglesboro, County Limerick, Ireland19231011df=yes}}| death_place = Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland| office = Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army| term_start1 = 26 March 1922| term_end1 = 10 April 1923| successor1 = Frank AikenIrish Republic}}| branch = Irish Republican Army| serviceyears = 1917–1923| rank = General| unit = Officer Commanding, 2nd Cork Brigade, Irish Republican Army, 1919 – April 1921Commander, First Southern Division, Irish Republican Army, April 1921 – March 1922List of IRA Chiefs of Staff>Chief of Staff, Irish Republican Army, March 1922 – April 1923| battles = Irish War of IndependenceIrish Civil War{{KIA}}}}William Fanaghan LynchBOOK, O’Donoghue, Florence,books.google.com/books?id=EHKnzgEACAAJ&q=%22no+other+law%22+Liam+lynch, No Other Law: the Story of Liam Lynch and the Irish Republican Army, 1916–1923, Irish Press, 1954, 978-1-01-459051-0, 1, 22 December 2022, (; 20 November 1892 – 10 April 1923) was an Irish Republican Army officer during the Irish War of Independence of 1919–1921. During much of the Irish Civil War, he was chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army. On 10 April 1923, Lynch was killed whilst trying to escape an encirclement by Free State troops in south Tipperary.

Early life

Lynch was born in the townland of Baurnagurrahy, Anglesboro, County Limerick, near Mitchelstown, County Cork, on 20 November 1892.WEB,civilrecords.irishgenealogy.ie/churchrecords/images/birth_returns/births_1892/02323/1870067.pdf, General Registrar’s Office, IrishGenealogy.ie, 27 November 2020, His father was Jeremiah Lynch and his mother was Mary Lynch (née Kelly), both of whom are buried in Brigown graveyard, Mitchelstown. During his first twelve years of schooling he attended Anglesboro National School.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} Lynch was living with his parents in Baurnagurrahy for the 1901 and 1911 censuses.WEB, National Archives: Census of Ireland 1901,www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1901/Limerick/Anglesborough/Baurnagurrahy/1505674/, 2020-11-27, www.census.nationalarchives.ie, WEB, National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911,www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Limerick/Anglesborough/Baurnagurrahy/634382/, 2020-11-27, www.census.nationalarchives.ie, In 1909, at the age of 17, he started an apprenticeship in O’Neill’s hardware shop in Mitchelstown, where he joined the Gaelic League and the Ancient Order of Hibernians. Later he worked at J. Barry & Sons, Hardware Merchants Fermoy. In the aftermath of the 1916 Easter Rising, he witnessed David and Thomas Kent of Bawnard House being taken through Fermoy after their arrest by the Royal Irish Constabulary. After this, he determined to dedicate his life to Irish republicanism.National Graves Association, “Liam Lynch- Life” In 1917 he was elected First Lieutenant of the Irish Volunteer Company, based in Fermoy.WEB,www.rsfcork.com/liamlynch.htm, Liam Lynch - Republican Sinn Féin Cork City and County, 2012-12-10, dead,www.rsfcork.com/liamlynch.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20130414012026www.rsfcork.com/liamlynch.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20130414012026www.rsfcork.com/liamlynch.htm, 14 April 2013, dmy-all,

War of Independence

{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2021}}In Cork, Lynch reorganised the Irish Volunteers—the paramilitary organisation that became the Irish Republican Army (IRA)—in 1919, becoming commandant of the Cork No. 2 Brigade of the IRA during the guerrilla Anglo-Irish War. He helped capture a senior British officer, General Cuthbert Lucas, in June 1920, shooting a Colonel Danford in the incident. Lucas later escaped while being held by IRA men in County Clare. Lynch was captured, together with the other officers of the Cork No. 2 Brigade, in a British raid on Cork City Hall in August 1920.Terence McSwiney, Lord Mayor of Cork, was among those captured; he later died on hunger strike in protest at his detention. Lynch, however, gave a false name and was released three days later. He then began to organise a flying column within his IRA brigade to launch attacks on British targets.WEB,www.dib.ie/biography/lynch-william-fanaghan-liam-a4949, Lynch, William Fanaghan (Liam) | Dictionary of Irish Biography, Having “made himself a leader out of force of his own convictions ... possessed by a sense of mission and by revolutionary ardour”,Peter Hart, IRA and its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork, 1916-1923 (Oxford, 1998), p. 205 Lynch believed independence could only be “hewed” by the British.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}In September 1920, Lynch, along with Ernie O’Malley, commanded a force that took the British Army barracks at Mallow. The arms in the barracks were seized and the building partially burnt. Before the end of 1920, Lynch’s brigade had successfully ambushed British troops on two other occasions. Lynch’s guerrilla campaign continued into early 1921, with some successes such as the ambush and killing of 13 British soldiers near Millstreet.In March–April 1921, the IRA was reorganised into divisions based on regions. Lynch’s reputation was such that he was made commander of the 1st Southern Division. Ernie O’Malley brought that news from GHQ on 21 April.Harry F. Martin with Cormac K. H. O’Malley (2021). Ernie O’Malley: A Life (Newbridge, IAP), p. 58 From April 1921 until the Truce that ended the war in July 1921, Lynch’s command was put under increasing pressure by the deployment of more British troops into the area and the British use of small mobile units to counter IRA guerrilla tactics. Lynch was no longer in command of the Cork No. 2 Brigade, for he had to travel in secret to each of the nine IRA Brigades in Munster. By the time of the Truce, the IRA under Liam Lynch was increasingly hard-pressed and short of arms and ammunition. He, therefore, welcomed the Truce as a respite but expected the war to continue after it ended.

Treaty and truce period

(File:Anti-Treaty IRA Convention at the Mansion House, Dublin, on April 9th 1922.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Lynch with some of his divisional staff and officers of the brigades, including the 1st Southern Division, who attended as delegates to the Anti-Treaty Army Convention at the Mansion House, Dublin, on 9 April 1922.)The War of Independence ended formally with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty between the Irish negotiating team and the British government in December 1921. Lynch was opposed to the Treaty, on the grounds that it disestablished the Irish Republic proclaimed in 1916 in favour of Dominion status for Ireland within the British Empire.Lynch, however, did not want a split in the republican movement and hoped to reach a compromise with those who supported the Treaty (“Free Staters“) by the publication of a republican constitution for the new Irish Free State. But the British would not accept this, as the Treaty had only just been signed and ratified, leading to a deeper split in IRA ranks. Lynch did his best to reunite a divided IRA and continued to hold discussions with the opposing side for a number of months.Irish Times, 5 May 1922 Both he and Michael Collins were on the IRB Supreme Council and neither wanted to see a civil war.Lorcan Collins, Ireland’s War of Independence 1919-1921 (The O’Brien Press, Dublin, 2019), p. 250 ISBN 978-1-84717-950-0Lynch, who commanded by far the largest area of any divisional commander, was elected temporary chief of staff by the Republican Military Council in March. His appointment as chief of staff of the anti-treaty forces was confirmed on 9 April by the Executive appointed at the army convention of 26 March.Ernie O’Malley, The Singing Flame (1978), pp. 64–65He did not participate in the seizure of the Four Courts in Dublin by a group of hardline republicans in April 1922. However, at the Third Army Convention on 18 June, following the defeat of a proposal he opposed — to restart hostilities with the British — a diehard faction broke away from his leadership and set up a new GHQ at the Four Courts.O’Malley, The Singing Flame, pp. 68–83 Lynch remained recognised as IRA chief of staff by a majority of republicans.Liam Deasy (1998). Brother against Brother (Cork, Mercier Press), p. 45This rift had been healed by the time the Four Courts garrison was attacked by the newly formed National Army on 28 June, which marked the beginning of the Irish Civil War. On 27 June, Lynch and Liam Deasy had met with McKelvey and Mellows in the Four Courts. The result was a reunification of the two IRA groupings with Lynch as chief of staff.Deasy, pp. 45‐46Frank O’Connor (1937). The Big Fellow (Edinburgh, Thomas Nelson and Sons), p. 177{{efn|The date of 27 June given by Deasy and O’Connor is slightly at variance with the 29 June recorded by O’Malley (Ernie O’Malley et al. (2007), “No Surrender Here!” The Civil War Papers of Ernie O’Malley 1922–1924 (Dublin, Lilliput Press), p. 32). However, as Deasy’s account refers to the Four Courts bombardment starting the next morning (28 June), it may be more reliable}}

Civil War

On 28 June, Free State forces arrested his party, including Deasy, but Free State general Eoin O’Duffy allowed them to leave the city. Later it was stopped by a Free State patrol in County Kilkenny and spent some time with enemy officers. A Free State publication stated that Lynch had been released on the understanding that he disavowed the approach of the ‘Irregulars’.‘The Honour of the Irregulars. Release of Mr Liam Lynch.’ An Saorstát THE FREE STATE, no. 2, vol. 1, 8 July 1922 O’Duffy was adamant that Lynch had assured him that he would not take up arms against the government.Calton Younger, Ireland’s Civil War (1970), p. 337 For his part, Lynch issued a vehement denial of any such undertaking having been given,Cork Examiner, 12 July 1922 in which regard he was supported by Florrie O’Donoghue and Deasy.Florence O’Donoghue, No Other Law: The Story of Liam Lynch and the Irish Republican Army, 1916-1923 (1954), p. 259Deasy, pp. 48–51, 73Lynch now began organising resistance elsewhere. On 1 July 1922 IRA forces occupied portions of Limerick city. At this time Lynch also sent a note to the leader of the Free State forces to discuss the possibility of a truce.Kathleen Thorne, Echoes of Their Footsteps, The Irish Civil War 1922-1924 (Generation Organization, Newberg, OR, 2014), p. 8, ISBN 978-0-692-245-13-2Lynch wished to establish a “Munster Republic”, which he believed would frustrate the creation of the Free State. This “Munster Republic” would be defended by the “Waterford-Limerick Line”. From south-east to north-west, this consisted of the city of Waterford, the towns of Carrick-on-Suir, Clonmel, Fethard, Cashel, Golden, and Tipperary, and ended at the city of Limerick, where Lynch established his headquarters. He led Limerick’s defence, but it fell to Free State troops on 20 July 1922.Thorne, p. 21.He retreated further south and set up his new headquarters at Fermoy. The “Munster Republic” collapsed in August, when Free State troops landed by sea in Cork and Kerry. Cork City was taken on 8 August and Lynch abandoned Fermoy the next day. The Anti-Treaty forces then dispersed and pursued guerrilla tactics. His counterpart Michael Collins was killed in an ambush at Béal na mBláth, Cork on 22 August, a week after the death of Arthur Griffith.Lynch contributed to the growing bitterness of the war by issuing what were known as the “orders of frightfulness” against the Provisional Government on 30 November 1922. This general order sanctioned the killing of Free State TDs (members of parliament) and senators, as well as certain judges and newspaper editors, in reprisal for the Free State’s killing of captured republicans. The first republican prisoners to be put to death were four captured IRA men on 14 November 1922, followed by the execution of republican leader Erskine Childers on 17 November.These orders were acted upon by IRA men, who killed TD Seán Hales and wounded another TD outside the Dáil on 7 December 1922. In response, the Free State shot four republican leaders, Rory O’Connor, Liam Mellows, Dick Barrett and Joe McKelvey the next day. This led to a cycle of atrocities on both sides, including the Free State official execution of 77 republican prisoners and “unofficial” killing of roughly 150 other captured republicans. Lynch’s men, for their part, launched a concerted campaign against the homes of Free State members of parliament.Among the acts they carried out were the burning of the house of TD Seán McGarry, resulting in the death of his seven-year-old son, the murder of Free State minister Kevin O’Higgins’ elderly father and the burning of the O’Higgins’ family homestead at Stradbally in early 1923. Lynch wrote to Éamon de Valera that “Free State supporters are traitors and deserve the latter’s stark fate”.Liam Lynch is killed, theirishstory.com, 11 April 2017.Lynch was heavily criticised by some republicans, notably O’Malley, for his failure to coordinate their war effort and for letting the conflict peter out into inconclusive and defensive guerrilla warfare.O’Malley, The Singing Flame, p. 171 Other IRA volunteers felt that while Lynch was a decent man, he had failed to organise and lead the anti-treaty forces properly and did not possess the mind-set of a revolutionary to strike early for a swift victory.Uinseann Mac Eoin, Survivors (1980), pp. 24, 98–99Lynch was scathing of the Dáil and the old IRA GHQ for having abandoned the people in the North, “particularly in Belfast”.Jim McDermott, Northern Divisions: The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms, 1920-22 (BTP Publications, Belfast, 2001), p. 264. ISBN 1-900960-11-7In March 1923, the Anti-Treaty IRA Army Executive met in a remote location in the Nire Valley. Several members of the executive proposed ending the civil war; however, Lynch opposed them and narrowly carried a 6–5 vote to continue the war. He had been trying to import mountain artillery from Germany in a vain attempt to turn the tide of the war.