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{{Short description|Extinct ancient language of Lemnos, modern Greece}}

factoids

The Lemnian language was spoken on the island of Lemnos, Greece, in the second half of the 6th century BC.{{sfn|Wallace|2018}} It is mainly attested by an inscription found on a funerary stele, termed the Lemnos stele, discovered in 1885 near Kaminia. Fragments of inscriptions on local pottery show that it was spoken there by a community.{{Sfn|Bonfante|1990|p=90}} In 2009, a newly discovered inscription was reported from the site of Hephaistia, the principal ancient city of Lemnos.{{Sfn|de Simone|2009|p=}} Lemnian is largely accepted as being a Tyrsenian language, and as such related to Etruscan and Raetic.{{Sfn|Rix|1998}}{{Sfn|Schumacher|1998}}{{sfn|Wallace|2018}} After the Athenians conquered the island in the latter half of the 6th century BC, Lemnian was replaced by Attic Greek.

Writing system

The Lemnian inscriptions are in Western Greek alphabet, also called "red alphabet". The red type is found in most parts of central and northern mainland Greece (Thessaly, Boeotia and most of the Peloponnese), as well as the island of Euboea, and in colonies associated with these places, including most colonies in Italy.BOOK, Roger D., Woodard, Phoinikeia grammata: an alphabet for the Greek language, A companion to the ancient Greek language,weblink limited, Egbert J., Bakker, Oxford, 26-46, Blackwell, 2010, 9781405153263, The alphabet used for Lemnian inscriptions is similar to an archaic variant used to write the Etruscan language in southern Etruria.BOOK, Marchesini, Simona, 2009, Le lingue frammentarie dell'Italia antica, 1st, it, Hoepli, Milan, 105–106,

Classification

(File:Common Tyrrhenic model.svg|thumb|Tyrrhenian language family tree as proposed by de Simone and Marchesini (2013)Carlo de Simone, Simona Marchesini (Eds), La lamina di Demlfeld [= Mediterranea. Quaderni annuali dell'Istituto di Studi sulle Civiltà italiche e del Mediterraneo antico del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Supplemento 8], Pisa – Roma: 2013.)A relationship between Lemnian, Raetic and Etruscan, as a Tyrsenian language family, has been proposed by German linguist Helmut Rix due to close connections in vocabulary and grammar.{{Sfn|Rix|1998}} For example,

• Both Etruscan and Lemnian share two unique dative cases, type-I -si and type-II -ale, shown both on the Lemnos Stele (, 'for Hulaie', , 'for the Phocaean') and in inscriptions written in Etruscan (, 'to Aule', on the Cippus Perusinus; as well as the inscription , meaning 'I was blessed for Laris Velchaina');{{sfn|Wallace|2018}}
• A few lexical correspondences have been noted, such as Lemnian ('year') and Etruscan (genitive case); or Lemnian ('sixty') and Etruscan (genitive case), both sharing the same internal structure "number + decade suffix + inflectional ending" (Lemnian: Å¡i + alχvi + -s, Etruscan: Å¡e + alχl + s);{{sfn|Wallace|2018}}
• They also share the genitive in -s and a simple past tense in -a-i (Etruscan -{{angbr|e}} as in 'was' (

< *amai); Lemnian -{{angbr|ai}} as in , meaning 'lived').{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}Rix's Tyrsenian family is supported by a number of linguists such as Stefan Schumacher,Schumacher, Stefan (1999) Die Raetischen Inschriften: Gegenwärtiger Forschungsstand, spezifische Probleme und Zukunfstaussichten in I Reti / Die Räter, Atti del simposio 23-25 settembre 1993, Castello di Stenico, Trento, Archeologia delle Alpi, a cura di G. Ciurletti - F. Marzatico Archaoalp pp. 334-369 (German)Schumacher, Stefan (2004) Die Raetischen Inschriften. Geschichte und heutiger Stand der Forschung Archaeolingua. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft. (German) Carlo De Simone,de Simone Carlo (2009) La nuova iscrizione tirsenica di Efestia in Aglaia Archontidou, Carlo de Simone, Emanuele Greco (Eds.), Gli scavi di Efestia e la nuova iscrizione ‘tirsenica’, TRIPODES 11, 2009, pp. 3-58. Vol. 11 pp. 3-58 (Italian) Norbert Oettinger,Oettinger, Norbert (2010) "Seevölker und Etrusker", in Yoram Cohen, Amir Gilan, and Jared L. Miller (eds.) Pax Hethitica Studies on the Hittites and their Neighbours in Honour of Itamar Singer (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 233–246 Simona Marchesini, or Rex E. Wallace.{{sfn|Wallace|2018}} Common features between Etruscan, Raetic, and Lemnian have been observed in morphology, phonology, and syntax. On the other hand, few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to the scanty number of Raetic and Lemnian texts and possibly to the early date at which the languages split.WEB, Simona Marchesini (translation by Melanie Rockenhaus), 2013, Raetic (languages),weblink 26 July 2018, Mnamon - Ancient Writing Systems in the Mediterranean, Scuola Normale Superiore, WEB, Kluge Sindy, Salomon Corinna, Schumacher Stefan, 2013–2018, Raetica,weblink 26 July 2018, Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum, Department of Linguistics, University of Vienna, The Tyrsenian family (or Common Tyrrhenic) is often considered to be Paleo-European and to predate the arrival of Indo-European languages in southern Europe.Mellaart, James (1975), "The Neolithic of the Near East" (Thames and Hudson)According to Dutch historian Luuk De Ligt, the Lemnian language could have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula.WEB, De Ligt, Luuk, An Eteocretan' inscription from Praisos and the homeland of the Sea Peoples,weblink talanta.nl, ALANTA XL-XLI (2008-2009), 151-172, Scholars such as Norbert Oettinger, Michel Gras and Carlo De Simone think that Lemnian is the testimony of an Etruscan commercial settlement on the island that took place before 700 BC, not related to the Sea Peoples.BOOK, Wallace, Rex E., Rex E. Wallace, 2010, Italy, Languages of, Gagarin, Michael, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, English, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 97–102, 10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001, 9780195170726, Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near Kaminia on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins., Carlo de Simone, La nuova Iscrizione ‘Tirsenica’ di Lemnos (Efestia, teatro): considerazioni generali, in Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies, pp. 1–34.Robert Drews, The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe of ca. 1200 B.C, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 59, {{ISBN|978-0-691-04811-6}}.After more than 90 years of archaeological excavations at Lemnos, nothing has been found that would support a migration from Lemnos to Etruria or to the Alps where Raetic was spoken. The indigenous inhabitants of Lemnos, also called in ancient times Sinteis, were the Sintians, a Thracian population.BOOK, Ficuciello, Lucia, Lemnos. Cultura, storia, archeologia, topografia di un'isola del nord-Egeo, Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, 2013, 978-960-9559-03-4, Monografie della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente 20, 1/1, Athens, 68–116, Italian, A 2021 archeogenetic analysis of Etruscan individuals concluded that the Etruscans were autochthonous and genetically similar to the Early Iron Age Latins, and that the Etruscan language, and therefore the other languages of the Tyrrhenian family, may be a surviving language of the ones that were widespread in Europe from at least the Neolithic period before the arrival of the Indo-European languages,JOURNAL, Posth, Cosimo, Zaro, Valentina, Spyrou, Maria A., 24 September 2021, The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect, Science Advances, English, Washington DC, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 7, 39, eabi7673, 10.1126/sciadv.abi7673, 8462907, 34559560, 2021SciA....7.7673P, as already argued by German geneticist Johannes Krause who concluded that it is likely that the Etruscan language (as well as Basque, Paleo-Sardinian and Minoan) "developed on the continent in the course of the Neolithic Revolution".BOOK, Krause, Johannes, Johannes Krause, Trappe, Thomas, Waight, Caroline, 2021, 2019, A Short History of Humanity: A New History of Old Europe, Die Reise unserer Gene: Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren, English, I, New York, Random House, 217, 9780593229422, It’s likely that Basque, Paleo-Sardinian, Minoan, and Etruscan developed on the continent in the course of the Neolithic Revolution. Sadly, the true diversity of the languages that once existed in Europe will never be known., The lack of recent Anatolian-related admixture and Iranian-related ancestry among the Etruscans, who genetically joined firmly to the European cluster, might also suggest that the presence of a handful of inscriptions found at Lemnos, in a language related to Etruscan and Raetic, "could represent population movements departing from the Italian peninsula".

Vowels

Like Etruscan, the Lemnian language appears to have had a four-vowel system, consisting of "i", "e", "a" and "o". Other languages in the neighbourhood of the Lemnian area, namely Hittite and Akkadian, had similar four-vowel systems, suggesting early areal influence.

Lemnos Stele

(File:Stele von Lemnos 02.jpg|thumb|right|Lemnos stele)The stele, also known as the stele of Kaminia, was found built into a church wall in Kaminia and is now at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. The 6th century date is based on the fact that in 510 BC the Athenian Miltiades invaded Lemnos and hellenized it.Herodotus, 6.136-140 The stele bears a low-relief bust of a man and is inscribed in an alphabet similar to the western ("Chalcidian") Greek alphabet. The inscription is in Boustrophedon style, and has been transliterated but had not been successfully translated until serious linguistic analysis based on comparisons with Etruscan, combined with breakthroughs in Etruscan's own translation started to yield fruit.The inscription consists of 198 characters forming 33 to 40 words, word separation sometimes indicated with one to three dots. The text on the front consists of three parts, two written vertically (1; 6-7) and one horizontally (2-5). Comprehensible is the phrase ('lived forty' years, B.3), reminiscent of Etruscan ('and forty-five years'), seeming to refer to the person to whom this funerary monument was dedicated, ('to Holaie Phokiaš' B.1), who appeared to have been an official called maras at some point ('and was a maras one year'B3), compare Etruscan "and" (postposition), and . Wallace, Rex E. (2018), "Lemnian language", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics, Oxford University Press Oddly, this text also contains a word that seems to be connected to Etruscan "nephew/uncle"; but this is a fairly clear borrowing from Latin nepot-, suggesting that the speakers of this language migrated at some point from the Italic peninsula (or independently borrowed this Indo-European word from somewhere else).Eichner, Heiner (2012) "Neues zur Sprache der Stele von Lemnos (Erster Teil)" Gorgias Press. Voprosy âzykovogo rodstva Vol.7 (1), p.9-32G.Kleinschmidt in 1893 proposed such translation of expression haralio eptesio - king έπιτιδημι. It is a high probability that here king/tyrant of Athens Hippias was mentioned. Tyrand Hippias died in Lemnos in 490 BC.BOOK, Kleinschmidt, G.,weblink Zwei lemnische Inschriften: Übersetzt und erklärt von G. Kleinschmidt. Separatabdruck aus Heft III der Zeitschrift des Insterburger Alterthumsvereins, 1893, C. R. Wilhelmi, de, Transcription:

Hephaistia inscription

Another Lemnian inscription was found during excavations at Hephaistia on the island of Lemnos in 2009.Carlo de Simone, La Nuova Iscrizione ‘Tirsenica’ di Lemnos (Efestia, teatro): considerazioni generali, Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 1, 2011. (Italian) The inscription consists of 26 letters arranged in two lines of boustrophedonic script.Transcription:

See also

• Tyrsenian languages
• Paleo-European languages

Notes

{{Reflist}}

References

• BOOK, Agostiniani, Luciano, Le origini degli Etruschi : storia, archeologia, antropologia, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2012, 978-88-913-0059-1, Bellelli, Vincenzo, Sulla grafia e la lingua delle iscrizioni anelleniche di Lemnos,
• JOURNAL, Beschi, Luigi, 2000, Cabirio di Lemno: testamonianze litterarie ed epigrafiche, Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente, 74–75, 7–192,
• BOOK, Bonfante, Larissa, Etruscan, 1990, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 0-520-07118-2,
• Eichner, Heiner (2012) "Neues zur Sprache der Stele von Lemnos (Erster Teil)" Gorgias Press. Voprosy âzykovogo rodstva Vol.7 (1), p.9-32
• Eichner, Heiner (2013) "Neues zur Sprache der Stele von Lemnos (Zweiter Teil)" Gorgias Press. Voprosy âzykovogo rodstva Vol.10 (1), p.1-42.
• BOOK, Ficuciello, Lucia, Lemnos. Cultura, storia, archeologia, topografia di un'isola del nord-Egeo, Athens: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene, 2013, 978-960-9559-03-4,
• BOOK, Rix, Helmut, 1998, Rätisch und Etruskisch, de, Rhaetian & Etruscan, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, Vorträge und kleinere Schriften, 68, Innsbruck,
• JOURNAL, Stefan, Schumacher, 1998, de, Sprachliche Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Rätisch und Etruskisch, Der Schlern, 72, 90–114,
• NEWS, de Simone, Carlo, 2009, La nuova iscrizione tirsenica di Efestia, Tripodes, 11, 3–58,
• BOOK, Steinbauer, Dieter H., Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen, 1999, Scripta Mercaturae Verlag, St. Katharinen,
• {{Citation|last=Wallace|first=Rex E.|title=Lemnian language|date=2018|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8222|isbn=978-0-19-938113-5}}

External links

• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070705203809weblink">Development of the Etruscan Alphabet
• A Gloss of the Lemnian Inscription
• New Lemnian Inscription at R. Wallace' Rasenna blog
• Etruscan Grammar
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20050330053810weblink">The Etruscan Texts Project (ETP)

{{Eurasian languages}}{{Etruscans}}{{Authority control}}