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}}Laryngoscopy ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|ær|ɪ|ŋ|'|ɡ|ɒ|s|k|ə|p|i}}) is endoscopy of the larynx, a part of the throat. It is a medical procedure that is used to obtain a view, for example, of the vocal folds and the glottis. Laryngoscopy may be performed to facilitate tracheal intubation during general anaesthesia or cardiopulmonary resuscitation or for surgical procedures on the larynx or other parts of the upper tracheobronchial tree.

Direct laryngoscopy

(File:Larynx (top view).jpg|thumb|Anatomical parts seen during laryngoscopy)Direct laryngoscopy is carried out (usually) with the patient lying on his or her back; the laryngoscope is inserted into the mouth on the right side and flipped to the left to trap and move the tongue out of the line of sight, and, depending on the type of blade used, inserted either anterior or posterior to the epiglottis and then lifted with an upwards and forward motion ("away from you and towards the roof "). This move makes a view of the glottis possible.This procedure is done in an operation theatre with full preparation for resuscitative measures to deal with respiratory distress.There are at least ten different types of laryngoscope used for this procedure, each of which has a specialized use for the otolaryngologist and medical speech pathologist. This procedure is most often employed by anaesthetists for endotracheal intubation under general anaesthesia, but also in direct diagnostic laryngoscopy with biopsy. It is extremely uncomfortable and is not typically performed on conscious patients, or on patients with an intact gag reflex.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Indirect laryngoscopy

Indirect laryngoscopy is performed whenever the provider visualizes the patient's vocal cords by a means other than obtaining a direct line of sight (e.g. a mirror). For the purpose of intubation, this is facilitated by fiberoptic bronchoscopes, video laryngoscopes, fiberoptic stylets and mirror or prism optically enhanced laryngoscopes.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

History

{{See also|Tracheal intubation}}File:Garcia-Laryngoskop.gif|thumb|The laryngoscopy. From García, 1884]]Some historians (for example, Morell Mackenzie) credit Benjamin Guy Babington (1794–1866), who called his device the "glottiscope", with the invention of the laryngoscope.BOOK, Hunting, Penelope, 2002, The history of the Royal Society of Medicine, RSM Press, 79, 978-1-85315-497-3, Philipp von Bozzini (1773–1809)JOURNAL, Koltai PJ, Nixon RE, The story of the laryngoscope, Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal, 68, 7, 494–502, 1989, 2676465, JOURNAL, Bailey B, Laryngoscopy and laryngoscopes--who's first?: the forefathers/four fathers of laryngology, Laryngoscope, 106, 8, 939–43, August 1996, 8699905, 10.1097/00005537-199608000-00005, 32925553, and Garignard de la Tour were other early physicians to use mouth mirrors to inspect the oropharynx and hypopharynx.Stark, James (2003). Bel canto: a history of vocal pedagogy. University of Toronto Press, p. 5. {{ISBN|0-8020-8614-4}}In 1854, the vocal pedagogist Manuel García (1805–1906) became the first man to view the functioning glottis and larynx in a living human. García developed a tool that used two mirrors for which the Sun served as an external light source.JOURNAL, 10.1098/rspl.1854.0094! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="20%"|Blade! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="40%"|Named for! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="15%"|Year introduced! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%"|Comments| Jackson| Chevalier Jackson|| straight| Janeway| MacintoshJOURNAL, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)95524-8, Robert Reynolds Macintosh, A new laryngoscope, The Lancet, 1, 205, 1943| Miller| Parrott| C.M. Parrott| 1951| curved| Phillips|| 1973| straight| Robertshaw||| straight| Seward||| straight| Siker|| 1956| curved, with integrated mirror| Soper| R.I. Soper| 1947| straight|Vie Scope|N. Vasan|2016|Direct Line of Sight| Wis-Hipple||| straight| Wisconsin||| straight

last=García, Observations on the Human Voice, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 7, 399–410, 1855	jstor=111815	url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6PYNM7RNwkC&pg=PA399, 28 August 2010	pmc=5180321, American Otological Society (1905). The Laryngoscope. Volume 15, pp. 402–403 Using this device, he was able to observe the function of his own glottic apparatus and the uppermost portion of his trachea. He presented his findings at the Royal Society of London in 1855.TERESA >LAST=RADOMSKI, Manuel García (1805–1906): A bicentenary reflection, Australian Voice, 11, 25–41, 2005,weblink		DATE = 27 JANUARY 2014, All previous observations of the glottis and larynx had been performed under indirect vision (using mirrors) until 23 April 1895, when Alfred Kirstein (1863–1922) of Germany first described direct visualization of the vocal cords. Kirstein performed the first direct laryngoscopy in Berlin, using an esophagoscope he had modified for this purpose; he called this device an autoscope.JOURNAL, Hirsch NP, Smith GB, Hirsch PO, Alfred Kirstein. Pioneer of direct laryngoscopy, Anaesthesia, 41, 1, 42–5, January 1986, 3511764, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12702.x, free, It is believed that the death in 1888 of Emperor Frederick IIIBOOK, Morell Mackenzie, The case of Emperor Frederick III.: full official reports by the German physicians and by Sir Morell Mackenzie, Edgar S. Werner, New York, 1888, 167,weblink	author-link=Morell Mackenzie, motivated Kirstein to develop the autoscope.JOURNAL, Burkle CM, Zepeda FA, Bacon DR, Rose SH, A historical perspective on use of the laryngoscope as a tool in anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, 100, 4, 1003–6, 2004, 15087639	s2cid=36279277, free, In 1913, Chevalier Jackson was the first to report a high rate of success for the use of direct laryngoscopy as a means to intubate the trachea.JOURNAL, 10.1111/j.1460-9592.1996.tb00434.x, The technique of insertion of intratracheal insufflation tubes, 1996, Jackson, Chevalier, Pediatric Anesthesia, 6, 3, 230, 72582327, Jackson introduced a new laryngoscope blade that had a light source at the distal tip, rather than the proximal light source used by Kirstein.JOURNAL, Zeitels SM, Chevalier Jackson's contributions to direct laryngoscopy, J Voice, 12, 1, 1–6, March 1998, 9619973, 10.1016/S0892-1997(98)80069-6, This new blade incorporated a component that the operator could slide out to allow room for passage of an endoracheal tube or bronchoscope.BOOK, Chevalier Jackson, A manual of peroral endoscopy and laryngeal surgery, I: Instrumentarium, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1922, 17–52,weblink 27 August 2010	author-link=Chevalier Jackson, That same year, Henry Harrington Janeway (1873–1921) published results he had achieved using another new laryngoscope he had recently developed.JOURNAL, 10.1288/00005537-191311000-00009, Intra-Tracheal Anesthesia from the Standpoint of the Nose, Throat and Oral Surgeon with a Description of a New Instrument for Catheterizing the Trachea.*, 1913, Janeway, Henry H., The Laryngoscope, 23, 11, 1082–1090, 71549386,weblink An American anesthesiologist practicing at Bellevue Hospital in New York City, Janeway believed that direct intratracheal insufflation of volatile anesthetics would provide improved conditions for surgery of the nose, mouth and throat. With this in mind, he developed a laryngoscope designed for the sole purpose of tracheal intubation. Similar to Jackson's device, Janeway's instrument incorporated a distal light source. Unique however was the inclusion of batteries within the handle, a central notch in the blade for maintaining the tracheal tube in the midline of the oropharynx during intubation, and a slight curve to the distal tip of the blade to help guide the tube through the glottis. The success of this design led to its subsequent use in other types of surgery. Janeway was thus instrumental in popularizing the widespread use of direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in the practice of anesthesiology. Applications Helps in intubation during the administration of general anaesthesia or for mechanical ventilation. Detects causes of voice problems, such as breathing voice, hoarse voice, weak voice, or no voice. Detects causes of throat and ear pain. Evaluates difficulty in swallowing : a persistent sensation of lump in the throat, or mucous with blood. Detects strictures or injury to the throat, or obstructive masses in the airway. Conventional laryngoscope File:Laryngoscopes-Miller blades.JPG|thumb|Laryngoscope handles with an assortment of Miller blades (large adult, small adult, pediatric, infant, and neonateneonateFile:Macintosh Blades.jpg|thumb|Laryngoscope handle with an assortment of Macintosh blades (large adult, small adult, pediatric, infant, and neonateneonateThe vast majority of tracheal intubations involve the use of a viewing instrument of one type or another. Since its introduction by Kirstein in 1895, the conventional laryngoscope has been the most popular device used for this purpose. Today, the conventional laryngoscope consists of a handle containing batteries with a light source, and a set of interchangeable blades. Laryngoscope blades Early laryngoscopes used a straight "Magill Blade", and this design is still the standard pattern veterinary laryngoscopes are based upon; however the blade is difficult to control in adult humans and can cause pressure on the vagus nerve, which can cause unexpected cardiac arrhythmias to spontaneously occur in adults.Two basic styles of laryngoscope blade are currently commercially available: the curved blade and the straight blade. The Macintosh blade is the most widely used of the curved laryngoscope blades,JOURNAL, Scott J, Baker PA, How did the Macintosh laryngoscope become so popular?, Pediatric Anesthesia, 19, Suppl 1, 24–9, 2009, 19572841, 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03026.x, 6345531, free, while the Miller bladeJOURNAL, Robert A. Miller, A new laryngoscope, Anesthesiology, 2, 3, 317–20, 1941, 10.1097/00000542-194105000-00008, 72555028, free, is the most popular style of straight blade.JOURNAL, Somchai Amornyotin, Ungkab Prakanrattana, Phongthara Vichitvejpaisal, Thantima Vallisut, Neunghathai Kunanont, Ladda Permpholprasert, Comparison of the Clinical Use of Macintosh and Miller Laryngoscopes for Orotracheal Intubation by Second-Month Nurse Students in Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Research and Practice, 2010, 1–5, 2010, 10.1155/2010/432846,weblink 2911595, 27 August 2010, 20700430, free, Both Miller and Macintosh laryngoscope blades are available in sizes 0 (neonatal) through 4 (large adult). There are many other styles of curved and straight blades (e.g., Phillips, Robertshaw, Sykes, Wisconsin, Wis-Hipple, etc.) with accessories such as mirrors for enlarging the field of view and even ports for the administration of oxygen. These specialty blades are primarily designed for use by anesthetists, most commonly in the operating room.BOOK, James M. Berry, Benumof's airway management: principles and practice, Benumof JL, Chapter 16: Conventional (laryngoscopic) orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation (single-lumen tube), Mosby-Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2nd, 2007, 379–392, 978-0-323-02233-0,weblink's+airway+management:+principles+and+practice, 28 August 2010, Additionally, paramedics are trained to use direct laryngoscopy to assist with intubation in the field.The Macintosh blade is positioned in the vallecula, anterior to the epiglottis, lifting it out of the visual pathway, while the Miller blade is positioned posterior to the epiglottis, trapping it while exposing the glottis and vocal folds. Incorrect usage can cause trauma to the front incisors; the correct technique is to displace the chin upwards and forward at the same time, not to use the blade as a lever with the teeth serving as the fulcrum.(File:Vie Scope.jpg|thumb|Vie Scope Direct Line of Site Laryngoscope by Adroit Surgical)The Miller, Wisconsin, Wis-Hipple, and Robertshaw blades are commonly used for infants. It is easier to visualize the glottis using these blades than the Macintosh blade in infants, due to the larger size of the epiglottis relative to that of the glottis.{| class="wikitable sortable"
	TITLE=A NEW LARYNGOSCOPE BLADE TO OVERCOME PHARYNGEAL OBSTRUCTION.	DATE=NOVEMBER 1987	ISSUE=5	DOI=10.1097/00000542-198711000-00021	DOI-ACCESS=FREE, | Cedric Bainton| 1987| Straight tongue with distal 7 cm. tubular, designed specifically for pathologic conditions
date=September 2010}}| George D. Cranton and Barry L. Wall| 1963| straight, no flange
Henry Harrington Janeway>Henry H. Janeway|| straight
date=September 2010}}| George D. Cranton| 1999| curved reduced flange at heel
author-link=Robert Macintosh,weblink | Robert Macintosh| 1943| curved
	YEAR=1926	FIRST1=I.W.	VOLUME=207	PAGES=500, | Ivan Magill| 1921| straight
	LAST2=TUCKEY	TITLE=A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MACINTOSH AND THE MCCOY LARYNGOSCOPE BLADES	DATE=1996-05-10	ISSUE=10	DOI=10.1111/J.1365-2044.1996.TB14971.X	DOI-ACCESS=FREE, ||1993|Lever-tip for anterior displacement of the Epiglottic vallecula and epiglottis in difficult intubation.
Robert A. Miller (anesthesiologist)>Robert A. Miller| 1941| straight

Fiberoptic laryngoscopes

Besides the conventional laryngoscopes, many other devices have been developed as alternatives to direct laryngoscopy. These include a number of indirect fiberoptic viewing laryngoscopes such as the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. The flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope or rhinoscope can be used for office-based diagnostics or for tracheal intubation. The patient can remain conscious during the procedure, so that the vocal folds can be observed during phonation. Surgical instruments passed through the scope can be used for performing procedures such as biopsies of suspicious masses. These instruments have become indispensable within the otolaryngology, pulmonology and anesthesia communities.Other available fiberoptic devices include the Bullard scope,JOURNAL, Gorback MS, Management of the challenging airway with the Bullard laryngoscope, Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 3, 6, 473–7, 1991, 1760171JOURNAL=ANAESTHESIA (JOURNAL) >VOLUME=51 PAGES=561–4 PMID=8694210S2CID=37485173 JOURNAL=ANESTHESIA & ANALGESIA ISSUE=6 YEAR=1997 DOI=10.1097/00000539-199712000-00036DOI-ACCESS=FREE, and the WuScope.WU TL, CHOU HC >TITLE=A NEW LARYNGOSCOPE: THE COMBINATION INTUBATING DEVICE VOLUME=81 PAGES=1085–7 PMID=7943825DOI-ACCESS=FREE, These devices are widely employed for tracheal intubation, especially in the setting of the difficult intubation (see below).

Video laryngoscope

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}File:Laryngoscope-Glidescope 02.JPG|thumb|Glidescope video laryngoscope, showing 60-degree angulated blade. The CMOS active pixel sensor (CMOS APS) video camera and light source are located at the point of angulation of the blade. An anesthesia machine is visible on the high resolution LCD monitor.]]The conventional direct laryngoscope uses a line of sight provided by a rigid viewing instrument with a light on the blade or intra-oral portion which requires a direct view of the target larynx; this view is clearly seen in 80-90% of attempts. The frequent failure of direct laryngoscopy to provide an adequate view for tracheal intubation led to the development of alternative devices such as the lighted stylet, and a number of indirect fiberoptic viewing laryngoscopes, such as the fiberscope, Bullard scope, Upsher scope, and the WuScope. Though these devices can be effective alternatives to direct laryngoscopy, they each have certain limitations, and none of them is effective under all circumstances. One important limitation commonly associated with these devices is fogging of the lens.JOURNAL, Foley LJ, Ochroch EA, Bridges to establish an emergency airway and alternate intubating techniques, Crit Care Clin, 16, 3, 429–44, vi, July 2000, 10941582, 10.1016/S0749-0704(05)70121-4, In an attempt to address some of these limitations, Jon Berall, a New York City internist and emergency medicine physician, designed the camera screen straight video laryngoscope in 1998. The first true video laryngoscope Glidescope was produced in 1999 and a production version with 60 degree angle, an onboard heater, and a custom screen was first sold in dec 2000. The true video laryngoscope has a camera on the blade with no intervening fiberoptic components. The concept is important because it is simpler to produce and handle the resultant images from CMOS cameras. The integrated camera leads to a series of low cost variants that are not possible with the hybrid Fiberoptic units.

GlideScope

File:Glidescope 02.JPG|thumb|Anesthesiologist using GlideScope video laryngoscope to intubate the trachea of a patient with challenging airway anatomy ]]In 2001, the GlideScope (designed by vascular and general surgeon John Allen Pacey) became the first commercially available video laryngoscope. It incorporates a high resolution digital camera, connected by a video cable to a high resolution LCD monitor. It can be used for tracheal intubation to provide controlled mechanical ventilation, as well as for removal of foreign bodies from the airway. GlideScope owes its superior results to a combination of five key factors:

1. The steep 60-degree angulation of its blade improves the view of the glottis by reducing the requirement for anterior displacement of the tongue.
2. The CMOS APS digital camera is located at the point of angulation of the blade (rather than at the tip). This placement allows the operator to more effectively view the field in front of the camera.
3. The video camera is recessed for protection from blood and secretions which might otherwise obstruct the view.
4. The video camera has a relatively wide viewing angle of 50 degrees.
5. The heated lens innovation helps to prevent fogging of the lens, which might otherwise obscure the view.

Tracheal intubation with the GlideScope can be facilitated by the use of the Verathon Stylet, a rigid stylet that is curved to follow the 60° angulation of the blade. To achieve a 99% successful rate of intubation with the GlideScope requires the operator to acquire a new skill set with this stylet.In a 2003 study, the authors noted that the GlideScope provided adequate vision of the glottis (Cormack and Lehane grade I-II) JOURNAL, Cormack RS, Lehane J, Difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics, Anaesthesia, 39, 11, 1105–11, November 1984, 6507827, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1984.tb08932.x, free, JOURNAL, Ernst Zadrobilek, The Cormack-Lehane classification: twenty-fifth anniversary of the first published description, Internet Journal of Airway Management, 5, 28 October 2009,weblinkcervical collar. Despite this significant limitation, the average time to intubate the trachea with the GlideScope was only 38 seconds. In 2005, the first major clinical study comparing the Glidescope to the conventional laryngoscope was published. In 133 patients in whom both Glidescope and conventional laryngoscopy were performed, excellent or good laryngeal exposure was obtained in 124/133 (93%) of Glidescope laryngoscopy patients, compared with only 98/133 (74%) of patients in whom conventional laryngoscopy was used. Intubation was successful in 128/133 (96%) of Glidescope laryngoscopy patients.COOPER RM, PACEY JA, BISHOP MJ, MCCLUSKEY SA JOURNAL=CAN J ANAESTH ISSUE=2 DATE=FEBRUARY 2005 DOI=10.1007/BF03027728, free, These early results suggest that this device may be a useful alternative in the management of difficult tracheal intubation.The Verathon design team later produced the Ranger Video Laryngoscope for a United States Air Force requirement that is now rolling forward into EMS and military use. The Cobalt series of GlideScope then introduced a single-use variant that encompasses weights from 1000 grams to morbid obesity and is successful in many airway syndromes as well. The GlideScope Ranger is a variant designed for use in pre-hospital airway management including air, land, and sea applications. This device weighs 1.5 pounds, and is waterproof as well as airworthy to 20,000 feet altitude. The GlideScope Cobalt is a variant that has a reusable video camera with light-emitting core which has a disposable or single use external shell for prevention of cross infection.In August 2009, the team at Verathon collaborated with Professor John Sakles from the University of Arizona Emergency Department in achieving the world's first tracheal intubation conducted with the assistance of telemedicine technology. During this demonstration, Sakles and the University of Arizona Telemedicine service guided physicians in a rural hospital as they performed a tracheal intubation using the GlideScope.

Other video laryngoscopes

Several types of video laryngoscopes are also currently available, such as the HEINE visionPRO, Truview PCD-R Manufactured by Truphatek Israel, Glidescope, McGrath laryngoscope,JOURNAL, Shippey B, Ray D, McKeown D, Use of the McGrath videolaryngoscope in the management of difficult and failed tracheal intubation, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 100, 1, 116–9, 2008, 17959584doi-access=free, Daiken Medical Coopdech C-scope VLP-100,WEB, Daiken Medical Co., Ltd., 2007,weblink Coopdech video laryngoscope portable VLP-100, Daiken Medical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan, 27 August 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110216044108weblink">weblink 16 February 2011, dead, the Storz C-Mac,JOURNAL, Boedeker BH, Berg BW, Bernhagen MA, Murray WB, Endotracheal intubation comparing a prototype Storz CMAC and a glidescope videolaryngoscope in a medical transport helicopter - a pilot study, Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 142, 37–9, 2009, 19377109,weblink 27 August 2010, Pentax-AWS(or Airway Scope),WEB, Airway Scope AWS-S100, Rigid Video Laryngoscope for Intubation,weblink Pentax Medical Company, 6 July 2006, Pentax Medical Company, Montvale, New Jersey, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100728075509weblink">weblink 28 July 2010, 27 August 2010, WEB, Pentax Medical Company,weblink Pentax AWS, Pentax Medical Company, Montvale, New Jersey, 27 August 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110715063400weblink">weblink 15 July 2011, dead, JOURNAL, Suzuki A, Toyama Y, Katsumi N, Kunisawa T, Sasaki R, Hirota K, Henderson JJ, Iwasaki H, The Pentax-AWS((R)) rigid indirect video laryngoscope: clinical assessment of performance in 320 cases, Anaesthesia (journal), Anaesthesia, 63, 6, 641–7, 2008, 18477277, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05452.x, free, JOURNAL, Malik MA, O'Donoghue C, Carney J, Maharaj CH, Harte BH, Laffey JG, Comparison of the Glidescope, the Pentax AWS, and the Truview EVO2 with the Macintosh laryngoscope in experienced anaesthetists: a manikin study, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 102, 1, 128–34, 2009, 19059923doi-access=free hdl-access=free, ASAI T, ENOMOTO Y, SHIMIZU K, SHINGU K, OKUDA Y >TITLE=THE PENTAX-AWS VIDEO-LARYNGOSCOPE: THE FIRST EXPERIENCE IN ONE HUNDRED PATIENTS ANESTHESIA & ANALGESIA >VOLUME=106 PAGES=257–9, TABLE OF CONTENTS PMID=18165587S2CID=32788869 JOURNAL=JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ANESTHESIA ISSUE=8 YEAR=2002, 12565125doi=10.1016/S0952-8180(02)00457-9, the Berci DCI,LOW D, HEALY D, RASBURN N >TITLE=THE USE OF THE BERCI DCI VIDEO LARYNGOSCOPE FOR TEACHING NOVICES DIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY AND TRACHEAL INTUBATION ANAESTHESIA (JOURNAL)>ANAESTHESIA ISSUE=2 YEAR=2008, 18211452doi-access=free, and the Copilot VL.TYDLASKA>FIRST=JAYURL=HTTP://COPILOTVL.COMACCESS-DATE=5 AUGUST 2011, These laryngoscopes employ a variety of features such as a Video monitor on the handle and or channels to assist in guiding the endotracheal tube into the trachea. The superior performance of video laryngoscopes in airway management where cervical spine injury is possible has raised the question of whether these scopes should supersede direct laryngoscopy in routine airway management.AGRò F, BARZOI G, MONTECCHIA F JOURNAL=BR J ANAESTH ISSUE=5 DATE=MAY 2003 DOI=10.1093/BJA/AEG560JOURNAL=COCHRANE DATABASE SYST REV PAGES=CD011136 ISSUE=4 DOI=10.1002/14651858.CD011136.PUB3, 8978307,

Other noninvasive intubation devices

Other "noninvasive" devices which can be employed to assist in tracheal intubation are the laryngeal mask airwayJOURNAL, Brain AI, The laryngeal mask--a new concept in airway management, Br J Anaesth, 55, 8, 801–5, August 1983, 6349667, 10.1093/bja/55.8.801, 21057581, free, 10.1111/J.1365-2044.1985.TB10788.X >AUTHOR=BRAIN AI JOURNAL=ANAESTHESIA (JOURNAL) >VOLUME=40 PAGES=353–5 PMID=3890603JOURNAL=ANESTH. ANALG. ISSUE=2 DATE=FEBRUARY 1992 DOI=10.1213/00000539-199202000-00034JOURNAL=ANAESTHESIA ISSUE=3 DATE=MARCH 1994 DOI=10.1111/J.1365-2044.1994.TB03435.XJOURNAL=ANESTHESIOLOGY ISSUE=2 DATE=FEBRUARY 1995 DOI=10.1097/00000542-199502000-00044JOURNAL=PAEDIATR ANAESTH ISSUE=2 YEAR=1995 DOI=10.1111/J.1460-9592.1995.TB00260.XJOURNAL=KOREAN J ANESTHESIOL ISSUE=3 DATE=MARCH 2012 PMC=3315659 TRANS-TITLE=THE TUBE-STAT: A USEFUL AID IN DIFFICULT INTUBATION JOURNAL=DER ANAESTHESIST ISSUE=3 YEAR=1989 JOURNAL=ANESTHESIA & ANALGESIA ISSUE=3 YEAR=2000 DOI=10.1097/00000539-200003000-00044DOI-ACCESS=FREE, and the Airtraq.MAHARAJ CH, COSTELLO JF, MCDONNELL JG, HARTE BH, LAFFEY JG JOURNAL=ANAESTHESIA (JOURNAL) >VOLUME=62 PAGES=598–601 PMID=17506739 S2CID=21106547, Due to the widespread availability of such devices, the technique of blind digital intubationJOURNAL, Norman R. James, Blind IntubationAnaesthesia (journal)>Anaesthesia, 5, 3, 159–160, 1950s2cid=221389855, of the trachea is rarely practiced today, though it may still be useful in emergency situations under austere conditions such as natural or man-made disasters.CHRIS C. CHRISTODOULOU >AUTHOR2=MICHAEL F. MURPHY TITLE=BENUMOF'S AIRWAY MANAGEMENT: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE, Benumof JL, Chapter 17: Blind digital intubation, Mosby-Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2nd, 2007, 393–398, 978-0-323-02233-0,weblink's+airway+management:+principles+and+practice, 28 August 2010,

Complications

Cases of mild or severe injury caused by rough and inexperienced use of laryngoscopes have been reported. These include minor damage to the soft tissues within the throat which causes a sore throat after the operation to major injuries to the larynx and pharynx causing permanent scarring, ulceration and abscesses if left untreated.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} Additionally, there is a risk of causing tooth damage.

Etymology and pronunciation

The word laryngoscopy uses combining forms of (wikt:laryngo-#Prefix|laryngo-) and (wikt:-scopy#Suffix|-scopy).

References

{{reflist|30em}}

External links

{{commons category|Laryngoscopy}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}{{Respiratory system procedures}}{{Authority control}}