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}}Lake Ladoga ({{IPAc-en|'|l|ae|d|@|g|@}}; , {{IPA-ru|ˈladəʂskəjə ˈozʲɪrə|IPA}} or , {{IPA-ru|ˈladəɡə|IPA}}; [earlier in Finnish Nevajärvi]; ; ) is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia, in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg.It is the largest lake located entirely in Europe, the second largest lake after Baikal in Russia, and the 14th largest freshwater lake by area in the world. It is comparable in size to Lake Ontario. Ladoga Lacus, a methane lake on Saturn's moon Titan, is named after the lake.

Etymology

In one of Nestor's chronicles from the 12th century a lake called "the Great Nevo" is mentioned, a clear link to the Neva River and possibly further to Finnish nevo 'sea' or neva 'bog, quagmire'.(:ru:Поспелов, Евгений Михайлович|Evgeny Pospelov): Geographical names of the world. Toponymic dictionary. Second edition. Astrel, Moscow 2001, pp. 106f.Ancient Norse sagas and Hanseatic treaties both mention a city made of lakes named Old Norse Aldeigja or Aldoga.S. V. Kirilovsky: Did you know? In: Gazetteer Leningrad region. Lenizdat, Leningrad 1974, pp. 79f. Since the beginning of the 14th century this hydronym was commonly known as Ladoga. According to T. N. Jackson, it can be taken "almost for granted that the name of Ladoga first referred to the river, then the city, and only then the lake". Therefore, he considers the primary hydronym Ladoga to originate in the eponymous inflow to the lower reaches of the Volkhov River whose early Finnic name was Alodejoki (corresponding to modern ) 'river of the lowlands'.The Germanic toponym (Aldeigja ~ Aldoga) was soon borrowed by the Slavic population and transformed by means of the Old East Slavic metathesis ald- → lad- to . The Old Norse intermediary word between Finnish and Old East Slavic word is fully supported by archeology, since the Scandinavians first appeared in Ladoga in the early 750s, that is, a couple of decades before the Slavs.T. N. Jackson: Альдейгья. Археология и топонимика. Памятники средневековой культуры: Открытия и версии. Saint Petersburg, 1994. pp. 77—79.Other hypotheses about the origin of the name derive it from 'wave' and 'wavy', or from the Russian dialectal word алодь, meaning 'open lake, extensive water field'.N. Mammoth: weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070322002516weblink">Топонимика Приладожья. Eugene Helimski by contrast, offers an etymology rooted in German. In his opinion, the primary name of the lake was 'old source', associated to the open sea, in contrast to the name of the Neva River (flowing from Lake Ladoga) which would derive from the German expression for 'the new'. Through the intermediate form *Aldaugja, came about, referring to the city of Ladoga.JOURNAL ,

Geography

The lake has an average surface area of 17,891 km2 (excluding the islands), slightly larger than Kuwait. Its north-to-south length is 219 km and its average width is 83 km; the average depth is 47 m, although it reaches a maximum of 230 m in the north-western part. Basin area: 276,000 km2, volume: 837 km3JOURNAL, Sorokin, Aleksander I., etal, 1996, New morphometrical data of Lake Ladoga, Hydrobiologia, 322, 1–3, 65–67, 10.1007/BF00031806, 28835088, (earlier estimated as 908 km3). There are around 660 islands, with a total area of about 435 km2. Ladoga is, on average, 5 m above sea level.Калесник С.Ð’. Ладожское озеро. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1968. Most of the islands, including the famous Valaam archipelago, Kilpola and Konevets, are situated in the northwest of the lake.Separated from the Baltic Sea by the Karelian Isthmus, it drains into the Gulf of Finland via the Neva River.Lake Ladoga is navigable, being a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway connecting the Baltic Sea with the Volga River. The Ladoga Canal bypasses the lake in the south, connecting the Neva to the Svir.The basin of Lake Ladoga includes about 50,000 lakes and 3,500 rivers longer than 10 km. About 85% of the water inflow is due to tributaries, 13% is due to precipitation, and 2% is due to underground waters.

Geological history

{{see also|Geology of the Baltic Sea|Svecofennian orogeny}} In the Middle Ages, the lake formed a vital part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Eastern Roman Empire, with the Norse emporium at Staraya Ladoga defending the mouth of the Volkhov since the 8th century. In the course of the Swedish–Novgorodian Wars, the area was disputed between the Novgorod Republic and Sweden. In the early 14th century, the fortresses of Korela (Kexholm) and Oreshek (Nöteborg) were established along the banks of the lake.During the Russo-Swedish War of 1656–1658, the Swedes deployed several armed vessels (called Lodja) on lake Ladoga to combat the Russians though no large sea battles were fought. BOOK, Englund, Peter, Den oövervinnerlige: om den svenska stormaktstiden och en man i dess mitt, 2000, Atlantis, 978-91-7486-999-6, Stockholm, 649, Swedish, The ancient Valaam Monastery was founded on the island of Valaam, the largest in Lake Ladoga, abandoned between 1611 and 1715, restored in the 18th century, and evacuated to Finland during the Winter War in 1940. In 1989 the monastic activities in the Valaam were resumed. Other historic cloisters in the vicinity are the Konevets Monastery, which sits on the Konevets island, and the Alexander-Svirsky Monastery, which preserves samples of medieval Muscovite architecture.During the Ingrian War, a fraction of the Ladoga coast was occupied by Sweden. In 1617, by the Treaty of Stolbovo, the northern and western coast was ceded by Russia to Sweden. In 1721, after the Great Northern War, it was restitutioned to Russia by the Treaty of Nystad. In the 18th century, the Ladoga Canal was built to bypass the lake which was prone to winds and storms that destroyed hundreds of cargo ships.Нежиховский Р.А. Река Нева. 3-е изд. Leningrad: Гидрометеоиздат, 1973. P. 158.Later, from around 1812–1940 the lake was shared between Finland and Russia. According to the conditions of the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty militarization of the lake was severely restricted. However, both Soviet Russia and Finland had flotillas in Ladoga (see also Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment). After the Winter War (1939–40) according to the Moscow Peace Treaty, Ladoga, previously shared with Finland, became an internal basin of the Soviet Union.During World War II not only Finnish and Soviet, but also German and Italian vessels operated there (see also Naval Detachment K and Regia Marina). Under these circumstances, during much of the Siege of Leningrad (1941–44), Lake Ladoga provided the only access to the besieged city as a section of the eastern shore remained in Soviet hands. Supplies were transported into Leningrad with trucks on winter roads over the ice, the "Road of Life", and by boat in the summer. After World War II, Finland lost the Karelia region again to the USSR, and all Finnish citizens were evacuated from the ceded territory. Ladoga became an internal Soviet basin once again. The northern shore, Ladoga Karelia with the town of Sortavala, is now part of the Republic of Karelia. The western shore, Karelian Isthmus, became part of Leningrad Oblast.

Lists

Tributaries

• Svir River from Lake Onega (south-east, discharge: 790 m3/s);
• Volkhov River from Lake Ilmen (south, discharge: 580 m3/s);
• Vuoksi River (and Burnaya River) from Lake Saimaa in Finland (west, discharge: 540 m3/s).
• Syas River (south, discharge: 53 m3/s).
• Olonka River from Lake Utozero

Towns upon the lake

• Shlisselburg (at {{coord|59|56|N|31|02|E|name=Shlisselburg}})
• Novaya Ladoga (at {{coord|60|06|N|32|18|E|name=Novaya Ladoga}})
• Syasstroy (at {{coord|60|08|N|32|34|E|name=Syasstroy}})
• Pitkyaranta (at {{coord|61|34|N|31|28|E|name=Pitkyaranta}})
• Sortavala (at {{coord|61|42|N|30|41|E|name=Sortavala}})
• Lakhdenpokhya (at {{coord|61|31|N|30|12|E|name=Lakhdenpokhya}})
• Priozersk (at {{coord|61|02|N|30|08|E|name=Priozersk}})

Image gallery

File:Ладожское озеро. Мыс Рихиниеми.jpg|Rocky shoreFile: The archipelago in Ladoga Lake with the Monastery of the Transfiguration of the Saviour..jpg|The archipelago in Ladoga Lake with the Monastery of the Transfiguration of the SaviourFile:Gorskii 04417u.jpg|Rafts on the Peter the Great Canal. City of ShlisselburgImage:Konevets Sand beach.JPG|Konevets IslandFile:Sortavala harbour.jpg|Sortavala harbour, KareliaFile: St. Nicholas Skete on island Valaam on Ladoga lake and little ship..jpg|Saint Nicholas Skete on island Valaam on Ladoga lake and little shipImage:Priroda Valaamskogo arhipelaga.jpg|Valaam ArchipelagoFile:Валун у Видлицы.jpg|Boulder on Vidlitsa, west shoreImage:JbLLjT4260k.jpg|Iron whale on Lake LadogaImage:Lake Ladoga - superior mirage 2.jpg|Superior mirage on Lake LadogaImage:Shlisselburg.jpg|Oreshek Fortress on Ladoga shore in ShlisselburgFile:Sortavalan saaristoa-2.jpg|View

References

{{reflist}}

External links

{{Commons category|Lake Ladoga}}{{NIE Poster|Ladoga|Lake Ladoga}}

• EB1911, Ladoga, 16, Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch, Peter Kropotkin, Bealby, John Thomas, 61, 1,
• Simola, Heikki et al. (eds), Proceeding of The First International Lake Ladoga Symposium{{dead link|date=February 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Special issue of Hydrobiologia. Vol. 322, Issues 1–3. / April 1996.
• Ladoga Lake (photos) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802224427weblink |date=2020-08-02 }}
• War on Lake Ladoga, 1941–1944
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070819224922weblink">Maps

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