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{{Short description|Horse-drawn carriage in the Philippines}}{{Use Philippine English|date=March 2023}}{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}

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A kalesa (Philippine Spanish: calesa), is a two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage used in the Philippines.{{r|smith}} It is commonly vividly painted and decorated.BOOK, Chiu, Imes, The Evolution from Horse to Automobile: A Comparative International Study, 2008, Cambria Press, 9781604975468, 224–229,weblink It was a primary mode of public and private transportation during the Spanish colonial era of the Philippines, though in modern times, they largely only survive as tourist attractions, such as in Vigan, Ilocos Sur.Kalesas have other names based on the number of passengers they can seat. Small kalesas which can carry one or two passengers in front-facing seats are known as karomata or karumata. Larger kalesas which carry freight or up to six or more passengers in side-facing seats are known as karitela or karetela (also tartanilla in Cebu). However, these terms have become interchangeable over time. Four-wheeled carriages are differentiated as karwahe.

History

Kalesa (from Spanish (:es:Calesa|calesa)) were first introduced to the Philippines in the 1700s by the Spanish. It became the main public and private form of land transport in the Philippines up until the early 20th century.BOOK, Montefalcon, Moreen Ann M., Cruz, Robin Lawrence I., Inocencio, Marian Nicole J., Portus, Alyssa Jean, An Ergonomic Assessment of the Philippine Kalesa, Advances in Physical Ergonomics & Human Factors, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2019, 789, Springer International Publishing, Ravindra S., Goonetilleke, Waldemar, Karwowski, 170–178, 10.1007/978-3-319-94484-5_18, 978-3-319-94483-8, 169516531, It was also used to transport goods. They were manufactured by traditional workshops known as . The fodder used to feed the horses were known as .(File:KITLV A393 - Havenkantoor te Manila op de Filippijnen, KITLV 14050.tiff|thumb|left|Kalesas in a street in Manila, circa pre-1900)Use of the kalesa continued during the American colonial period of the Philippines (1898 to 1946), where they remained the main form of cheap public transport. The American colonial government attempted to introduce rickshaws in 1902 to augment the public transport in Manila, but this was met with resistance by the unionized kalesa drivers (the ) who characterized rickshaws as “making beasts of human beings”. As a result, rickshaws never gained acceptance in the Philippines.JOURNAL, Pante, Michael D., Rickshaws and Filipinos: Transnational Meanings of Technology and Labor in American-Occupied Manila, International Review of Social History, December 2014, 59, S22, 133–159, 10.1017/S0020859014000315, JOURNAL, Pante, Michael D., The Calesa Vote: Street Politics and Local Governance in 1930s to 1940s Manila, Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 2022, 37, 2, 201-229,weblink BOOK, Horn, Florence, Orphans of the Pacific—the Philippines, 1941, New York, Reynal & Hitchcock, 23–27,weblink The American colonial government also started the motorization of public transport in the early 20th century, introducing automobiles like jeepneys ("auto calesas") and buses ("autobuses") as well as the expansion of the Tranvia electric tram lines (operated by Meralco). These new motorized vehicles competed directly with the kalesas, and the motorized and horse-drawn sectors of public transport were often in conflict. New ordinances were created that restricted the movement of horse-drawn vehicles in favor of motorized transport. Despite this, the kalesas flourished well into the mid-20th century, due to their much more flexible routes, their cheapness, and the significant political power of the unions. The political weight of the unions was referred to in contemporary media as the " vote" and was regarded as synonymous to the voting power of the lower classes. It included the low-income working class and small businesses who relied on the kalesas for both personal transport and delivery of goods. The " vote" had a strong influence in elections, allowing kalesas to avoid most attempts at changing traffic regulations. In the late 1930s, there were still an estimated 7000 kalesas operating in Manila alone.File:Plaza During Bicycle Races 1901 Bacolod, Western Negros.jpg|thumb|Kalesas during "bicycle races" in the BacolodBacolodIn 1939, the government proposed measures in a series of public hearings to abolish the kalesas to solve the worsening traffic problems they caused. The strongest proposal to emerge was the immediate buyout of the , with the possibility of retraining them as automobile drivers. This was met with mass protests from the unions which led to the abandonment of these proposals. However, an increasing number of other measures were taken, including a ban on the creation of new kalesa terminals and bans on kalesas from entering certain busy streets or parking near markets.During World War II, from 1941 to 1945, kalesas survived and provided much-needed services during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. They were also still in use in the postwar years, but they were already in decline and had lost their previous political clout. More restrictions to road access by kalesas were introduced by the 1960s, restricting them to side roads. A few kalesas survived up until the late 1980s before becoming effectively nonviable as a form of public transport.The kalesa in modern times are largely only used as tourist attractions. They are still preserved in some areas of the Philippines, such as in San Fernando, Pampanga, Vigan and Laoag.Kalesa. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111023757weblink |date=November 11, 2007 }} Vigan City Philippines – Unesco World Heritage City. Kalesas can also be found in Intramuros, where they cater to tourists and Binondo in Manila, as well as in Iligan, where decorated kalesas can be taken for a ride along a specific street. In Cagayan, kalesas are common, especially in Tuao, Tuguegarao, and other municipalities of the province.

Description

(File:Carromata in Manila (Kalesa) (1923).jpg|thumb|A karomata in Manila ({{circa|1923}}))The kalesa looks like a two-wheeled inclined cart, and is drawn by a single horse. It is made from wood, metal, or a combination of both. The kalesa driver commonly called as kutsero (Spanish cochero) sits on the driver's seat in front.JOURNAL, Seaver, David, The Calesa of the Philippine Islands, The Carriage Journal, 14, 1, 1 June 1976, Carriage Association of America, 32–35,weblink 31 July 2022, en, Both the driver and the passengers are enclosed by a canopy originating from the back of the cab. Kalesa had specific terminology for drivers. When a kutsero wants the horse to turn right, he says "mano" while he says "silla" to make the horse turn left.WEB,weblink Riding The Philippine 'Calesa' and Business, November 28, 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101128035909weblink">weblink November 28, 2010, dead, Kalesas can be differentiated by the number of passengers they can seat. Small kalesas which can carry one or two passengers in front-facing seats are known as karomata or karumata (Philippine Spanish: ). Karomatas had the barest of conveniences and charged the lowest rates, which led to them being characterized as the "commoner's carriage". Larger kalesas that carry freight or up to six passengers in side-facing seats are known as karitela or karetela (Philippine Spanish: ). Karitelas were widely used by small businesses for cheap cargo transport. These terms have become interchangeable over time.WEB, KAROMATA,weblink Tagalog Lang, 30 March 2024, In Cebu, karitelas are known as tartanilla. In modern versions, they can seat eight to ten people. They remain an iconic form of transport in Cebu City.NEWS, Tartanilla Cebu's fading chariots,weblink 6 December 2020, CDN, 17 August 2018, WEB, Alegado, Ariel, Tartanilla: Cebu's King of the Road,weblink Proud Bisaya Bai, 30 March 2024, Large four-wheeled versions of the kalesa were known as karwahe (Philippine Spanish: ); while drays drawn by carabao (usually used to transport cargo) were known as garetas or kareton (Spanish carretón).NEWS, The Last Calesa Maker: How A Proud Fernandino Kept A Fading Industry Alive,weblink March 26, 2020, Capital Town Pampanga, March 28, 2019,

Legacy

Two modern motorized public transport vehicles in the Philippines are named after the kalesa: the jeepney, which was originally known as the "auto " (or "AC" for short) from the 1910s to the 1940s;NEWS, Ragodon, Richard Wilhelm, The jeepney's long farewell,weblink December 6, 2020, Top Gear Philippines, December 21, 2017, and the motorela of Northern Mindanao, a portmanteau of "motorized" and "".WEB, March 18, 2010, Raphael Floirendo – the Motorela Inventor,weblink November 11, 2015, CDODev.Com, en, The colorful decorations of the kalesa was also inherited by the post-World War II jeepney. The horse hood ornament of most jeepneys is also a tribute to its kalesa predecessor.

In popular culture

Composer Ambrosio Del Rosario composed the original music and National Artist of the Philippines Levi Celério wrote the lyrics for a song entitled Kalesa, in honor of the vehicle.Kalesa – Video Watch, watch Youtube video, download Youtube video.{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}An annual Kalesa Parade is held during the Binatbatan Festival of the Arts of Vigan City.WEB, Rivero, Imelda C., Vigan's enduring 'kalesas' help keep the city's air clean,weblink Philippine Information Agency, March 26, 2020,

Gallery

File:WTMP Pangkat E-13-1.JPG|Kalesa in ManilaFile:Allan Jay Quesada - Vigan Calle Crisologo DSC 1917.jpg|Kalesa in Calle Crisologo, Vigan, Ilocos SurFile:Calesas Parked at Vigan Cathedral.jpg|Kalesa parked in front of Vigan CathedralFile:Kalesa at Binondo, Manila (January 2020).jpg|alt=|A kalesa at Binondo, ManilaFile:Calesa.jpg|A kalesa in front of the Manila Cathedral

See also

• Kangga, a traditional Carabao-drawn sled
• Motorized tricycle (Philippines)
• Jeepney
• Pulled rickshaw

References

External links

• {{commons category-inline}}

{{Horse-drawn carriages|state=collapsed}}{{Transportation in the Philippines}}