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{{Short description|Premier of Saskatchewan from 1926 to 1929 and 1934 to 1935}}{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}

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| image = Jimmy Gardiner.jpg| caption = | order = 4th| office = Premier of Saskatchewan| predecessor = Charles A. DunningJames Thomas Milton Anderson>James T.M. Anderson| monarch = George V| lieutenant_governor = Henry William Newlands| term_start = February 26, 1926| term_end = September 9, 1929| term_start1 = July 19, 1934| term_end1 = November 1, 1935| predecessor1 = James T.M. Anderson| successor1 = William John Patterson| monarch1 = George V| lieutenant_governor1 = Hugh Edwin Munroe| office2 = Member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan for North Qu’Appelle| term_start2 = June 25, 1914| term_end2 = June 19, 1934John Archibald McDonald (Saskatchewan politician)>John Archibald McDonald| successor2 = District abolishedLegislative Assembly of Saskatchewan for Melville (provincial electoral district)>Melville| term_start3 = June 19, 1934| term_end3 = November 1, 1935| predecessor3 = District established| successor3 = Ernest Walter GerrandAssiniboia (electoral district)>Assiniboia| parliament4 = CanadianRobert McKenzie (Canadian politician)>Robert McKenzie| successor4 = Jesse Pickard Tripp| term_start4 = January 6, 1936| term_end4 = March 26, 1940Melville (electoral district)>Melville| parliament5 = Canadian| predecessor5 = William Richard Motherwell| successor5 = James Norris Ormiston| term_start5 = March 26, 1940| term_end5 = March 31, 1958188330}}South Huron>Farhuquar (South Huron), Ontario19621211|30}}| death_place = Balcarres, Saskatchewan

• {{marriage|Rosetta Jane Gardiner|1912|1917{edih}
• {{marriage|Violet McEwen|1917|1944}}
• {{marriage|Isabella (Scott) Christie|1944|1962}}

}}| children = Saskatchewan Liberal Party>Saskatchewan LiberalLiberal Party of Canada>Liberal| profession = Farmer, educator| nickname = Jimmy}}James Garfield Gardiner {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC}} (30 November 1883 – 12 January 1962) was a Canadian farmer, educator, and politician. He served as the fourth premier of Saskatchewan, and as a minister in the Canadian Cabinet.

Political career

Gardiner was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan in 1914, served as Minister of Highways (1922–1926) in the government of Premier Charles A. Dunning from 1922, and succeeded Dunning as premier in 1926. A highly-partisan Liberal, his government lost its majority in the legislature in the 1929 election both from patronage scandals and partly through an anti-French, anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant campaign waged by the Ku Klux Klan.NEWS, Latimer, Kendall, KKK history challenges idea Sask. always welcomed newcomers: expert,www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/ku-klux-klan-saskatchewan-history-1.4251309, August 18, 2017, CBC Saskatchewan, July 22, 2021, Although the Conservative Party had won fewer seats, it was able to defeat the Gardiner government through a motion of no confidence and then formed a “co-operative government” with the support of some Progressive Party and independent Members of the Legislative Assembly.As Leader of the Opposition, Gardiner accused James Anderson’s Conservative government of bigotry and alleged that it was linked with the Klan.WEB, Canadian viewers of HBO’s ‘Watchmen’ should know the KKK helped bring down a provincial government in 1929,theconversation.com/canadian-viewers-of-hbos-watchmen-should-know-the-kkk-helped-bring-down-a-provincial-government-in-1929-146170, The Conversation (website), The Conversation, March 2, 2021, Gardiner defeated Anderson in the 1934 election and became premier a second time. In 1935, he was involved in negotiations to end the On-to-Ottawa Trek in Regina.Gardiner left provincial politics later in 1935 to join the federal cabinet of Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King as Minister of Agriculture. He was elected to the House of Commons a few months later. Gardiner held the agriculture portfolio for 22 years until the 1957 federal election resulted the Liberal government bring defeated. Gardiner also served as the first Minister of National War Services, during July 12, 1940{{snd}}June 10, 1941.WEB, Profile – Gardiner, James Garfield,lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=6532, Parlinfo, Parliament of Canada, 31 December 2021, Gardiner was a powerful figure in both the King and St. Laurent governments.In 1947, he was sworn of the Imperial Privy Council, which allowed him use of the prenominal honorific The Right Honourable.Gardiner ran for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada at the 1948 Liberal leadership convention but lost to Louis St. Laurent. He remained in the House of Commons of Canada until he lost his seat in the 1958 Diefenbaker sweep.

Personal life

Gardiner was married three times: first to Rosetta Jane Gardiner in 1912, then to Violet McEwen in 1917 and finally to Isabella (Scott) Christie in 1944. His son James Wilfrid Gardiner served in the Saskatchewan Legislative Assembly.WEB,sain.scaa.sk.ca/collections/index.php/james-g-gardiner-fonds;rad, James G. Gardiner fonds, Saskatchewan Archival Information Network, 2012-06-30, 2017-10-08,sain.scaa.sk.ca/collections/index.php/james-g-gardiner-fonds;rad," title="web.archive.org/web/20171008130405sain.scaa.sk.ca/collections/index.php/james-g-gardiner-fonds;rad,">web.archive.org/web/20171008130405sain.scaa.sk.ca/collections/index.php/james-g-gardiner-fonds;rad, dead, His other son, Pilot Officer John Edwin (1919–1942), serving with Number 403 Squadron, RCAF, was killed in action while providing air cover and support during the Dieppe Raid on August 19, 1942.Pilot Officer John Edwin Gardiner’s service file at Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa. The Gardiner family farm was near Lemberg, Saskatchewan.

Legacy

As premier of Saskatchewan in 1928, Gardiner championed the Saskatchewan Sanitoria and Hospitals Act, the first legislation to provide free hospitalization and treatment for victims of tuberculosis anywhere in North America. It was passed unanimously by the provincial legislature on January 1, 1929, and is probably one of his least-known legacies to Saskatchewan public policy.BOOK, Houston, C. Stuart, RG Ferguson Crusader against Tuberculosis, Hannah Institute & Dundurn Press, Toronto, 1991, 82, As Minister of National War Services during World War II, Gardiner made a way for conscientious objectors in Canada to perform alternate, non-military service. After a delegation from Canada’s Anabaptist peace churches was stymied by deputy ministers, they approached Gardiner directly, where they got a much warmer reception; as Gardiner was a member of the United Church of Canada, which is also theologically committed to global peace. The National War Services Regulations were amended by Parliament on December 24, 1940, to allow for alternate service.BOOK, Krieder, Robert S., Goossen, Rachel Waltner, Hungry, Thirsty, a Stranger: The MCC Experience, Herald Press, Scottdale, Pennsylvania, 1988, 0-8361-1299-7, 61–62, Saskatchewan’s Gardiner Dam, declared open on June 21, 1967, is named after him.In 2006, the CBC agreed to pull the movie (Prairie Giant: The Tommy Douglas Story) from all broadcasts in response to criticism about its portrayals of Gardiner.NEWS, CBC pulls Tommy Douglas movie,www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/cbc-pulls-tommy-douglas-movie-1.593005, CBC News, June 12, 2006, July 22, 2018,

Electoral history

Saskatchewan general elections, 1929 and 1934

Gardiner led the Liberal Party in two general elections, in 1929 and 1934. The 1929 election resulted in a Conservative minority government, but Gardiner won the 1934 election with a majority government.

1929 General election

{{About||more detailed tables of election results|1929 Saskatchewan general election}}{{About||information about the 7th Legislature, 1929 to 1934|7th Saskatchewan Legislature}}Gardiner had succeeded Dunning as premier in 1926, and led the Liberals into the general election in 1929. Although Gardiner and the Liberals won pluralities in the popular vote and seats in the Assembly, they did not hold a majority. Gardiner chose to face the Assembly in hopes of obtaining sufficient support from some of the opposition members to maintain his government, but he lost a vote on a confidence matter and resigned. He was replaced as premier by James Anderson, whose Conservative Party held the second-greatest number of seats.{| class=“wikitable” Saskatchewan General Election: June 6, 1929)!colspan=“2“|Party !! Leaders !! Seats Won !! Popular Vote !! Popular Vote Percentage{{Canadian party colour|SK|Liberal|row-name}}28 align=center45.56%{{Canadian party colour|SK|Conservative|row-name}}James Thomas Milton Anderson>James Anderson2 align=center131,550 align=center|36.44%{{Canadian party colour|CA|Independent|row}}Independent politician#Canada>Independentalign=center6 align=center9.06%{{Canadian party colour|SK|Progressive|row-name}}– align=center24,988 align=center|6.92%{{Canadian party colour|SK|Liberal-Labour|row-name}}– align=center4,181 align=center|1.16%{{Canadian party colour|CA|Independent|row}}Economic Group (Saskatchewan)>Economic Groupalign=center0align=center0.54%{{Canadian party colour|CA|Independent|row}}Independent Liberal>–align=center1,160 align=center|0.32%! colspan=3 |Total !! 63 !! 361,037 !! 100.00%Source: Elections Saskatchewan — Elections Results — 19291 Premier when election was called; lost confidence motion in the Assembly after the election; resigned as Premier and became Leader of the Opposition.2 Co-Leader of the Opposition when the election was called; became Premier after successful non-confidence vote.

1934 General election

{{About||more detailed tables of election results|1934 Saskatchewan general election}}{{About||information about the 8th Legislature, 1934 to 1938|8th Saskatchewan Legislature}}Gardiner remained leader of the Liberals and led them into the 1934 election, at the depths of the Great Depression. The Liberals won a substantial majority government, taking fifty of the fifty-five seats in the Legislative Assembly. The election was a crushing defeat for the Conservatives under Anderson, who failed to win a single seat. The Farmer-Labour Party won five seats and formed the Opposition.{| class=“wikitable” Saskatchewan General Election: June 19, 1934)!colspan=“2“|Party !! Leaders !! Seats Won !! Popular Vote !! Popular Vote Percentage{{Canadian party colour|SK|Liberal|row-name}}50 align=center48.00%{{Canadian party colour|SK|Farmer Labour|row}}Saskatchewan New Democratic Party>Farmer-Labour M. J. Coldwell2 align=center102,944 align=center|23.96%{{Canadian party colour|SK|Conservative|row-name}}James Thomas Milton Anderson>James Anderson3 align=center114,923 align=center|26.75%{{Canadian party colour|SK|Independent|row}}Independent politician#Canada >– align=center2,949 align=center|0.69%{{Canadian party colour|SK|Labour|row-name}}– align=center1,420 align=center|0.33%{{Canadian party colour|SK|Labour|row}}– align=center1,053 align=center|0.24%{{Canadian party colour|CA|Independent|row}}Independent Liberal>–align=center133 align=center|0.03%! colspan=3 |Total !! 55 !! 429,634 !! 100.00%Source: Elections Saskatchewan — Elections Results — 19341 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Premier after the election.2 Party leader during the election, but failed to win seat; role as Leader of the Opposition taken by George Hara Williams3 Premier when election was called; lost seat in the election and retired.

Saskatchewan constituency elections

Gardiner stood for election to the Legislative Assembly seven times, once in a by-election and in six general elections. He was elected six times in the constituency of North Qu’Appelle, and the seventh and last election in the constituency of Melville. He was elected twice by acclamation, and five times in contested elections.Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division.

1914 By-election: North Qu’Appelle

{| class=“wikitable” |+ Provincial By-Election, June 25, 1914: North Qu’Appelle!colspan=“2“|Party !! Candidate !! Popular Vote !! % {{Canadian party colour|SK|Liberal|row-name}} E James Garfield Gardiner >1,171 align=center|56.79% {{Canadian party colour|SK|Conservative|row}} Conservative Party of Saskatchewan>Conservative William Ernest Read align=center43.21%! colspan=3|Total !! 2,062 !! 100.00%Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — North Qu’Appelle The by-election was called on the resignation of the sitting Conservative member, John Archibald McDonald, who admitted to “corrupt practices” by his agent in the 1912 general election.Ernest J. Chambers, Canadian Parliamentary Guide (1915).E Elected.

1917 General election: North Qu’Appelle

{| class=“wikitable” 1917 Saskatchewan general election>Saskatchewan General Election, June 26, 1917: North Qu’Appelle!colspan=“2“|Party!Candidate!!Popular Vote!! % {{Canadian party colour|SK|Liberal|row-name}}E X James Garfield Gardiner >1,827 align=center|59.49% {{Canadian party colour|SK|Conservative|row-name}}1,244 align=center|40.51%! colspan=3|Total !! 3,071 !! 100.00%Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — North Qu’Appelle E Elected.X Incumbent.

1921 General election: North Qu’Appelle

{| class=“wikitable” 1921 Saskatchewan general election>Saskatchewan General Election, June 9, 1921: North Qu’Appelle!colspan=“2“|Party!Candidate!!Popular Vote!! % {{Canadian party colour|SK|Liberal|row-name}}E X James Garfield Gardiner >Acclamation#Uncontested election >– ! colspan=3|Total !! – !! –Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — North Qu’Appelle E Elected.X Incumbent.

1922 By-election: North Qu’Appelle

{| class=“wikitable” Office of profit#United Kingdom>Ministerial By-Election, June 5, 1922: North Qu’Appelle!colspan=“2“|Party !! Candidate !! Popular Vote !! % {{Canadian party colour|SK|Liberal|row-name}} E X James Garfield Gardiner >Acclamation#Uncontested election >– ! colspan=3|Total !! – !! –Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — North Qu’Appelle The by-election was called on Gardiner accepting the position of Minister of Highways in the Cabinet of Premier Dunning, an office of profit under the Crown, on April 5, 1922.E Elected.X Incumbent.

1925 General election: North Qu’Appelle

{| class=“wikitable” 1925 Saskatchewan general election>Saskatchewan General Election, June 2, 1925: North Qu’Appelle!colspan=“2“|Party!Candidate!!Popular Vote!! % {{Canadian party colour|SK|Liberal|row-name}}E X James Garfield Gardiner >2,370 align=center|60.71% {{Canadian party colour|SK|Progressive|row-name}}1,534 align=center|39.29%! colspan=3|Total !! 3,904 !! 100.00%Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — North Qu’AppelleE Elected.X Incumbent.

1929 General election: North Qu’Appelle

{| class=“wikitable” 1929 Saskatchewan general election>Saskatchewan General Election, June 6, 1929: North Qu’Appelle!colspan=“2“|Party!Candidate!!Popular Vote!! % {{Canadian party colour|SK|Liberal|row-name}}E X James Garfield Gardiner >2,752 align=center|59.79% {{Canadian party colour|SK|Conservative|row-name}}1,448 align=center|31.46%{{Canadian party colour|SK|Progressive|row-name}}403 align=center|8.75%! colspan=3|Total !! 4,603 !! 100.00%Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — North Qu’AppelleE Elected.X Incumbent.

1934 General election: Melville

{| class=“wikitable” 1934 Saskatchewan general election>Saskatchewan General Election, June 19, 1934: Melville!colspan=“2“|Party!Candidate!!Popular Vote!! % {{Canadian party colour|SK|Liberal|row-name}}E X James Garfield Gardiner >4,989 align=center|59.23% {{Canadian party colour|SK|Conservative|row-name}}1,930 align=center|22.91%{{Canadian party colour|SK|Farmer-Labour|row-name}}1,504 align=center|17.86%! colspan=3|Total !! 8,423 !! 100.00%Source: Saskatchewan Archives — Election Results by Electoral Division — MelvilleE Elected.X Incumbent.

Federal constituency elections, 1936 to 1958

Gardiner stood for election to the House of Commons seven times from 1936 to 1958, in two different Saskatchewan ridings (Assiniboia originally, and then Melville for the next six elections). He was elected six times. After his defeat in the 1958 election, he retired from politics.

1936 By-election: Assiniboia

{| class=“wikitable” Assiniboia (electoral district)>Assiniboia, Saskatchewan!colspan=“2“|Party !! Candidate !! Popular Vote !! % {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row-name}}E James Garfield Gardiner >7,282 align=center|66.21%{{Canadian party colour|CA|CCF|row}}Co-operative Commonwealth Federation >William Irvine (Canadian politician)>William Irvine align=center33.79%! colspan=3 align=center|Total !! align=center|10,999 !! align=center|100.00%Source: Library of Parliament: Assiniboia By-election called after the sitting Liberal MP, Robert McKenzie, accepted an office of profit under the Crown on December 9, 1935.E Elected.

1940 General Election: Melville

{| class=“wikitable” 1940 Canadian federal election>Federal Election, 1940: Melville, Saskatchewan!colspan=“2“|Party!Candidate!!Popular Vote!! % {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row-name}}E James Garfield Gardiner >10,158 align=center|48.29%{{Canadian party colour|CA|CCF|row}}Co-operative Commonwealth Federation >9,042 align=center|42.98%{{Canadian party colour|CA|Independent|row}} National-Unity (candidate)>National Unity Gilbert Henry Bartlett align=center8.73%! colspan=3 align=center|Total !! align=center|21,037 !! align=center|100.00%Source: Library of Parliament: Melville E Elected.

1945 General Election: Melville

{| class=“wikitable” 1945 Canadian federal election>Federal Election, 1945: Melville, Saskatchewan!colspan=“2“|Party!Candidate!!Popular Vote!! % {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row-name}}E X James Garfield Gardiner >10,095 align=center|50.07%{{Canadian party colour|CA|CCF|row}}Co-operative Commonwealth Federation >10,067 align=center|49.93%! colspan=3 align=center|Total !! align=center|20,162 !! align=center|100.00%Source: Library of Parliament: MelvilleE Elected. X Incumbent.

1949 General Election: Melville

{| class=“wikitable” 1949 Canadian federal election>Federal Election, 1949: Melville, Saskatchewan!colspan=“2“|Party!Candidate!!Popular Vote!! % {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row-name}}E X James Garfield Gardiner >11,120 align=center|58.61%{{Canadian party colour|CA|CCF|row}}Co-operative Commonwealth Federation >6,388 align=center|33.67%{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row-name}}1,465 align=center|7.72%! colspan=3 align=center|Total !! align=center|18,973 !! align=center|100.00%Source: Library of Parliament: Melville E Elected. X Incumbent.

1953 General Election: Melville

{| class=“wikitable” 1953 Canadian federal election>Federal Election, 1953: Melville, Saskatchewan!colspan=“2“|Party!Candidate!!Popular Vote!! % {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row-name}}E X James Garfield Gardiner >10,024 align=center|50.02%{{Canadian party colour|CA|CCF|row}}Co-operative Commonwealth Federation >Percy Wright>Percy Ellis Wright align=center40.38%{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row-name}}James Ormiston>James Norris Ormiston align=center5.70%{{Canadian party colour|CA|Social Credit|row-name}}783 align=center|3.91%! colspan=3 align=center|Total !! align=center|20,041 !! align=center|100.01%1Source: Library of Parliament: Melville E Elected.X Incumbent.1 Rounding error.

1957 General Election: Melville

{| class=“wikitable” 1957 Canadian federal election>Federal Election, 1957: Melville, Saskatchewan!colspan=“2“|Party!Candidate!!Popular Vote!! % {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row-name}}E X James Garfield Gardiner >7,949 align=center|40.63%{{Canadian party colour|CA|CCF|row}}Co-operative Commonwealth Federation >John Burton (Canadian politician)>John Burton align=center38.80%{{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row-name}}James Ormiston>James Norris Ormiston align=center13.27%{{Canadian party colour|CA|Social Credit|row-name}}1,429 align=center|7.30%! colspan=3 align=center|Total !! align=center|19,564 !! align=center|100.00%Source: Library of Parliament: Melville E Elected. X Incumbent.

1958 General Election: Melville

{| class=“wikitable” 1958 Canadian federal election>Federal Election, 1958: Melville, Saskatchewan!colspan=“2“|Party!Candidate!!Popular Vote!! % {{Canadian party colour|CA|PC|row-name}}E James Ormiston>James Norris Ormiston align=center42.60%{{Canadian party colour|CA|CCF|row}}Co-operative Commonwealth Federation >John Burton (Canadian politician)>John Burton align=center28.76%{{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|row-name}}X James Garfield Gardiner >5,673 align=center|28.64%! colspan=3 align=center|Total !! align=center|19,811 !! align=center|100.00%Source: Library of Parliament: Melville E Elected. X Incumbent.

References

{{reflist}}

External links

• {{Canadian Parliament links|ID=6532}}
• Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan Entry

{{SKPremiers}}{{CA-Ministers of Agriculture}}{{Saskatchewan Liberal Party leaders}}{{Authority control}}