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{{Short description|Prefecture-level city in China}}{{for|the horse|Heihe horse}}{{for|the river in Gansu|Ejin River}}{{stack begin}}

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|population_note = |population_total = 1286401|population_density_km2 = auto|population_metro = 223832|population_density_metro_km2 =auto|population_urban = 223832|population_density_urban_km2 =auto| demographics_type2 = GDP| demographics2_title1 = Prefecture-level city| demographics2_info1 = CN¥ 44.7 billionUS$ 7.2 billion | demographics2_title2 = Per capita| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 26,518US$ 4,258China Standard Time>China Standard|utc_offset = +8|coor_pinpoint = Heihe Customs50.2401127.5210type:adm2nd_region:CN-23_source:Gaodedisplay=it}}|elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = Postal code of China>Postal code|postal_code = 164300|area_code = 0456Vehicle registration plates of China>Licence platesCN-HL-11)Köppen climate classification>ClimateHumid continental climate#Mild/cool summer subtype>Dwbwww.heihe.gov.cn/}}|footnotes = }}

factoids

factoids

{{stack end}}Heihe ({{zh|s=|p=Hēihé}}; {{Literal translation|Black River}}; Russian: Хэйхэ) is a prefecture-level city of northern Heilongjiang province, China, located on the Russian border, on the south bank of the Amur (Heilong) River, across the river from Blagoveshchensk. At the 2020 census, 1,286,401 people lived in the prefecture-level city of whom 223,832 lived in the built-up area (or metro) made of Aihui District.Heihe marks the northeast terminus of the diagonal Heihe–Tengchong Line, which is sometimes used to divide China into east and west.

History

(File:Lisle - Carte de Tartarie (Detail).jpg|thumb|left|Aigou (Aigun) shown as one of the few towns on the Amur, and one of the most important places in the region, on a 1706 French map)Heihe, formerly Aihui or Aigun, is one of the five oldest cities in Heilongjiang, along with Qiqihar, Yilan, Acheng and Hulan. Human beings started to settle in Heihe region as early as the Paleolithic Age.Амурская область: История НАРОДЫ АМУРСКОЙ ЗЕМЛИ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718030231www.amurobl.ru/index.php?m=24596&r=4&c=2697&p=3997 |date=2011-07-18 }} (Amur Oblast: the History. The peoples of the Amur Land) {{in lang|ru}} Later it became home to local tribes. During the Qing dynasty, Heihe was the first place troops sent to Heilongjiang were stationed. The predecessor of today’s Heihe was the town established by the indigenous Ducher people of the Amur Valley in the mid-1650s. It was established some {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} south of the modern city siteThe Ancient City of Aigun {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029094958scenery.cultural-china.com/en/146S2688S9661.html |date=2009-10-29 }} (in today’s Aihui District) and was known as Aigun, Heilongjiang, or Saghalien Ula. (The two last names both mean “the Black Dragon River” - the name for the Amur River in Chinese and Manchu, respectively).After the Ducher were evacuated by the Qing to the Sungari or Hurka in the 1650s, the Ducher town was probably vacated. However, in 1683-85 the Manchus re-used the site as a base for their campaign against the Russian fort of Albazin.Bruce Mancall, ‘Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728, 1971, pages 115-127 Aigun was the capital (the seat of the military governor) of Heilongjiang from 1683 to 1690, before the capital was moved to Nenjiang (Mergen).BOOK, Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy, Richard Louis, Edmonds, University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213, 0-89065-118-3, 1985, 115–117, After the capture of Albazin in 1685 or 1686, the Qing governor relocated the town to a new site on the right (southwestern) bank of the Amur, about 3 miles downstream from the original.E.G.Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur. London, 1861. text can be found on Google Books. Pages 18,48.The Jesuits (at du Halde, pp. 18-19), who visited the “new” Aigun ca. 1709, mentioned the old site on the left bank of the river (which they called Aykom), but said that it was 13 li, i.e., some 8.3 km, upstream from the new site. They also claimed that Aykom was founded by the 15th-century Ming Yongle Emperor but abandoned within 20 years. Although Yongle’s Amur expeditions are well known (see, e.g., Yishiha), there seem to be no corroboration in modern literature for the existence of a Yongle-era fort at the Old Aigun site. The new site occupied the location of the former village of the Daurian chief named Tolga. The city became known primarily under its Manchu name Saghalien Ula hoton (Manchu: {{MongolUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨᡠᠯᠠᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ}} sahaliyan ula hoton) and Chinese name Heilongjiang Cheng ({{zh|labels=no|t=黑龍江城}}), which both mean “Black River City”.Jean-Baptiste Du Halde, Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l’empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise, enrichie des cartes générales et particulieres de ces pays, de la carte générale et des cartes particulieres du Thibet, & de la Corée; & ornée d’un grand nombre de figures & de vignettes gravées en tailledouce, Vol. 4 (La Haye: H. Scheurleer, 1736). Pp. 18-19. Later the governor office was transferred to Qiqihar. However, Aigun remained the seat of the Deputy Lieutenant-General (Fu dutong), responsible for a large district covering much of the Amur Valley within the province of Heilongjiang as it existed in those days. (File:Ravenstein-p118-Sverbeyev-View-of-Aigun-1854.png|thumb|left|Muravyov’s fleet off Aigun in 1854)Aigun was visited around 1709 as a part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program by the Jesuits Jean-Baptiste Régis, Pierre Jartoux, and Xavier Ehrenbert Fridelli,Jean-Baptiste Du Halde, Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique, et physique de l’empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise, enrichie des cartes générales et particulieres de ces pays, de la carte générale et des cartes particulieres du Thibet, & de la Corée; & ornée d’un grand nombre de figures & de vignettes gravées en tailledouce, Vol. 1 (La Haye: H. Scheurleer, 1736). (p. xxxviii in Vol. 1) who found it a stronghold, serving as the base of Manchus controlling the Amur River basin.The Aigun Treaty was concluded at Aigun in 1858. According to this treaty, the left bank of the Amur River was conceded to Czarist Russia.After the Xinhai Revolution, Aigun became the county seat of the newly created Aigun County by the Republic of China.On November 15, 1980, Heihe City was established, administering two county-level cities and three counties including Beian, Wudalianchi, Nenjiang, Sunwu and Sunke. Aihui County was abolished, being merged into the Heihe City.WEB,www.heihe.gov.cn/html/2007-6/6/2007_06_06_959.html, zh:爱辉区概况, Heihe People’s Government, 2007-06-06, zh-cn, 2013-12-06, 2012-12-25,www.heihe.gov.cn/html/2007-6/6/2007_06_06_959.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121225024447www.heihe.gov.cn/html/2007-6/6/2007_06_06_959.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121225024447www.heihe.gov.cn/html/2007-6/6/2007_06_06_959.html, dead,

Geography

Heihe is located at the South bank of the Amur, opposite to the city of Blagoveshchensk in Russia’s Amur Oblast. Its jurisdictional area stretches for {{convert|54390|km2|abbr=on}}, which spans from 124° 45’ to 129° 18’ E longitude and 47° 42’ to 51° 03’ N latitude. Domestically, Heihe City borders Da Hinggan Ling Prefecture to the north, Yichun to the southeast, Suihua to the south, Qiqihar to the southwest, and Hulunbuir (Inner Mongolia) to the west. The Amur has formed the Sino-Russian border since the 1858 Aigun Treaty and 1860 Treaty of Peking. The area north of the Amur had previously belonged to Imperial China.

Climate

Heihe experiences a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb), but Dwa in the south of the prefecture, with long, bitterly cold, windy, but dry winters due to the influence of the Siberian high, and warm, wet summers, due to the East Asian monsoon. Based on data from 1981 to 2010, the monthly daily mean temperature in January, the coldest month, is {{convert|−22.0|°C|1}}, and July, the warmest month, averages {{convert|21.1|°C|1}}, with an average annual temperature {{convert|+0.92|°C|1}}. Close to two-thirds of the annual precipitation falls in the months of June to August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|−44.5|°C|0}} to {{convert|39.3|°C|0}}.{{Weather box|width = auto|location=Heihe (Aihui District, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)|metric first=Y|single line=Y|collapsed = Y|Jan record high C = −0.4|Feb record high C = 7.1|Mar record high C = 20.4|Apr record high C = 28.3|May record high C = 35.1|Jun record high C = 39.3|Jul record high C = 37.2|Aug record high C = 35.1|Sep record high C = 31.1|Oct record high C = 28.2|Nov record high C = 12.5|Dec record high C = 1.1|year record high C=|Jan high C = -15.6|Feb high C = -9.9|Mar high C = -0.8|Apr high C = 10.7|May high C = 19.4|Jun high C = 24.9|Jul high C = 27.1|Aug high C = 24.9|Sep high C = 18.9|Oct high C = 8.8|Nov high C = -5.2|Dec high C = -15.3|Jan mean C = -21.6|Feb mean C = -16.9|Mar mean C = -7.2|Apr mean C = 4.5|May mean C = 12.8|Jun mean C = 18.9|Jul mean C = 21.6|Aug mean C = 19.2|Sep mean C = 12.4|Oct mean C = 2.8|Nov mean C = -10.7|Dec mean C = -20.6|Jan low C = -26.2|Feb low C = -22.6|Mar low C = -13.3|Apr low C = -1.8|May low C = 6.0|Jun low C = 12.7|Jul low C = 16.6|Aug low C = 14.3|Sep low C = 6.8|Oct low C = -2.4|Nov low C = -15.3|Dec low C = -24.8|Jan record low C = −44.5|Feb record low C = −40.9|Mar record low C = −32.8|Apr record low C = −19.1|May record low C = −8.4|Jun record low C = 1.7|Jul record low C = 7.9|Aug record low C = 4.0|Sep record low C = −5.3|Oct record low C = −19.1|Nov record low C = −32.8|Dec record low C = −38.9|year record low C=|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm = 5.0|Feb precipitation mm = 5.1|Mar precipitation mm = 7.0|Apr precipitation mm = 23.2|May precipitation mm = 55.8|Jun precipitation mm = 87.5|Jul precipitation mm = 147.0|Aug precipitation mm = 112.9|Sep precipitation mm = 66.4|Oct precipitation mm = 27.6|Nov precipitation mm = 11.1|Dec precipitation mm = 8.1|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 7.4|Feb precipitation days = 4.6|Mar precipitation days = 4.9|Apr precipitation days = 6.6|May precipitation days = 10.9|Jun precipitation days = 12.8|Jul precipitation days = 14.3|Aug precipitation days = 14.1|Sep precipitation days = 11.0|Oct precipitation days = 7.7|Nov precipitation days = 7.3|Dec precipitation days = 7.9|year precipitation days = |Jan sun = 174.3|Feb sun = 208.5|Mar sun = 256.3|Apr sun = 245.0|May sun = 257.0|Jun sun = 263.1|Jul sun = 249.5|Aug sun = 232.7|Sep sun = 219.9|Oct sun = 192.4|Nov sun = 165.4|Dec sun = 153.0|year sun = | Jan percentsun = 65| Feb percentsun = 73| Mar percentsun = 69| Apr percentsun = 59| May percentsun = 54| Jun percentsun = 54| Jul percentsun = 51| Aug percentsun = 53| Sep percentsun = 59| Oct percentsun = 59| Nov percentsun = 62| Dec percentsun = 62| year percentsun = |Jan snow days = 10.4|Feb snow days = 7.3|Mar snow days = 7.4|Apr snow days = 4.6|May snow days = 0.4|Jun snow days = 0|Jul snow days = 0|Aug snow days = 0|Sep snow days = 0.2|Oct snow days = 4.9|Nov snow days = 9.7|Dec snow days = 11.2|year snow days = |Jan humidity = 67|Feb humidity = 62|Mar humidity = 56|Apr humidity = 50|May humidity = 54|Jun humidity = 68|Jul humidity = 76|Aug humidity = 78|Sep humidity = 70|Oct humidity = 61|Nov humidity = 66|Dec humidity = 69China Meteorological AdministrationHTTP://DATA.CMA.CN/DATA/WEATHERBK.HTML PUBLISHER=CHINA METEOROLOGICAL ADMINISTRATION ACCESS-DATE=5 JULY 2023, WEB,experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps, zh:中国气象数据网, China Meteorological Administration, zh-hans, 5 July 2023, | source 2 = Weather ChinaHTTP://WWW.WEATHER.COM.CN/CITYINTRO/101050601.SHTML? >SCRIPT-TITLE=ZH:黑河 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 LANGUAGE = ZH-HANS, 2012-07-12, }}

Administrative divisions{| class“wikitable” style@font-size:90%;” aligncenter

{{Image label beginwidth=550|link=}}{{Image label|x=730|y=500|scale=630/2100|text=Aihui}}{{Image label|x=1330|y=1230|scale=630/2100|text=XunkeCounty}}{{Image label|x=905|y=990|scale=630/2100|text=SunwuCounty}}{{Image label|x=860|y=1680|scale=630/2100|text=Bei’an{{small|(city)}}}}{{Image label|x=680|y=1290|scale=630/2100|text=Wudalianchi{{small|(city)}}}}{{Image label|x=385|y=960|scale=630/2100|text=Nenjiang{{small|(city)}}}}{{image label end}}! Name! Hanzi! Hanyu Pinyin! Population (2010 est.)! Area (km2)! Density (/km2)---------|Aihui District---------|Bei’an city---------|Wudalianchi city---------Nenjiang City>Nenjiang city---------|Xunke County---------|Sunwu County

Transportation

(File:Heilongjiang (Amur) shore.jpg|thumb|left)The transportation to and from Heihe is as follows:

• Highways
  • China National Highway 202: Heihe–Dalian via Harbin, Jilin City and Shenyang
  • Provincial highways: Heihe–Mohe, etc.
  • Blagoveshchensk–Heihe Bridge, completed at the end of 2019, is a 2-lane highway bridge over the Amur to link Blagoveshchensk and Heihe.
• Railway (China Railway): Heihe–Bei’an to Harbin, Qiqihar and Daqing
• Air: Heihe Aihui Airport

The world’s first international cable car to Blagoveshchensk has also been proposed to open in 2022.WEB, Amy Woodyatt, The world’s first cross-border cable car will travel from Russia to China in under 8 minutes,edition.cnn.com/travel/article/russia-china-cable-car-scli/index.html, CNN, en, NEWS, Russia to China in under eight minutes: World’s first cross-border cable car unveiled,www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-31/world-first-cable-car-to-connect-russia-and-china/11371308, www.abc.net.au, 31 July 2019, en-AU,

Energy

West of Heihe, there is an HVDC back-to-back station for realizing an interconnection between the power grids of Russia and China with 750 MW transmission capacity.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

Tourism

(File:WudalianchiGeopark.jpg|thumb|right|Wudalianchi Volcanic Landforms National Geopark)Heihe has tourist attractions such as Amur River and {{ill|Wudalianchi Lake|zh|五大连池湖}} and {{ill|Wudalianchi Volcanic Range|zh|五大连池火山群}}, where people can take a trip to local volcanoes. The Old City of Aigun is a famous historical scenic spot, in which the Treaty of Aigun between China and Russia was signed in the 19th century.

Sport

Heihe University () has requested the Russian bandy club SKA Neftyanik to send a coach, offering a one-year contract.weblink

Sister cities

• {{flagdeco|Russia}} Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast, Russia
• {{flagdeco|Russia}} Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai, RussiaAs of today, Krasnoyarsk City Administration has concluded protocols of intent and agreements on cooperation with the following foreign cities:
• {{flagdeco|Russia}} Yakutsk, Sakha Republic, Russia

See also

• Heihe–Tengchong Line

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

{{commons category}}{{Heilongjiang topics}}{{Heilongjiang}}{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People’s Republic of China}}{{China–Russia border crossings}}{{Authority control}}