|
| | | 0.9 |
Association with rates of violence in times of peace
{{multiple image |total_width=450caption1=Multiple studies show that where people have easy access to firearms, gun-related deaths tend to be more frequent, including by suicide, homicide and unintentional injuries.FOX >FIRST1=KARA | FIRST2=KRYSTINA | FIRST3=NATALIE | FIRST4=MARCO | URL=HTTPS://WWW.CNN.COM/2021/11/26/WORLD/US-GUN-CULTURE-WORLD-COMPARISON-INTL-CMD/INDEX.HTML | DATE=NOVEMBER 26, 2021 | ARCHIVE-DATE=NOVEMBER 26, 2021 | QUOTE=CNN’S ATTRIBUTION: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ARE DEFINED BASED ON THE UN CLASSIFICATION, WHICH INCLUDES 36 COUNTRIES. SOURCE: INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH METRICS AND EVALUATION (GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE 2019), SMALL ARMS SURVEY (CIVILIAN FIREARM HOLDINGS 2017), | caption2=Gun-related death rates are positively correlated with household gun ownership rates.Mortality data from FIREARM MORTALITY BY STATE >URL=HTTPS://WWW.CDC.GOV/NCHS/PRESSROOM/SOSMAP/FIREARM_MORTALITY/FIREARM.HTM | PUBLISHER=CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION, NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS | ARCHIVE-DATE=JUNE 3, 2023 | QUOTE=THE NUMBER OF DEATHS PER 100,000 TOTAL POPULATION. SOURCE: WONDER.CDC.GOV | | LAST2=PETERSON | LAST3=VEGETABILE | LAST4=SCHERLING | LAST5=SMART | LAST6=MORRAL | TITLE=STATE-LEVEL ESTIMATES OF HOUSEHOLD FIREARM OWNERSHIP | WEBSITE=RAND.ORG | DATE=APRIL 22, 2020 | ARCHIVE-DATE=MAY 5, 2023 | URL-STATUS=LIVE, Fig. 2. PDF file (download link)}}{{multiple image |total_width=450 | caption1= U.S. gun sales have risen steadily in the 21st century, peaking in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.â Gun sale data from BROWNLEE >FIRST1=CHIP | URL=HTTPS://WWW.THETRACE.ORG/2023/12/DATA-GUN-VIOLENCE-DEATHS-AMERICA/ | DATE=DECEMBER 31, 2023 | ARCHIVE-DATE=JANUARY 28, 2024 | | WEBSITE=FBI.GOV | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20240129020051/HTTPS://WWW.FBI.GOV/FILE-REPOSITORY/NICS_FIREARM_CHECKS_-_MONTH_YEAR.PDF | DATE=JANUARY 2024 | date=January 2024}} | caption2= Annual gun production in the U.S. has increased substantially in the 21st century, after having remained fairly level over preceding decades. By 2023, a majority of U.S. states allowed adults to carry concealed guns in public.MASCIA >FIRST1=JENNIFER | FIRST2=CHIP | URL=HTTPS://WWW.THETRACE.ORG/2024/04/COLUMBINE-SHOOTING-GUNS-WHATS-CHANGED/ | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20240414235456/HTTPS://WWW.THETRACE.ORG/2024/04/COLUMBINE-SHOOTING-GUNS-WHATS-CHANGED/ | DATE=APRIL 9, 2024, live, }}Some studies suggest that higher rates of gun ownership are associated with higher homicide rates,JOURNAL, Miller, Matthew, Azrael, Deborah, Hemenway, David, Rates of Household Firearm Ownership and Homicide Across US Regions and States, 1988â1997, American Journal of Public Health, December 2002, 92, 12, 1988â1993, 10.2105/AJPH.92.12.1988, 12453821, 1447364, JOURNAL, Hoskin, Anthony W., Armed Americans: The impact of firearm availability on national homicide rates, Justice Quarterly, September 2001, 18, 3, 569â592, 10.1080/07418820100095021, 143203446, JOURNAL, Miller, Matthew, Hemenway, David, Azrael, Deborah, State-level homicide victimization rates in the US in relation to survey measures of household firearm ownership, 2001â2003, Social Science & Medicine, February 2007, 64, 3, 656â664, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.024, 17070975, although Gary Kleck argues that the highest-quality studies show that gun ownership does not increase homicide rates.JOURNAL, Kleck, Gary, The Impact of Gun Ownership Rates on Crime Rates: A Methodological Review of the Evidence, Journal of Criminal Justice, January 2015, 43, 1, 40â48, 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.12.002, Higher rates of gun ownership are also associated with higher suicide ratesJOURNAL, Anestis, MD, Houtsma, C, The Association Between Gun Ownership and Statewide Overall Suicide Rates., Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48, 2, 204â217, 13 March 2017, 28294383, 10.1111/sltb.12346, 4756779, JOURNAL, Westefeld, John S., Gann, Lianne C., Lustgarten, Samuel D., Yeates, Kevin J., Relationships between firearm availability and suicide: The role of psychology., (Professional Psychology: Research and Practice), 2016, 47, 4, 271â277, 10.1037/pro0000089, and higher accidental gun death rates.JOURNAL, Miller, M, Azrael, D, Hemenway, D, Firearm availability and unintentional firearm deaths, suicide, and homicide among 5-14 year olds., The Journal of Trauma, February 2002, 52, 2, 267â74; discussion 274â5, 11834986, 10.1097/00005373-200202000-00011, JOURNAL, Miller, M., Firearm Availability and Suicide, Homicide, and Unintentional Firearm Deaths Among Women, Journal of Urban Health, 1 March 2002, 79, 1, 26â38, 10.1093/jurban/79.1.26, 11937613, 3456383, JOURNAL, Miller, Mathew, Azrael, Deborah, Hemenway, David, Firearm availability and unintentional firearm deaths, Accident Analysis & Prevention, July 2001, 33, 4, 477â484, 10.1016/S0001-4575(00)00061-0, 11426678, The availability of illegal guns, but not that of legal guns, is associated with higher rates of violent crime.JOURNAL, Stolzenberg, L., D’Alessio, S. J., Gun Availability and Violent Crime: New Evidence from the National Incident-Based Reporting System, Social Forces, 1 June 2000, 78, 4, 1461â1482, 10.1093/sf/78.4.1461, An international study by UNICRI researchers from 2001 examined the link between household gun ownership and overall homicide, overall suicide, as well as gun homicide and gun suicide rates amongst 21 countries. Significant correlations between household gun ownership and rates of gun suicides for both genders, and gun homicide rates involving female victims were found. There were no significant correlations detected for total homicide and suicide rates, as well as gun homicide rates involving male victimspure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/5263789/GunsKilliasvKesteren.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}} This study has been criticized for combining high-income countries (like the United States) with middle-income countries (like Estonia); if middle-income countries are excluded from the analysis, a strong relationship emerges between gun ownership and homicide.WEB,cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1264/2013/06/Kates-Mauser.pdf, Don B. Kates and Gary Mauser. “Would Banning Firearms Reduce Murder and Suicide? A Review of International and Some Domestic Evidence” Harvard Journal of Law and Policy, Hemenway, David, June 2009, 2018-10-11, However the Hemenway study has been criticized in response as well. When removing the United States as an outlier and using the superior proxy of gun ownership in the study (percentage of firearm suicides over all suicides), the relationship ceases to be significant. The association between gun ownership and homicide rates across nations is dependent on the inclusion of the U.S.JOURNAL,www.researchgate.net/publication/240700085, 10.1177/0022427803256229, Measures of Gun Ownership Levels for Macro-Level Crime and Violence Research, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41, 3â36, 2004, Kleck, Gary, 145245290, Studies in Canada that examined the levels of gun ownership by province have found no correlations with provincial overall suicide rates.WEB,www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/jsp-sjp/wd98_4-dt98_4/p4.html#a46, Firearms, Accidental Deaths, Suicides and Violent Crime: An Updated Review of the Literature with Special Reference to the Canadian Situation, 10 March 1999, A 2011 study conducted looking at the effects of gun control legislation passed in Canada and the associated effects in homicide rates found no significant reductions in homicide rates as a result of legislation.JOURNAL, 10.1177/0886260511433515, 22328660, Canadian Firearms Legislation and Effects on Homicide 1974 to 2008, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 12, 2303â2321, 2012, Langmann, Caillin, 42273865, A case-control study conducted in New Zealand looking at household gun ownership and the risk of suicides found no significant associations.JOURNAL, 10.3109/00048679609065040, 9034462, Access to Firearms and the Risk of Suicide: A Case Control Study, Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 6, 741â748, 1996, Beautrais, Annette L., Joyce, Peter R., Mulder, Roger T., 9805679, Maps(File:Civilian firearms per 100 people.png|thumb|none|400px|Map of countries by estimated civilian firearms per capita)(File:Household Firearm Ownership Rate by U.S. state.svg|thumb|none|400px|Estimated Household Firearm Ownership Rate by U.S. state in 2016)GalleryFile:3 pistols and a silencer in a glass case.JPG|thumb|none|3 pistols and a silencer in a glass case]]File:Lisboa DSCF1068 (11268294635).jpg|thumb|none|A gun store in Lisbon, PortugalPortugalFile:Range shooter.jpg|thumb|none|Person at a shooting rangeshooting rangeSee also
References{{Reflist}}Further reading{{external links|date=March 2024}}
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