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Geneva Bible
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{{Short description|16th-century English translation of the Bible}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}{{Bible translation infobox | translation_title= Geneva Bible| full_name= Geneva Bible| image = Geneva Bible.jpg| caption = Geneva Bible 1560 edition| other_names=Breeches Bible| NT_published=1557| OT_published=| complete_bible_published=1560| author_info=| textual_basis = Textus Receptus| translation_type =| version_revised=- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Rowland Hill (MP)>Sir Rowland Hill of Soulton| copyright=| copies_printed= | Protestant (Calvinism>Reformed)| online_address=| genesis_1:1-3=In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without forme and voyde, and darkeness was upon the depe, and the Spirit of God moved upon the waters. Then God said, “Let there be light” and there was light. | |derived_from=Tyndale Bible}}{{BibleHistory}}The Geneva Bible is one of the most historically significant translations of the Bible into English, preceding the King James Version by 51 years.JOURNAL, Metzger, Bruce, The Geneva Bible of 1560, Theology Today, 1 October 1960, 17, 3, 339â352, 10.1177/004057366001700308, 170946047, It was the primary Bible of 16th-century English Protestantism and was used by William Shakespeare,BOOK, Ackroyd, Peter, Shakespeare: The Biography, 2006, Anchor Books, 978-1400075980, 54, First Anchor Books, Oliver Cromwell, John Knox, John Donne and others. It was one of the Bibles taken to America on the Mayflower (Pilgrim Hall Museum has collected several Bibles of Mayflower passengers), and its frontispiece inspired Franklin’s design for the first Great Seal of the United States.WEB, The Bible in American History: Creating a Great Seal for the New Nation,academic.oup.com/book/12706/chapter-abstract/162751703?redirectedFrom=fulltext, 2023-12-16, academic.oup.com, The Geneva Bible was used by many English Dissenters, and it was still respected by Oliver Cromwell’s soldiers at the time of the English Civil War, in the booklet The Souldiers Pocket Bible.JOURNAL, Metzger, Bruce, The Geneva Bible of 1560, Theology Today, 1 October 1960, 17, 3, 351, 10.1177/004057366001700308, 170946047, Because the language of the Geneva Bible was more forceful and vigorous, most readers strongly preferred this version to the Great Bible. In the words of Cleland Boyd McAfee, “it drove the Great Bible off the field by sheer power of excellence”.{{Citation | url =www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=39625&pageno=24 | title = Study of the King James Bible | first = Cleland Boyd | last = McAfee | publisher = Project Gutenberg}}.HistoryThe Geneva Bible followed the Great Bible of 1539, the first authorized Bible in English, which was the authorized Bible of the Church of England.During the reign of Mary I (1553â1558), who restored Catholicism and outlawed Protestantism in England, a number of English Protestant scholars fled to Geneva, which was then a republic in which John Calvin and, later, Theodore Beza, provided the primary spiritual and theological leadership. Among these scholars was William Whittingham, who supervised the translation now known as the Geneva Bible, in collaboration with Myles Coverdale, Christopher Goodman, Anthony Gilby, Thomas Sampson, and William Cole; several of this group later became prominent figures in the Vestments controversy. Whittingham was directly responsible for the New Testament, which was complete and published in 1557,{{Citation | first = AS | last = Herbert | title = Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible 1525â1961 | place = London, New York | publisher = British and Foreign Bible Society, American Bible Society | year = 1968 | id = SBN 564-00130-9}}. while Gilby oversaw the Old Testament.{{multiple image| width = 120| image1 = British (English) School - Sir Rowland Hill (1492^â1561) - 609006 - National Trust.jpg| alt1 = Sir Rowland Hill| image2 = East front of Soulton Hall.jpg| alt2 = Soulton Hall, Hill’s House in Shropshire| footer = Sir Rowland Hill, publisher of the Geneva Bible, and his residence in Shropshire| align = | direction = | total_width = | caption1 = | caption2 = }}The first full edition of this Bible, with a further revised New Testament, appeared in 1560, and was published by Sir Rowland Hill of Soulton,BOOK, Gregory, Olinthus,books.google.com/books?id=IQU6AAAAcAAJ&dq=geneva+bible+rowland+hill&pg=PA117, Memoirs of the life, writings and character of the later John Mason Good, 1833, Fisher, en, BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=xX4aAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22william+Whittingham%22+%22rowland+hill%22&pg=PA472, The Biblical Repository and Classical Review, 1835, en, BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=yzxfAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22rowland+hill%22+%22geneva+bible%22&pg=PP27, The Holy Bible ... With a General Introduction and Short Explanatory Notes, by B. Boothroyd, 1836, James Duncan, en, BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=KswJDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22the+1560+%27Geneva+Bible%27%2C+which+appeared+some+six+years+after+the+later+of%22&pg=PA44, Staging Scripture: Biblical Drama, 1350â1600, 2016-04-18, BRILL, 978-90-04-31395-8, en, BOOK, Beenham.), Thomas STACKHOUSE (Vicar of,books.google.com/books?id=qehUAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22rowland+hill%22+%22geneva+bible%22&pg=PR26, A New History of the Holy Bible, from the beginning of the world to the establishment of Christianity. L.P., 1838, en, but it was not printed in England until 1575 (New Testament) and 1576 (complete Bible). Over 150 editions were issued; the last probably in 1644. The first Bible printed in Scotland was a Geneva Bible, which was first issued in 1579. In fact, the involvement of Knox (1514â1572) and Calvin (1509â1564) in the creation of the Geneva Bible made it especially appealing in Scotland, where a law was passed in 1579 requiring every household of sufficient means to buy a copy.{{Citation | url =www.bible-researcher.com/history2.html | title = A Chronology of the English Bible | publisher = Bible researcher}}.Some editions from 1576 onwards included Laurence Tomson’s revisions of the New Testament. Some editions from 1599 onwards used a new “Junius” version of the Book of Revelation, in which the notes were translated from a new Latin commentary by Franciscus Junius. The annotations, a significant part of the Geneva Bible, were Calvinist and Puritan in character, and as such were disliked by the ruling pro-government Anglicans of the Church of England, as well as by James I, who commissioned the “Authorized Version”, or King James Bible, in order to replace it. The Geneva Bible had also motivated the earlier production of the Bishops’ Bible under Elizabeth I for the same reason, and the later RheimsâDouai edition by the Catholic community. The Geneva Bible nevertheless remained popular among Puritans and was in widespread use until after the English Civil War. The Geneva notes were surprisingly included in a few editions of the King James Version, as late as 1715.Benjamin Franklin is understood to have been inspired by the frontispiece of the Geneva Bible in his design proposal for the first Great Seal of the United States.WEB, dseverance, 2019-10-15, The Geneva Bible: The First English Study Bible {{!, Houston Christian University |url=https://hc.edu/museums/dunham-bible-museum/tour-of-the-museum/past-exhibits/from-geneva-the-first-english-study-bible/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=hc.edu |language=en-US}}(File:FirstCommitteeGreatSealReverseLossingDrawing.jpg|thumb|Franklin’s design for the First Great Seal of America, inspired by the Geneva Bible)Translation and format{{Calvinism}}The Geneva Bible was the first English version to be translated entirely from the original languages of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. Though the text is principally just a revision of William Tyndale’s earlier work of 1534, Tyndale had only fully translated the New Testament; he had translated the Old Testament through 2 Chronicles before he was imprisoned. The English refugees living in Geneva completed the translation of the Old Testament from Hebrew to English for the first time. The work was led by William Whittingham.WEB, The History of the Geneva Bible,modernizedgenevabible.com/blogs/news/about-the-mgb, 2022-12-04, Modernized Geneva Bible, 16 November 2020, en,Textual basisThe Geneva Bible was translated from scholarly editions of the Greek New Testament and the Hebrew Scriptures that comprise the Old Testament. The English rendering was substantially based on the earlier translations by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale (the Genevan Bible relies significantly upon Tyndale).Daniell, David (2003) The Bible in English: history and influence. New Haven and London: Yale University Press {{ISBN|0-300-09930-4}}, p. 300.Format(File:Blackletter_and_Roman_font.png|thumb|upright=1.4|(aâb) Characteristics of Blackletter and Roman font; (câd) corresponding text snippets)Size(File:Geneva Bible Title Page 1589.jpg|thumb|Geneva Bible title page 1589)The Geneva Bible was also issued in more convenient and affordable sizes than earlier versions. The 1560 Bible was in quarto format (218 à 139 mm type area), but pocketable octavo editions were also issued, and a few large folio editions. The New Testament was issued at various times in sizes from quarto down to 32º (the smallest, 70Ã39 mm type area).Breeches BibleHere are both the Geneva, Tyndale and the King James versions of Genesis 3:7 with spellings as in their originals (not modernized):WEB,biblehub.com/parallel/genesis/3-7.htm, Genesis 3:7 Parallel: And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons, {| class=“wikitable“|Tyndale Bible
And the eyes of both them were opened that they vnderstode how that they were naked. Than they sowed fygge leves togedder and made them apurns.
|Geneva Bible
Then the eies of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed figge tree leaves together, and made themselves breeches.|King James Bible
Then the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed figge tree leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
|
King James I and the Geneva Bible
(File:Title Page Geneva Bible Dated 1599 But Actually Circa 1616-1625.jpg|thumb|Title page of a New Testament from the Geneva Bible, dated 1599 but probably printed circa 1616â1625)King James I’s distaste for the Geneva Bible was not caused by the translation of the text into English, but rather the annotations in the margins. He felt strongly many of the annotations were “very partial, untrue, seditious, and savoring too much of dangerous and traitorous conceits”. In all likelihood, he saw the Geneva’s interpretations of some biblical passages as anti-clerical “republicanism”, which could imply church hierarchy was unnecessary. Other passages appeared particularly seditious: notably, references to monarchs as “tyrants”.BOOK, Ipgrave, Julia, Adam in Seventeenth Century Political Writing in England and New England,books.google.com/books?id=FCMlDwAAQBAJ, London, Taylor & Francis, 2017, 14, 9781317185598, 2018-10-27, The Geneva Bible encouraged a political reading of the Scriptures. It famously incorporated in its notes and its translation elements that were considered seditious by James I and that were deliberately excluded from the new Authorised Version of 1611. In particular there were margin notes that appeared to suggest the legitimacy of resistance to overweening rulers, and there was the frequent use of the language of tyrant (a word expressly disallowed in James’ Bible) and slave., Example of the commentary in conflict with the monarchy in the Geneva Bible (modern spelling) include:WEB, Barrett, Matthew, 2011-10-12, The Geneva Bible and Its Influence on the King James Bible,founders.org/2011/10/12/the-geneva-bible-and-its-influence-on-the-king-james-bible/, 2022-12-10, Founders Ministries, en-US,- Daniel 6:22 â “For he Daniel] disobeyed the king’s wicked commandment in order to obey God, and so he did no injury to the king, who ought to command nothing by which God would be dishonoured.”
- Daniel 11:36 â “So long the tyrants will prevail as God has appointed to punish his people: but he shows that it is but for a time.”
- Exodus 1:19 â To the Hebrew midwives lying to their leaders, “Their disobedience herein was lawful, but their dissembling evil.”
- 2 Chronicles 15:15-17 â King Asa “showed that he lacked zeal, for she should have died both by the covenant and by the law of God, but he gave place to foolish pity and would also seem after a sort to satisfy the law.”
Legacy
Although the King James Version was intended to replace the Geneva Bible, the King James translators relied heavily upon this version.WEB, Geneva Bible {{!, Description, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Geneva-Bible |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} Bruce Metzger, in Theology Today 1960, observes the inevitable reliance the KJV had on the Geneva Bible. Some estimate that twenty percent of the former came directly from the latter. He further revels in the enormous impact the Geneva Bible had on Protestantism. “In short, it was chiefly owing to the dissemination of copies of the Geneva version of 1560 that a sturdy and articulate Protestantism was created in Britain, a Protestantism which made a permanent impact upon Anglo-American culture.“JOURNAL, Metzger, Bruce M., October 1960, The Geneva Bible of 1560,journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/004057366001700308, Theology Today, en, 17, 3, 339â352, 10.1177/004057366001700308, 170946047, 0040-5736, The Puritan Separatists or Pilgrim Fathers aboard the Mayflower in 1620 brought to North America copies of the Geneva Bible.BOOK, The Geneva Bible: A Facsimile of the 1560 Edition,books.google.com/books?id=2DwA0f6cXgoC, Lloyd E. Berry, Hendrickson Bibles, Hendrickson Publishers, 2007, 9781598562125, 2018-10-30, The Pilgrims brought the Geneva Bible with them on the Mayflower to Plymouth in 1620. In fact, the religious writings and sermons published by the members of the Plymouth colony suggest that the Geneva Bible was used exclusively by them., JOURNAL, 2007,books.google.com/books?id=X3cjAQAAMAAJ, The Mayflower Quarterly, General Society of Mayflower Descendants, 73, 29, 2018-10-30, This Geneva Bible, one of the Mayflower’s precious books, belonged to William Bradford., The Mayflower Quarterly, BOOK, Greider, John C., 2008, The English Bible Translations and History: Millennium Edition,books.google.com/books?id=hbj5AAAAQBAJ, revised, Xlibris Corporation, 2013, 9781477180518, 2018-10-30, Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower [...] brought with them copies of the Geneva Bible of 1560; printed in Geneva by Roland Hall.,
German historian Leopold von Ranke observed that “Calvin was virtually the founder of America.“WEB, Calvin’s Influence in America,www.christianitytoday.com/ct/1975/october-24/calvins-influence-in-america.html, 2022-12-09, ChristianityToday.com, 24 October 1975, en,
See also
- Tyndale Bible (1526)
- Coverdale Bible (1535)
- Matthew Bible (1537)
- Taverner’s Bible (1539)
- Great Bible (1539)
- Bishops’ Bible (1568)
- DouayâRheims Bible (1582)
- King James Bible (1611)
References
{{reflist}}External links
- Text
- Scanned copy of the original 1560 Geneva Bible
- Geneva Bible (1599)
- Geneva Bible Footnotes
- Geneva Bible online (1599)
- Modern Spelling Geneva Bible with Footnotes for the Gospels
- {{Internet Archive author |search=( “Geneva Bible” )}}
- Articles
- The Geneva Bible of 1560: article by Bruce Metzger originally printed in Theology Today
- Online version of Sir Frederic G. Kenyon’s article in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, 1909
- Editions currently in print
- 1560 First Edition: Facsimile Reproduction
- 1560 First Edition Reduced size Facsimile Reproduction by Hendrickson
- 1599 Edition: Modern Spelling and Typesetting from The 1599 Geneva Bible Restoration Project (no illustrations)
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