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Fermion
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{{Short description|Type of subatomic particle}}{{distinguish|fermium}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}File:Bosons-Hadrons-Fermions-RGB-png2.png|thumb|331x331px|Fermions form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being bosons. All subatomic particles must be one or the other. A composite particle (hadronhadronIn particle physics, a fermion is a particle that follows FermiâDirac statistics. Fermions have a half-odd-integer spin (spin {{sfrac|1|2}}, spin {{sfrac|3|2}}, etc.) and obey the Pauli exclusion principle. These particles include all quarks and leptons and all composite particles made of an odd number of these, such as all baryons and many atoms and nuclei. Fermions differ from bosons, which obey BoseâEinstein statistics.Some fermions are elementary particles (such as electrons), and some are composite particles (such as protons). For example, according to the spin-statistics theorem in relativistic quantum field theory, particles with integer spin are bosons. In contrast, particles with half-integer spin are fermions.In addition to the spin characteristic, fermions have another specific property: they possess conserved baryon or lepton quantum numbers. Therefore, what is usually referred to as the spin-statistics relation is, in fact, a spin statistics-quantum number relation.JOURNAL, Weiner, Richard M., 4 March 2013, Spin-statistics-quantum number connection and supersymmetry,weblink Physical Review D, 87, 5, 055003â05, 1302.0969, 2013PhRvD..87e5003W, 10.1103/physrevd.87.055003, 1550-7998, 28 March 2022, 118571314, As a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle, only one fermion can occupy a particular quantum state at a given time. Suppose multiple fermions have the same spatial probability distribution. Then, at least one property of each fermion, such as its spin, must be different. Fermions are usually associated with matter, whereas bosons are generally force carrier particles. However, in the current state of particle physics, the distinction between the two concepts is unclear. Weakly interacting fermions can also display bosonic behavior under extreme conditions. For example, at low temperatures, fermions show superfluidity for uncharged particles and superconductivity for charged particles.Composite fermions, such as protons and neutrons, are the key building blocks of everyday matter.English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac coined the name fermion from the surname of Italian physicist Enrico Fermi.Notes on Dirac's lecture Developments in Atomic Theory at Le Palais de la Découverte, 6 December 1945, UKNATARCHI Dirac Papers BW83/2/257889. See note 64 on page 331 in "The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom" by Graham Farmelo- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Elementary fermions{{anchor|elementary_fermion_anchor}}
{{Standard model of particle physics|cTopic=Elementary particles}}The Standard Model recognizes two types of elementary fermions: quarks and leptons. In all, the model distinguishes 24 different fermions. There are six quarks (up, down, strange, charm, bottom and top), and six leptons (electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tauon and tauon neutrino), along with the corresponding antiparticle of each of these.Mathematically, there are many varieties of fermions, with the three most common types being:- Weyl fermions (massless),
- Dirac fermions (massive), and
- Majorana fermions (each its own antiparticle).
Composite fermions
{{see also|List of particles#Composite particles}}Composite particles (such as hadrons, nuclei, and atoms) can be bosons or fermions depending on their constituents. More precisely, because of the relation between spin and statistics, a particle containing an odd number of fermions is itself a fermion. It will have half-integer spin.Examples include the following:- A baryon, such as the proton or neutron, contains three fermionic quarks.
- The nucleus of a carbon-13 atom contains six protons and seven neutrons.
- The atom helium-3 (3He) consists of two protons, one neutron, and two electrons. The deuterium atom consists of one proton, one neutron, and one electron.
See also
{{cols|colwidth=21em}}- Anyon, 2D quasiparticles
- Chirality (physics), left-handed and right-handed
- Fermionic condensate
- Weyl semimetal
- Fermionic field
- Identical particles
- KogutâSusskind fermion, a type of lattice fermion
- Majorana fermion, each its own antiparticle
- Parastatistics
- Skyrmion, a hypothetical particle
Notes
{{reflist}}External links
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- "Fermion" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
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- "Fermion" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 5:11am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
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