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Darshana Upanishad
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{{short description|Sanskrit text, Yoga Upanishad}}{{italic title}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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History
Gavin Flood dates the text to around 100 BCE to 300 CE.{{Sfn|Flood|1996|p=96}} Georg Feuerstein suggests the text probably post-dates the Yogasutras.Georg Feuerstein (1990), Encyclopedia Dictionary of Yoga, Shambala, {{ISBN|978-1557782458}}, page 418This Upanishad is also referred to as Yoga Darshana Upanishad,{{Sfn|Derek (Tr)|1989|p=200}} Jabala Darshana Upanishad, JÄbÄladará¹£ana Upanishad,{{Google books|n6k2AQAAMAAJ|A Supplementary Catalogue of Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit Books|page=PA1977}}, The British Museum, page 920 and DarÅanopaniá¹£ad (दरà¥à¤¶à¤¨à¥à¤ªà¤¨à¤¿à¤·à¤¤à¥).{{Sfn|Sastri|1920}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=116}} It is listed at number 90 in the serial order of the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=556-557}}Contents
The Upanishad is structured into ten sections (or chapters) of unequal length with two hundred and nine verses.{{Sfn|Derek (Tr)|1989|pp=197-198}}{{Sfn|Sastri|1920}} The text is structured as a discourse by Hindu god Dattatreya to sage Sankriti on Yoga.{{Sfn|Derek (Tr)|1989|p=200}}The text presents a fusion of Hatha Yoga and eight limbed Patanjali Yogasutras methodology, on a foundation of Vedanta and Yoga philosophies.{{Sfn|Larson| Bhattacharya|2008|p=599}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000}} The first and second chapters describe ethics of a Yogi, as necessary for success in Yoga.{{Sfn|Larson| Bhattacharya|2008|p=599}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=verses in पà¥à¤°à¤¥à¤®à¤ à¤à¤£à¥à¤¡à¤, दà¥à¤µà¤¿à¤¤à¥à¤¯à¤ à¤à¤£à¥à¤¡à¤}} Many asanas (yogic postures) are mentioned, and nine explained in chapter 3.{{Sfn|Larson| Bhattacharya|2008|p=599}} Chapter 4 asserts that god (Shiva) is within the temple of one's body, and the best pilgrimage is something one can make daily to this inner world.{{Sfn|Larson| Bhattacharya|2008|p=599}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000|p=verses ॥ ४॥ ५४-५९}} Some subsections in chapter 5 discuss its theory of blood vessels and inner energy flows, along with techniques for inner cleansing.{{Sfn|Derek (Tr)|1989|p=198}} One of the largest chapters is dedicated to breathing exercises, while the last four chapters describe steps for concentration, introspection, meditation, self-knowledge and ultimately union of the Self (Atman) with the Absolute Reality (Brahman).{{Sfn|Derek (Tr)|1989|p=198}}{{Sfn|Larson| Bhattacharya|2008|p=600}}{{Sfn|Ayyangar|1938|p=116}}{{Sfn|Derek (Tr)|1989|p=201}}{{Sfn|Hattangadi|2000}}
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}}The first chapter of the Upanishad has 25 verses describing the Yamas or virtuous restraints;{{Sfn|Derek (Tr)|1989|pp=200-203}} the second chapter with 16 verses lists the Niyamas or virtuous disciplines;{{Sfn|Derek (Tr)|1989|pp=203-205}} the third chapter's 13 verses gives explanation on the yogic Asanas or exercise postures;{{Sfn|Derek (Tr)|1989|pp=205-206}} while the fourth chapter, which is the longest, has 63 verses on its theory of the human body, the nadis or the blood vessels.{{Sfn|Derek (Tr)|1989|pp=206-212}}|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
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See also
References
{{Reflist|30em}}- Bibliography
- BOOK, Ayyangar, TR Srinivasa, The Yoga Upanishads,weblink 1938, The Adyar Library,
- BOOK, Burley, Mikel, Mikel Burley, Haá¹ha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice,weblink registration, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-8120817067, 2000,
- BOOK, Derek (Tr), Coltman, Yoga and the Hindu Tradition (John Varenne),weblink 1989, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-81-208-0543-9,
- BOOK, Deussen, Paul, Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda,weblink 1 January 1997, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-81-208-1467-7,
- BOOK, Deussen, Paul, The Philosophy of the Upanishads,weblink 2010, Oxford University Press (Reprinted by Cosimo), 978-1-61640-239-6,
- BOOK, Flood, Gavin D., Gavin Flood, 1996, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, 978-0521438780, registration,weblink
- WEB,weblink Darshana Upanishad (manuscript in Sanskrit, page 152 onwards), 18 January 2016, Hathi Trust, Sastri, P A Mahadeva, 1920,
- WEB,weblink à¤à¤¾à¤¬à¤¾à¤²à¤¦à¤°à¥à¤¶à¤¨à¥à¤ªà¤¨à¤¿à¤·à¤¤à¥ (Jabaladarsana Upanishad), 17 January 2016, sa, Hattangadi, Sunder, 2000,
- BOOK, Larson, Gerald James, Gerald James Larson, Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar, Yoga : India's Philosophy of Meditation,weblink 2008, Motilal Banarsidass, 978-81-208-3349-4,
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