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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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{{Short description|Cellular second messenger}}{{Chembox| Watchedfields = changed| verifiedrevid = 476994238| ImageFile1 = CAMP.svg| ImageFile2 = Cyclic-adenosine-monophosphate-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png| IUPACName = Adenosine 3â²,5â²-(hydrogen phosphate)| SystematicName = (4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxytetrahydro-2H,4H-2λ5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one| OtherNames =| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
correct|chemspider}}| ChemSpiderID = 5851 | correct|EBI}}| ChEMBL = 316966 | correct|FDA}}| UNII = E0399OZS9N| InChI = 1/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1| InChIKey = IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUBU | correct|chemspider}}| StdInChI = 1S/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1 | correct|chemspider}}| StdInChIKey = IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N| CASNo = 60-92-4 | correct|CAS}}| PubChem = 6076| IUPHAR_ligand = 2352 | correct|drugbank}}| DrugBank = DB02527 | correct|EBI}}| ChEBI = 17489 | correct|kegg}}| KEGG = C00575| SMILES = c1nc(c2c(n1)n(cn2)[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]4[C@H](O3)COP(=O)(O4)O)O)N| MeSHName = Cyclic+AMP
}}| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties| Formula = C10H11N5O6P| MolarMass = 329.206 g/mol| Appearance =| Density =| MeltingPt =| BoilingPt =
}}(File:CAMP.PNG|thumb|cAMP represented in three ways)File:ATP chemical structure.png|thumb|Adenosine triphosphateAdenosine triphosphateCyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3’,5’-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger, or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway.{{toclimit}}}}| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards| MainHazards =| FlashPt =| AutoignitionPt = }} HistoryEarl Sutherland of Vanderbilt University won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 “for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones”, especially epinephrine, via second messengers (such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic AMP).SynthesisCyclic AMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase located on the inner side of the plasma membrane and anchored at various locations in the interior of the cell.JOURNAL, Rahman N, Buck J, Levin LR, November 2013, pH sensing via bicarbonate-regulated “soluble” adenylate cyclase (sAC), Front Physiol, 4, 343, 24324443, 3838963, 10.3389/fphys.2013.00343, free, Adenylate cyclase is activated by a range of signaling molecules through the activation of adenylate cyclase stimulatory G (Gs)-protein-coupled receptors. Adenylate cyclase is inhibited by agonists of adenylate cyclase inhibitory G (Gi)-protein-coupled receptors. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline.cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase.FunctionscAMP is a second messenger, used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. It is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels and a few other cyclic nucleotide-binding proteins such as Epac1 and RAPGEF2.Role in eukaryotic cellscAMP is associated with kinases function in several biochemical processes, including the regulation of glycogen, sugar, and lipid metabolism.JOURNAL, Ali ES, Hua J, Wilson CH, Tallis GA, Zhou FH, Rychkov GY, Barritt GJ, The glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue exendin-4 reverses impaired intracellular Ca2+ signalling in steatotic hepatocytes, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.006, 27178543, 1863, 2016, 9, 2135â46, free, In eukaryotes, cyclic AMP works by activating protein kinase A (PKA, or cAMP-dependent protein kinase). PKA is normally inactive as a tetrameric holoenzyme, consisting of two catalytic and two regulatory units (C2R2), with the regulatory units blocking the catalytic centers of the catalytic units.Cyclic AMP binds to specific locations on the regulatory units of the protein kinase, and causes dissociation between the regulatory and catalytic subunits, thus enabling those catalytic units to phosphorylate substrate proteins.The active subunits catalyze the transfer of phosphate from ATP to specific serine or threonine residues of protein substrates. The phosphorylated proteins may act directly on the cell’s ion channels, or may become activated or inhibited enzymes. Protein kinase A can also phosphorylate specific proteins that bind to promoter regions of DNA, causing increases in transcription. Not all protein kinases respond to cAMP. Several classes of protein kinases, including protein kinase C, are not cAMP-dependent.Further effects mainly depend on cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which vary based on the type of cell.Still, there are some minor PKA-independent functions of cAMP, e.g., activation of calcium channels, providing a minor pathway by which growth hormone-releasing hormone causes a release of growth hormone.However, the view that the majority of the effects of cAMP are controlled by PKA is an outdated one. In 1998 a family of cAMP-sensitive proteins with guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity was discovered. These are termed Exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epac) and the family comprises Epac1 and Epac2.JOURNAL, Bos, Johannes L., Epac proteins: multi-purpose cAMP targets, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, December 2006, 31, 12, 680â686, 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.10.002, 17084085, The mechanism of activation is similar to that of PKA: the GEF domain is usually masked by the N-terminal region containing the cAMP binding domain. When cAMP binds, the domain dissociates and exposes the now-active GEF domain, allowing Epac to activate small Ras-like GTPase proteins, such as Rap1.Additional role of secreted cAMP in social amoebae{{See also|Fungal behavior}}In the species Dictyostelium discoideum, cAMP acts outside the cell as a secreted signal. The chemotactic aggregation of cells is organized by periodic waves of cAMP that propagate between cells over distances as large as several centimetres. The waves are the result of a regulated production and secretion of extracellular cAMP and a spontaneous biological oscillator that initiates the waves at centers of territories.BOOK, Anderson, Peter A. V.,books.google.com/books?id=vEYGCAAAQBAJ&q=In+the+species+Dictyostelium+discoideum,+cAMP+acts+outside+the+cell+as+a+secreted+signal.+The+chemotactic+aggregation+of+cells+is+organized+by+periodic+waves+of+cAMP+that+propagate+between+cells+over+distances+as+large+as+several+centimetres.+The+waves+are+the+result+of+a+regulated+production+and+secretion+of+extracellular+cAMP+and+a+spontaneous+biological+oscillator+that+initiates+the+waves+at+centers+of+territories, Evolution of the First Nervous Systems, 2013-11-11, Springer Science & Business Media, 978-1-4899-0921-3, en,Role in bacteriaIn bacteria, the level of cAMP varies depending on the medium used for growth. In particular, cAMP is low when glucose is the carbon source. This occurs through inhibition of the cAMP-producing enzyme, adenylate cyclase, as a side-effect of glucose transport into the cell. The transcription factor cAMP receptor protein (CRP) also called CAP (catabolite gene activator protein) forms a complex with cAMP and thereby is activated to bind to DNA. CRP-cAMP increases expression of a large number of genes, including some encoding enzymes that can supply energy independent of glucose.cAMP, for example, is involved in the positive regulation of the lac operon. In an environment with a low glucose concentration, cAMP accumulates and binds to the allosteric site on CRP (cAMP receptor protein), a transcription activator protein. The protein assumes its active shape and binds to a specific site upstream of the lac promoter, making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to the adjacent promoter to start transcription of the lac operon, increasing the rate of lac operon transcription. With a high glucose concentration, the cAMP concentration decreases, and the CRP disengages from the lac operon.PathologySince cyclic AMP is a second messenger and plays vital role in cell signalling, it has been implicated in various disorders but not restricted to the roles given below:Role in human carcinomaSome research has suggested that a deregulation of cAMP pathways and an aberrant activation of cAMP-controlled genes is linked to the growth of some cancers.JOURNAL,cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/64/4/1338, American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP-responsive Genes and Tumor Progression), Cancer Research, 15 February 2004, 64, 4, 1338â1346, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-2089, Abramovitch, Rinat, Tavor, Einat, Jacob-Hirsch, Jasmine, Zeira, Evelyne, Amariglio, Ninette, Pappo, Orit, Rechavi, Gideon, Galun, Eithan, Honigman, Alik, 14973073, 14047485, JOURNAL,cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/19/9483, American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP Dysregulation and Melonoma), Cancer Research, October 2006, 66, 19, 9483â9491, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4227, Dumaz, Nicolas, Hayward, Robert, Martin, Jan, Ogilvie, Lesley, Hedley, Douglas, Curtin, John A., Bastian, Boris C., Springer, Caroline, Marais, Richard, 17018604, free, JOURNAL,clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/2/1/201, American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP-binding Proteins’ Presence in Tumors), Clinical Cancer Research, January 1996, 2, 1, 201â206, Simpson, B. J., Ramage, A. D., Hulme, M. J., Burns, D. J., Katsaros, D., Langdon, S. P., Miller, W. R.,Role in prefrontal cortex disordersRecent research suggests that cAMP affects the function of higher-order thinking in the prefrontal cortex through its regulation of ion channels called hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (HCN). When cAMP stimulates the HCN, the channels open, This research, especially the cognitive deficits in age-related illnesses and ADHD, is of interest to researchers studying the brain.WEB,www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070420143324.htm, ScienceDaily ::Brain Networks Strengthened By Closing Ion Channels, Research Could Lead To ADHD Treatment, cAMP is involved in activation of trigeminocervical system leading to neurogenic inflammation and causing migraine. JOURNAL, Segatto, Marco, Neurogenic Inflammation: The Participant in Migraine and Recent Advancements in Translational Research, Biomedicines, 2021, 10, 1, 76, 10.3390/biomedicines10010076, 35052756, 8773152, free,Role in infectious disease agents’ pathogenesisDisrupted functioning of cAMP has been noted as one of the mechanisms of several bacterial exotoxins. They can be subgrouped into two distinct categories:JOURNAL, Kather, H, Aktories, K, November 15, 1983, cAMP-System und bakterielle Toxine [The cAMP system and bacterial toxins],pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6317939/, Klin Wochenschr, 61, 22, 1109â1114, 6317939, 10.1007/BF01530837, 33162709, February 26, 2022,
ADP-ribosyl-transferases related toxins
UsesForskolin is commonly used as a tool in biochemistry to raise levels of cAMP in the study and research of cell physiology.JOURNAL, Alasbahi, RH, Melzig, MF, Forskolin and derivatives as tools for studying the role of cAMP., Die Pharmazie, January 2012, 67, 1, 5â13, 22393824,See also
References{{Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins}}{{Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides}} |
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