{{Short description|Species of coffee plant}}{{Redirect|Robusta|the satellite|ROBUSTA}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}{{Use American English|date=January 2024}}{{Speciesbox| name = Robusta coffee| image = Ripe Seeds Coffee Robusta Coorg Karnataka India Feb24 D72 25688.jpg| image_caption = Berries of Coffea canephora| status = LC| status_system = IUCN3.1

DATE=2017

COFFEA CANEPHORA >VOLUME=2017

DOI=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T18290186A18539466.EN, 19 November 2021, | genus = Coffea| species = canephora| authority = Pierre ex A.Froehner| synonyms = Coffea robusta L.Linden}}(File:Coffea canephora 2 at Aanakkulam.jpg|thumb|Ripe berries)(File:Coffea canephora 1 at Aanakkulam.jpg|thumb|Flowers)Coffea canephora (especially C. canephora var. robusta, so predominantly cultivated that it is often simply termed Coffea robusta, or commonly robusta coffee) is a species of coffee plant that has its origins in central and western sub-Saharan Africa. It is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. Though widely known as Coffea robusta, the plant is scientifically identified as Coffea canephora, which has two main varieties, robusta and nganda.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=MPjMkLKebBQC&pg=PA58, Agriculture & Fishery Technology Iv, 58, J. Dagoon, Rex Bookstore, Inc., 2005, 22 July 2011, 9789712342233, Coffea robusta represents between 40% and 45% of global coffee production, with Coffea arabica constituting most of the remainder.WEB, World Robusta coffee production 2022,www.statista.com/statistics/225402/world-robusta-coffee-production/, 2023-01-19, Statista, en, WEB, World Arabica coffee production 2022,www.statista.com/statistics/225400/world-arabica-coffee-production/, 2023-01-19, Statista, en, There are several differences between the composition of coffee beans from C. arabica and C. robusta.JOURNAL, R Urgert and M B Katan, The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans., Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1 November 1996, 89, 11, 618â€“623, 10.1177/014107689608901107, 9135590, 1295997, free, JOURNAL, Gaia Vince, Decaffeinated coffee may be harmful to heart, New Scientist, 16 November 2005,www.newscientist.com/article/dn8328-decaffeinated-coffee-may-be-harmful-to-heart/, This article seems to have a mistake, using the word “diptenes” instead of “diterpenes”, and also seems to contradict the above reference. Beans from C. robusta tend to have lower acidity, more bitterness, and a more woody and less fruity flavor compared to C. arabica beans.

Description

(File:Coffee flowers.jpg|thumb|Robusta coffee flowers)Robusta is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. Though widely known by the synonym Coffea robusta, the plant is currently scientifically identified as Coffea canephora, which has two main varieties, C. c. robusta and C. c. nganda. The plant has a shallow root system and grows as a robust tree or shrub to about {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=off|sigfig=1}} tall. It flowers irregularly, taking about 10â€”11 months for the berries to ripen, producing oval-shaped beans.The robusta plant has a greater crop yield than that of arabica, contains more caffeine (2.7% compared to arabica’s 1.5%),BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=5JXBN7fqg0MC&pg=PA177, The Cultural History of Plants, 176â€“177, Mark Nesbitt, Taylor & Francis, 2005, 22 July 2011, 978-0-203-02090-6, and contains less sugar (3â€”7% compared to arabica’s 6â€”9%).WEB, Understanding the Difference: Arabica vs Robusta, The Coffee Barrister, 31 July 2016,www.coffeeb.net/arabica-vs-robusta/, 2 August 2016, 20 August 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160820053209/https://www.coffeeb.net/arabica-vs-robusta/, dead, As it is less susceptible to pests and disease,BOOK, Benoit Daviron, Stefano Ponte, The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development,books.google.com/books?id=mwpAO0J9ojgC&pg=PA51, 2005, Zed Books, 978-1-84277-457-1, 51, robusta needs much less herbicide and pesticide than arabica.

Native distribution

C. canephora grows indigenously in Western and Central Africa from Liberia to Tanzania and south to Angola. It was not recognized as a species of Coffea until 1897,JOURNAL, Adolf, Engler, Germany), KÃ¶niglicher Botanischer Garten (Berlin, Germany), KÃ¶nigliches Botanisches Museum (Berlin, 1895â€“1918, Notizblatt des KÃ¶niglichen botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin,www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28795724#page/279/mode/1up, en, bd.1 (1895â€“1897), In Commission bei Wilhelm Engelmann, over a hundred years after Coffea arabica.JOURNAL, von, LinnÃ©, Carl, Lars, Salvius, 1753, Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum,www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358191#page/184/mode/1up, en, 1, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, It is also reportedly naturalized in Borneo, French Polynesia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Jamaica and the Lesser Antilles.WEB,apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=45464, World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, apps.kew.org, en-GB, 2017-08-01, In 1927 a hybrid between robusta and arabica was found in Timor. This strain was subsequently used to breed coffee rust-resistant plants.

Cultivation and use

(File:Canephora.jpg|thumb|Unroasted (or ‘green’) robusta beans)(File:Coffee drying traditional Indonesia.jpg|thumb|Traditional drying of coffee beans in Kalibaru, Indonesia)Coffee made from beans of the Coffea canephora plant has low acidity and high bitterness, often with a distinct woody and nutty taste. C. canephora beans, widely known by the synonym Coffea robusta, are used primarily in instant coffee, espresso, and as a filler in ground coffee blends.Robusta has its origins in central and western sub-Saharan Africa. It is easy to care for, has a greater crop yield, has almost double the amount of caffeine and more antioxidants,JOURNAL, Antioxidant activity, polyphenols, caffeine and melanoidins in soluble coffee: The influence of processing conditions and raw material, J. A., Vignoli, D. G., Bassoli, M. T., Benassi, Food Chemistry, 124, 3, 2011, 863â€“868, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.008, and is less susceptible to disease than arabica coffea.WEB, Penarredonda, Jose Luis, The disease that could change how we drink coffee,www.bbc.com/future/story/20171106-the-disease-that-could-change-how-we-drink-coffee, 6 November 2017, BBC: In depth, Food, 23 November 2017, It represents 43% of global coffee production, with arabica constituting the remainder except for the 1.5% constituted by coffea liberica.WEB, Coffee: World Markets and Trade, United States Department of Agriculture â€“ Foreign Agricultural Service, December 2019,downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu/usda-esmis/files/m900nt40f/sq87c919h/8w32rm91m/coffee.pdf, 8 May 2020, It is mostly grown in Vietnam, where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century, though it is also grown in India, Africa, and in Brazil, where the conilon variety is widely grown.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=GYZaVvtGJ4sC&pg=PA41, Insect pest management: field and protected crops, 41, A. Rami Horowitz, Springer, 2004, 23 August 2011, 978-3-540-20755-9, In recent years,{{when|date=January 2024}} Vietnam, which produces mostly robusta, has become the world’s largest exporter of robusta coffee, accounting for over 40% of the total production. It surpasses Brazil (25% of the world’s production), Indonesia (13%), India (5%), and Uganda (5%). Brazil is still the biggest coffee producer in the world, producing one-third of the world’s coffee, though 69% of that is C. arabica.Since Robusta is easier to care for and has a greater crop yield than C. arabica, it is cheaper to produce.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=84mcxGe5WtsC&pg=PA7, Aloha Coffee Island, Walter, Miyanari, 7, Savant Books & Publications, 2008, 13 December 2011, 978-0-615-18348-0, Roasted robusta beans produce a strong, full-bodied coffee with a distinctive earthy flavour, but usually with more bitterness than arabica due to its pyrazine content.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=2_WbE3gaDH0C&q=robusta++earthy+flavour&pg=PT83, Food Flavour Technology, Andrew J. Taylor, Robert Linforth, 68, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, 13 December 2011, 978-1-4443-1778-7, BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=Lxbz7TG5wwAC&pg=PA799, Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production: A Guidebook for Growers, 799, Jean Nicolas, Wintgens, Wiley-VCH, 2009, 13 December 2011, 978-3-527-32286-2, {{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Since arabica beans are believed to have smoother taste with more acidity and a richer flavour, they are often considered superior, while the harsher robusta beans are mostly used as a filler in lower-grade coffee blends. However, the powerful flavour can be desirable in a blend to give it perceived “strength” and “finish”, notably in Italian coffee culture. Good-quality robusta beans are used in traditional Italian espresso blends, at about 10â€“15%, to provide a full-bodied taste and a better foam head (known as crema). It is also used as a stimulant, diuretic, antioxidant, antipyretic and relieves spasmodic asthma.{{Citation needed|reason=Neither of the two existing sources say anything about its health effects (besides antioxidants). Also, these two existing sources aren’t very good.|date=January 2021}}WEB, Robusta’s Rehab, Reynolds, Richard, Coffee Geek, CoffeeGeek, 1 February 2006,www.coffeegeek.com/opinions/cafestage/02-01-2006, 5 January 2010, 13 August 2007,www.coffeegeek.com/opinions/cafestage/02-01-2006," title="web.archive.org/web/20070813215133www.coffeegeek.com/opinions/cafestage/02-01-2006,">web.archive.org/web/20070813215133www.coffeegeek.com/opinions/cafestage/02-01-2006, dead, BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=Hy0YIUYybOsC&pg=PA52, The Little Book of Coffee Law, Carol, Robertson, 52, American Bar Association, 2010, 13 December 2011, 978-1-60442-985-5,

References

External links

www.ico.org/botanical.asp" title="web.archive.org/web/20090324155957www.ico.org/botanical.asp">Comparison Chart of Robusta to Arabica (archived 24 March 2009)
Robusta Coffee in Vietnam
The Difference Between Arabica and Robusta?
dev.ico.org/prices/m1.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20120331180727dev.ico.org/prices/m1.htm">Jan 2008 ICO break down of all Coffee exports (archived 31 March 2012)
dev.ico.org/prices/m1a.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20080322175921dev.ico.org/prices/m1a.htm">Jan 2008 ICO break down of Green Coffee exports (archived 22 March 2008)

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Coffea canephora

Description

Native distribution

Cultivation and use

See also

References

External links