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{{short description|Joint heads of state of the Principality of Andorra}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}

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|coatofarms = Coat of Arms of High Authorities of Andorra.svg|coatofarms_article = Coat of arms of High Authorities of Andorra|type = Excellency|image = Mons. Vives (30612833490).jpgJoan Enric Vives i Sicília>Joan-Enric Vives i Sicília|incumbentsince = 12 May 2003190px)|incumbent2 = Emmanuel Macron|incumbent2since = 14 May 2017 Excellency>His Excellency Pere d’UrtxRoger-Bernard III, Count of Foix>Roger-Bernard IIILa Seu d’Urgell Cathedral (Spain)Élysée Palace (France)|appointer = The Pope (for the Episcopal Co-Prince)French citizens (five years, renewable once consecutively) (for the French Co-Prince)}}{{Politics of Andorra|executive}}The co-princes of Andorra are jointly the heads of state ()WEB,www.andorramania.com/constit_gb.htm, The constitution of the Principality of Andorra, andorramania.com, of the Principality of Andorra, a landlocked microstate lying in the Pyrenees between France and Spain. Founded in 1278 by means of a treaty between the bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix, this unique diarchical arrangement has persisted through the Middle Ages to the present. Currently, the bishop of Urgell (Joan Enric Vives Sicília) and the president of France (Emmanuel Macron) serve as Andorra’s co-princes, following the transfer of the count of Foix’s claims to the Crown of France and, subsequently, to the head of state of the French Republic. Each co-prince appoints a personal representative, the episcopal co-prince by Josep Maria Mauri and the French co-prince currently being represented by Patrick Strzoda.WEB,royalcentral.co.uk/features/why-is-the-president-of-france-co-prince-of-andorra-130690/, Why is the President of France Co-Prince of Andorra?, 7 October 2019, Royal Central, 9 November 2019, The President of France, Emmanuel Macron, serves as Co-Prince of Andorra in addition to his duties as French President and is one of the few examples of a democratically elected leader serving in a royal capacity in another country. Since 2003, the other Co-Prince is the bishop of Urgell from Spain, Joan-Enric Vives i Sicília.,

Origin and development of the co-principality

{{refimprove-section|date=October 2015}}Tradition holds that Charlemagne granted a charter to the Andorran people in return for their fighting against the Moors. The feudal overlord of this territory was at first the Count of Urgell. In 988, however, the count, Borrell II, gave Andorra to the Diocese of Urgell in exchange for land in Cerdanya.GREC, andorra-0#anchor_-la-formaci-d-andorra, La formació d’Andorra, The Bishop of Urgell, based in Seu d’Urgell, has ruled Andorra ever since.Things about the history of Andorra {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20100209181327www.coprince-fr.ad/catala/elements.htm |date=9 February 2010 }} French Co-prince {{in lang|ca}}Before 1095, Andorra did not have any type of military protection, and since the Bishop of Urgell knew that the Count of Urgell wanted to reclaim the Andorran valleys, he asked for help from the lord of Caboet. In 1095, the lord and the bishop signed a declaration of their co-sovereignty over Andorra. Arnalda, daughter of Arnau of Caboet, married the viscount of Castellbò, and both became viscounts of Castellbò and Cerdanya. Their daughter, Ermessenda,GREC, ermessenda-de-castellbo, Ermessenda de Castellbò, married Roger Bernat II, the French count of Foix. They became, respectively, count and countess of Foix, viscount and viscountess of Castellbò and Cerdanya, and also co-sovereigns of Andorra (together with the Bishop of Urgell).{{fact|date=October 2015}}In the 11th century, a dispute arose between the Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix. The conflict was mediated by Aragon in 1278, and led to the signing of the first paréage, which provided that Andorra’s sovereignty be shared between the count and the bishop. This gave the principality its territory and political form, and marked the formal commencement of Andorra’s unique monarchical arrangement.{{fact|date=October 2015}}Through inheritance, the Foix title to Andorra passed to the kings of Navarre. After Henry III of Navarre was crowned Henry IV of France, he issued an edict in 1607 establishing the king of France and the Bishop of Urgell as co-princes of Andorra. In 1812–13, the First French Empire annexed Catalonia and divided it into four départements, with Andorra forming part of the district of Puigcerdà (department of Sègre). Following the defeat of Napoleon I, a royal decree reversed this annexation, and Andorra reverted to its former independence and political state.{{sfn|Armengol Aleix|2009|p = 172}}{{sfn|Guillamet Anton|2009|p = 172}}{{sfn|Armengol Aleix|2009|p = 342, 343}} The French head of state—whether king, emperor, or president—has continued to serve as a co-prince of Andorra ever since.{{fact|date=October 2015}}

Recent history

On 12 July 1934, Andorra’s monarchical system was challenged by an adventurer named Boris Skossyreff, who issued a proclamation in Urgell declaring himself “Boris I, King of Andorra”.Events, Issues 19–24, p. 46, 1938 Though initially enjoying some support within Andorra’s political establishment, he was ultimately arrested by Spanish authorities on 20 July 1934 after declaring war on the Bishop of Urgell (who had refused to relinquish his own claim to the principality). Skossyreff was expelled, and was never considered to have been the Andorran monarch in any legal sense.Before 1993, Andorra had no codified constitution, and the exact prerogatives of the co-princes were not specifically defined in law. In March 1993, a Constitution was approved by a vote of the Andorran people and signed into law by the two reigning co-princes at the time: Bishop Joan Martí Alanis and President François Mitterrand. It clarified the continuance of the unique Andorran diarchy, and also delineated the precise role and prerogatives of the two co-princes. Prior to adoption of the Constitution, Andorra paid in odd-numbered years a tribute of approximately $460 to the French ruler, while on even-numbered years, it paid a tribute of approximately $12 to the Spanish bishop, plus six hams, six cheeses, and six live chickens. This medieval custom was subsequently abandoned in 1993.www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912223,00.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20081205190037www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912223,00.html">Andorra: Septicentennial for a Ministate, from Time, 30 October 1978.In 2009, French president Nicolas Sarkozy threatened to abdicate as French co-prince if the principality did not change its banking laws to eliminate its longstanding status as a tax haven.Sarkozy threatens to renounce Andorran title.In 2014, Joan Enric Vives i Sicília said that he would abdicate as bishop of Urgell and co-prince of Andorra if the Andorran Parliament passed a law legalizing abortion. The bishopric would then be held in abeyance at least until the law had been promulgated, so that no cleric would have to sign it.NEWS, Jesús Bastante, La aprobación de la ley del Aborto en Andorra podría llevar a Vives a Barcelona, es, Periodisto Digital, Religión, 22 September 2014,www.periodistadigital.com/cultura/religion/espana/20140922/aprobacion-ley-aborto-andorra-llevar-vives-barcelona-noticia-689401696469/, 3 January 2023, This would make Andorra the second country (after Belgium) where a head of state refused to sign a law legalizing voluntary interruption of pregnancy without preventing the law’s promulgation.

Contemporary political role

The Constitution of Andorra carefully defines the exact role and prerogatives of the co-princes of Andorra today. The constitution establishes Andorra as a “parliamentary coprincipality”,Constitution of Andorra, 1:4. providing for the Bishop of Urgell and the president of France to serve together as joint heads of state.Constitution of Andorra, 43:1–2. The constitution distinguishes between which powers they may exercise on their own (Article 46), and which require the countersignature of the head of the Andorran government, or the approval of the “Síndic General”, the Andorran legislature (Article 45).Powers the co-princes may exercise on their own include:Constitution of Andorra, Article 46.

• Joint exercise of the “prerogative of grace” (the power to pardon);
• Each co-prince may appoint one member of the Superior Council of Justice and one member of the Constitutional Tribunal;
• Establishment of such services as they deem necessary to fulfil their constitutional prerogatives, and appointment of individuals to fulfil these services;
• Requesting a preliminary judgement about the constitutionality of proposed laws, or of international treaties;
• Agreeing to the text of any international treaty, prior to submitting it for parliamentary approval;
• Bringing a case before the Constitutional Tribunal in the event of any conflict over the exercise of their constitutional prerogatives.

Powers the co-princes may exercise in conjunction with the head of government include:Constitution of Andorra, Article 45.

• Calling for elections or referendums in accordance with constitutional provisions;
• Appointing the head of government in accordance with constitutional provisions;
• Dissolve the General Council (the Andorran legislature) prior to the expiration of its current term (but not until at least one year has passed since the prior election);Constitution of Andorra:45:1:E and 71:1–3.
• Accrediting diplomatic representatives from Andorra to foreign states, and receive credentials of foreign representatives to Andorra;This implies that the letters of credence of ambassadors of France to Andorra or vice-versa are signed twice by the French president: once as sender and once as recipient.
• Appointing office-holders in accordance with appropriate constitutional provisions;
• Sanctioning and enacting laws in accordance with constitutional provisions;
• Granting formal consent to international treaties, once ratified by the General Council.

Each co-prince is granted an annual allowance by the General Council to dispose of as he or she sees fit.Constitution of Andorra, 47. Each appoints a personal representative in Andorra,Constitution of Andorra, 48. and in the case of incapacitation of one of them, the constitution provides for the other prince to govern in his or her absence, with the concurrence of the Andorran head of government or the General Council.Constitution of Andorra, 45:3.Certain treaties require the participation of the co-princes (or their designated representatives) in their negotiation process as well as their final approval; these are detailed in Articles 66 and 67 of the constitution.The co-princes jointly retain the right to propose amendments to the constitution; this same right rests with the General Council.Constitution of Andorra, 105. They have no veto power over legislation passed by the General Council, though they do retain a veto over certain international treaties, as described above.

Vacancy

In case of vacancy of either co-prince, Andorra “recognizes the validity of the interim procedures foreseen by their respective statuses, in order for the normal function of Andorran institutions not to be interrupted”.Constitution of Andorra, 49.

List of rulers

See also

• List of heads of government of Andorra

Notes

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References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

• BOOK

• BOOK

External links

• Representació de S.E. El Copríncep Francés
• El Copríncep d’Urgell
• Rulers.org – Andorra list of rulers for Andorra

{{Andorra topics}}{{Monarchies}}{{Europe heads of state and government}}