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{{Short description|Promontory on the northwestern tip of Morocco}}(File:Maritime museum.jpg|alt=Maritime museum entrance|thumb|Entrance to Cap Spartel’s maritime museum)(File:Lighthouse after renovation.jpg|alt=Lighthouse after renovation|thumb|Lighthouse after renovation)Cape Spartel (, , , ) is a promontory in Morocco about {{convert|1000|ft|m}} above sea level at the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar, 12 km west of Tangier. It is the northwesternmost point of the African continent. Below the cape are the Caves of Hercules.

Etymology

According to Mohamed Chafik, the name of this location is derived from Latin spartium, which is the name of a plant genus (Spanish broom).BOOK, Arabic, محمد شفيق, الدارجة المغربية، مجال توارد بين الأمازيغية و العربية,

Description

File:Cuevas de Hércules, Cabo Espartel, Marruecos, 2015-12-11, DD 22-24 HDR.JPG|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Caves of Hercules ]]Cape Spartel is frequently but incorrectly referred to as the northernmost point of Africa, which is instead Ras ben Sakka, Tunisia; it is the most northwestern point.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=ZyJ9kc6eTIgC, The Century Cyclopedia of Names: A Pronouncing and Etymological Dictionary of Names in Geography, Biography, Mythology, History, Ethnology, Art, Archaeology, Fiction, Etc. ..., 1899, Century, 949, en, The cape rises to a height of 326 m. at the top of Jebel Quebir, where a lighthouse built by Sultan Muhammad IV in 1864 is situated at the end of a cliff.The Strait of Gibraltar, accessed November 2012Below the cape are the Caves of Hercules. These are open to the public and they are accessible from Robinson Plage. The caves have shown evidence of Neolithic occupation. Before they were a tourist attraction they were brothels. Historically the rock was mined and this is one important cause of the caves’ creation.WEB, Grottes d’Hercules The Caves of Hercules - Cave of Africa,www.showcaves.com/english/misc/showcaves/Hercules.html, Showcaves.com, 21 November 2012,www.showcaves.com/english/misc/showcaves/Hercules.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304194245www.showcaves.com/english/misc/showcaves/Hercules.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160304194245www.showcaves.com/english/misc/showcaves/Hercules.html, 4 March 2016, dead, Near Cape Spartel is Spartel Bank, a sunken island hypothesized by some as the location of the legendary island of Atlantis.WEB,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3227295.stm, Hunt for Lost City of Atlantis, 2009-03-28, BBC, 2003-10-30, WEB,sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2005/722/1, Atlantis Rises Again, 2009-03-28, sciencemag.org, dead,sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2005/722/1," title="web.archive.org/web/20080621180622sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2005/722/1,">web.archive.org/web/20080621180622sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2005/722/1, June 21, 2008, Renovation of the whole Cape Spartel site was started in 2020 and completed in 2021. It is now open to the public and includes a maritime museum, restaurant, botanical garden and an event space.WEB, Le Cap Spartel tanger {{!, Phare {{!}} Musée {{!}} Jardin a Tanger, Morocco |url=https://www.lecapspartel.com/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Cap Spartel |language=fr}} Visitors can also access the top of the lighthouse to enjoy the stunning view of the strait of Gibraltar. Cape Spartel is accessible from the National Road S701.

Historical events

(File:Beach and Van Ghent destroy six Barbary ships near Cape Spartel, Morocco, 17 August 1670 RMG BHC0298.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Beach and Van Ghent destroy six Barbary ships near the Cape, 17 August 1670)On 17 August 1670, British ships under Commodore Richard Beach and Dutch ships under Willem Joseph van Ghent destroyed six Barbary ships near Cape Spartel.WEB,collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/11790.html, Beach and van Ghent destroy six Barbary ships near Cape Spartel, Morocco, 17 August 1670 - National Maritime Museum, During the War of the Spanish Succession, two Spanish 60-gun ships – the Porta Coeli and Santa Teresa – were intercepted on 23 March 1704 by an English squadron under Vice-Admiral Thomas Dilkes off Cape Spartel, comprising the 70-gun ships Kent and Bedford and the 50-gun Antelope. The two Spanish warships, newly built at Orio, were laden with ordnance and military stores and were accompanied by a 24-gun merchantman, the San Nicolas. After a seven hours battle, both warships were captured; they were taken to Lisbon, but the Santa Teresa sank en route. (File:Vista de Cabo Espartel por la banda del Norte a distancia de una legua (1732).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Cape Spartel in 1732.)On 20 October 1782, during the American War of Independence, an inconclusive battle took place between British and French/Spanish fleets about 18 miles off the coast, the Battle of Cape Spartel, between ships under Admiral Luis de Córdova y Córdova and a British fleet under Admiral Richard Howe. The battle was required to maintain British supplies to the besieged Rock of Gibraltar.In December 1911, the British P&O liner, SS Delhi, ran aground near to Cape Spartel. All passengers were rescued by British and French warships, but three French rescuers were lost.WEB, P&O Heritage is the Official Collection of P&O’s History,www.poheritage.com/, 2023-07-09, www.poheritage.com, (File:Cape Spartel lighthouse panorama.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Cape Spartel lighthouse panorama)The Battle of Cape Spartel was a naval battle on 29 September 1936 during the Spanish Civil War. The engagement took place between two Nationalist cruisers and two Republican destroyers, and broke the Republican blockade of the Strait of Gibraltar, securing the naval supply route to Spanish Morocco for the Nationalists early in the war.

See also

• Cape Malabata

References

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Bibliography

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• F. Tamburini, Il faro di Capo Spartel (1865–1958), un esempio di cooperazione internazionale in Africa attraverso i secoli XIX e XX, in “Africana, Rivista di studi extraeuropei”, n. IX, 2003
• S. L. Bensusan, Morocco, A. and C. Black, 1904

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