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{{Short description|Mountain range on the Zimbabwe–Mozambique border}}

factoids

| range_coordinates = | coordinates_ref = | topo = | type = | age = | first_ascent = | easiest_route = Hike}}The Bvumba Mountains or Vumba Mountains straddle the Zimbabwe–Mozambique border, and lie some 10 km southeast of the city of Mutare. The Bvumba rise to Castle Beacon at 1,911 metres, and are, together with the Chimanimani Mountains to the south and Nyanga Mountains to the north, part of the Eastern Highlands of the Manicaland and adjacent Manica provinces. They are referred to as the "Mountains of the Mist" (Bvumba being the Shona word for "mist"), as so often the early morning starts with a mist which clears by mid-morning. Although lying mostly within Zimbabwe, the mountains extend north-eastward to Mount Vumba (or Monte Vumba) in Mozambique.Surveyor General of Zimbabwe and Forestry Commission, 1996. 1:250,000 Vegetation Map Series. Surveyor General of Zimbabwe, Harare They are capped by cool, green hills which shelter country hotels, a casino and golf course at the Leopard Rock Hotel and a Botanical Garden with one of the best views in Africa.BOOK, David Martin, Bvumba: magic in the mist,weblink 1997, African Publishing Group, 978-0-7974-1641-3, The mountains are also known for their coffee plantations.

Access

On the Zimbabwean side, the Mountains are accessible by a tarred road from Mutare. The Mozambican side of the mountains can be reached from a road to the Vumba Water Bottling Plant, which leaves the main EN6 highway just west of Manica.

Mountain hikes

The climb to the prominence, Castle Beacon, is up a large granite dome. The lower slopes form a mist belt with sub-montane vegetation. Proteas are found on the higher levels.Hyde, M.A. and Wursten, B. 2008. Flora of Zimbabwe: Location details: Castle Beacon Vumba Mountain, on the Mozambique side, is a steep hike to a summit with a good view of Manica and environs.Vumba Summitpost

Geology

The Bvumba Mountains are composed mainly of granite which forms the eastern margin of the Zimbabwe Craton. The Vumba granite has been dated at over 2,600 Ma.Thomas, B. 1999. IGCP 368 International Field Workshop in Eastern Zimbabwe and Western Mozambique. Gondwana Research, 2, 318-320 weblink The granites are intruded in places by Umkondo dolerite sillsVumba facts. Vumba-nature.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509141720weblink |date=2008-05-09 }} which are dated to about 1,110 Ma.Hanson, R.E., Martin, M.W., Bowring, S.A. and Munyanyiwa, H. 1999. U-Pb zircon age for the Umkondo Dolerites, eastern Zimbabwe; 1.1 Ga large igneous province in Southern Africa-East Antarctica and possible Rodinia correlations. Geology, 26, 1143-1146 weblink.Gose, W.; Hanson, R.; Pankake, J.; Crowley, J.; Ramezani, J.; Bowring, S.; Blenkinsop, T.; Mukwakwami, J. and Dalziell, I. 2003. New paleomagnetic and geochronological data from the Mesoproterozoic Umkondo dolerites, South Africa. EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly, Abstracts from the meeting held in Nice, France, 6–11 April 2003, abstract #7201 weblink

Flora

The mountains are dominated by savannah woodland, including Brachystegia / miombo. There are also extensive sub-montane grasslands, local mist-belts with mosses and epiphytic and lithophytic ferns and sub-montane evergreen forest in the deeper ravines.Hyde, M.A. and Wursten, B. 2008. Flora of Mozambique: Location details: Bunga Views, VumbaHyde, M.A. and Wursten, B. 2008. Flora of Zimbabwe: Location details: Globe Rock, Vumba The higher levels of the mountains are sparsely vegetated with shrubs such as proteas, aloes and Strelitzia.In the centre of the mountains lies the Bunga Forest Botanical Reserve and neighbouring Bvumba Botanical Garden. The latter is landscaped around a number of small streams and includes an important cycad collection, with 59 of the 189 known species, including Encephalartos manikensis, E. ferox, E. lehmannii, E. pterogonus, E. cycadifolius and E. eugene-maraisii.Murimba, E. 1997. The Cycad Collection of Vumba Botanical Garden, Zimbabwe. Botanic Gardens Conservation International, 2 (8) weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103081251weblink|date=2012-11-03}}

Fauna

{{See also|List of reptiles and frogs of the Eastern Highlands}}Although small in area, the mountains are a botanical paradise and home to some of the rarest butterflies in the region. The Bvumba mountains offer exciting and varied birding opportunities. The area is probably best known as one of the main breeding areas of Swynnerton's robinIan Sinclair, Birds of Southern Africa, Struik Publishers 1996, p. 316 which lives and breeds in small patches of forest, some on private land, others within the Bunga forest. Livingstone's turacos are present in large numbers. Their territorial calls are typically heard long before they are seen, yet their brilliant crimson wing feathers are striking from afar as they glide from one patch of canopy to another. A smaller number of mammals inhabit the Bvumba, perhaps the most notable of which are the leopard and the samango monkey, the latter's range being very limited. Savannah woodland adjoining the Mozambique side of the range is home to several rare reptiles including Marshall's leaf chameleon and Arnold's skink.National Directorate for Culture, Ministry of Education and Culture, 2008. Vumba Mountain range, Submission by the Mozambique government for listing of a World Heritage Site.

Archaeology

Chinhamapere Hill, on the Mozambique side of the mountains, has been a culturally important site since the Iron Age. There are well-preserved hunter-gatherer rock art paintings (comprising several human figures, some holding bows and arrows and others in trance) thought to be of around 8,000 years in age, as well as contemporary ritual sites, used for rainmaking, divining and healing. There are at least 86 Stone Age sites in the Zimbabwean portion of the mountains, and the cultural significance of some of these are still observed at the present time.Archaeological surveys and ethnographic research in the Chimanimani area weblink{{Dead link|date=June 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}

World Heritage Status

This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on August 20, 2008, in the Cultural category.Vumba Mountain Range - UNESCO World Heritage Centre It was proposed by Mozambique.

Places of special interest

• Bunga Forest Botanical Reserve
• Manchester Gardens – a landscaped garden with the Reserve arranged about a series of artificially created streams and dams
• Elim Mission Memorial – a plaque at the start of the Eagle School Road - to the memory of the innocent victims of the Elim Mission Massacre 1978
• Leopard Rock HotelWEB,weblink Boatsie {{!, Casino Blog}} – a golf resort and casino
• The Refuge or Castle – now a sunset balcony for Leopard Rock Hotel guests and a wedding venue
• Leopard Rock
• Chinziwa Scout Park
• Kwayedza Lodge
• Cloudlands
• Cripps Family Burial Plot
• White Horse Inn – at the end of the tar on Lauranceville Road
• Map-off – a place with various fauna and flora overlooking the border
• Prince of Wales view – a cliff that overlooks Forbes border post near Cloudlands
• Castle beacon or Bvumba Heights, situated 1,900 m above sea level

References

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