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{{Short description|Genre of seated tabletop social play}}{{pp-pc|small=yes}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}File:US Navy 110713-N-NT881-124 Personnel Specialist 2nd Class James Vail, left, and Boatswain’s Mate 2nd Class Nathaniel Eaton play board games with ch.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The board game Monopoly is licensed in 103 countries and printed in 37 languages.NEWS, February 20, 2008, You can choose cities for new Monopoly game,www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/wbna23238096, NBC NewsNBC NewsFile:Pelipäivä Iisalmen kaupunginkirjastossa.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Young girls playing a board game in the IisalmiIisalmiBoard games are tabletop games that typically use {{boardgloss|pieces}}. These pieces are moved or placed on a pre-marked board (playing surface) and often include elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games as well.Many board games feature a competition between two or more players. To show a few examples: in checkers (British English name ‘draughts’), a player wins by capturing all opposing pieces, while Eurogames often end with a calculation of final scores. Pandemic is a cooperative game where players all win or lose as a team, and peg solitaire is a puzzle for one person.There are many varieties of board games. Their representation of real-life situations can range from having no inherent theme, such as checkers, to having a specific theme and narrative, such as Cluedo. Rules can range from the very simple, such as in snakes and ladders; to deeply complex, as in Advanced Squad Leader. Play components now often include custom figures or shaped counters, and distinctively shaped player pieces commonly known as {{boardgloss|meeples}} as well as traditional cards and dice.The time required to learn or master {{boardgloss|gameplay}} varies greatly from game to game, but is not necessarily related to the number or complexity of rules; for example, chess or Go possess relatively simple {{boardgloss|rulesets}} but have great strategic depth.BOOK, Pritchard, D.B., The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants, Games & Puzzles Publications, 1994, 978-0-9524142-0-9, 84, Chess itself is a simple game to learn but its resulting strategy is profound., David Pritchard (chess player),

History

{{Further|History of games}}

Ancient

Classical board games are divided into four categories: race games (such as pachisi), space games (such as noughts and crosses), chase games (such as hnefatafl), and games of displacement (such as chess).BOOK, Woods, Stewart,books.google.com/books?id=xgmjCHxSxvoC&q=history+of+board+games&pg=PP1, Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games, 16 August 2012, 9780786490653, 17, McFarland, Board games have been played, traveled, and evolvedBOOK, Livingstone, Ian, Board games in 100 moves, Wallis, James, Dorling Kindersley, 2019, 978-0-241-36378-2, London, 1078419452, in most cultures and societies throughout history. Several important historical sites, artifacts, and documents shed light on early board games such as Jiroft civilization game boardsBOOK, Maǧīdzāda, YÅ«suf,worldcat.org/oclc/249152908, Jiroft: the earliest oriental civilization, 2003, Organization of the Ministry of Culture ans Islamic Guidance, 964-422-478-7, 249152908, {{Verification needed|date=May 2024}} in Iran. Senet, found in Predynastic and First Dynasty burials of Egypt, {{Circa|3500 BC}} and 3100 BC respectively,JOURNAL, Piccione, Peter A., July–August 1980, In Search of the Meaning of Senet,www.piccionep.people.cofc.edu/piccione_senet.pdf, live, Archaeology, 55–58,piccionep.people.cofc.edu/piccione_senet.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20111125005541piccionep.people.cofc.edu/piccione_senet.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20111125005541piccionep.people.cofc.edu/piccione_senet.pdf, 2011-11-25, 14 July 2018, is the oldest board game known to have existed.WEB, Solly, Meilan, The Best Board Games of the Ancient World,www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/best-board-games-ancient-world-180974094/, 2021-11-27, Smithsonian Magazine, en, Senet was pictured in a fresco painting found in Merknera’s tomb (3300–2700 BC).WEB, 27 April 1998, Okno do svita deskovych her,www.hrejsi.cz/clanky/dama1.html, dead,www.hrejsi.cz/clanky/dama1.html," title="archive.today/20121208220158www.hrejsi.cz/clanky/dama1.html,">archive.today/20121208220158www.hrejsi.cz/clanky/dama1.html, 8 December 2012, 12 February 2010, Hrejsi.cz, WEB, Pivotto, Carlos, etal, Detection of Negotiation Profile and Guidance to more Collaborative Approaches through Negotiation Games,worldcomp-proceedings.com/proc/p2011/EEE3388.pdf, live,worldcomp-proceedings.com/proc/p2011/EEE3388.pdf," title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009worldcomp-proceedings.com/proc/p2011/EEE3388.pdf,">ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009worldcomp-proceedings.com/proc/p2011/EEE3388.pdf, 2022-10-09, 2 October 2014, {{better source needed|date=February 2023}}{{dubious|date=February 2023}} Also from predynastic Egypt is mehen.WEB, Games in ancient Egypt,www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt//furniture/games.html, 13 June 2020, Digital Egypt for Universities, University College, London, Hounds and jackals, another ancient Egyptian board game, appeared around 2000 BC.WEB, Hirst, K. Kris, What? Snakes and Ladders is 4,000 Years Old?,www.thoughtco.com/50-holes-game-169581, 23 December 2018, ThoughtCo.com, WEB, 18 November 2018, A 4,000-Year-Old Bronze Age Game Called 58 Holes Has Been Discovered in Azerbaijan Rock Shelter,wsbuzz.com/science/a-4000-year-old-bronze-age-game-called-58-holes-has-been-discovered-in-azerbaijan-rock-shelter/, dead,web.archive.org/web/20190826203339/https://wsbuzz.com/science/a-4000-year-old-bronze-age-game-called-58-holes-has-been-discovered-in-azerbaijan-rock-shelter/, 26 August 2019, 23 December 2018, WSBuzz.com, en-US, The first complete set of this game was discovered from a Theban tomb that dates to the 13th dynasty.WEB, Metcalfe, Tom, 10 December 2018, 16 of the Most Interesting Ancient Board and Dice Games,www.livescience.com/64266-ancient-board-games.html, 23 December 2018, Live Science, This game was also popular in Mesopotamia and the Caucasus.WEB, Bower, Bruce, 17 December 2018, A Bronze Age game called 58 holes was found chiseled into stone in Azerbaijan,www.sciencenews.org/article/bronze-age-game-found-chiseled-stone-azerbaijan, 23 December 2018, Science News, en, Backgammon originated in ancient Mesopotamia about 5,000 years ago.WEB, Backgammon History,bkgm.com/articles/Bray/BackgammonHistory/, 17 February 2021, bkgm.com, Ashtapada, chess, pachisi and chaupar originated in India. Go and liubo originated in China. Patolli originated in Mesoamerica played by the ancient Aztecs and the royal game of Ur was found in the royal tombs of Ur, dating to Mesopotamia 4,600 years ago.WEB, Edwards, Jason R., Saving Families, One Game at a Time,visionandvalues.org/docs/familymatters/Edwards_Jason.pdf, dead,visionandvalues.org/docs/familymatters/Edwards_Jason.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160205071220visionandvalues.org/docs/familymatters/Edwards_Jason.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160205071220visionandvalues.org/docs/familymatters/Edwards_Jason.pdf, 5 February 2016, File:Maler der Grabkammer der Nefertari 003.jpg|Senet, one of the oldest known board gamesFile:Game of Hounds and Jackals MET DP264105.jpg|Hounds and jackals (Egypt, 13th Dynasty)File:Men Playing Board Games.jpg| Men Playing Board Games, from The Sougandhika Parinaya ManuscriptFile:British Museum Royal Game of Ur.jpg|Royal game of Ur, southern Iraq, about 2600–2400 BCEFile:Macuilxochitl Patolli.png|Patolli game being watched by Macuilxochitl as depicted on page 048 of the Codex MagliabechianoFile:Han Pottery Figures Playing Liubo, a Lost Game (10352729936).jpg|Han dynasty glazed pottery tomb figurines playing liubo, with six sticks laid out to the side of the game board

European

{{further|Eurogame#History}}Board games have a long tradition in Europe. The oldest records of board gaming in Europe date back to Homer’s Iliad (written in the 8th century BC), in which he mentions the Ancient Greek game of petteia.WEB, Brouwers, Josho, Ancient Greek heroes at play,www.ancientworldmagazine.com/articles/ancient-greek-heroes-play/, 6 March 2020, Ancient World Magazine, 29 November 2018, en, This game of petteia would later evolve into the Roman ludus latrunculorum. Board gaming in ancient Europe was not unique to the Greco-Roman world, with records estimating that the ancient Norse game of hnefatafl was developed sometime before 400AD.WEB, Schulte, Michael, Board games of the Vikings – From hnefatafl to chess,ojs.novus.no/index.php/MOM/article/download/1426/1411, 5, In ancient Ireland, the game of fidchell or ficheall, is said to date back to at least 144 AD,JOURNAL, Harding, Timothy, 2010, ‘A Fenian pastime’? Early Irish board games and their identification with chess, Irish Historical Studies, 37, 145, 5, 10.1017/S0021121400000031, 0021-1214, 20750042, free, 2262/38847, 163144950, though this is likely an anachronism. A fidchell board dating from the 10th century has been uncovered in Co. Westmeath, Ireland.BOOK, Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone,books.google.com/books?id=pkTUotRW8_AC&q=the+oldest+irish+tradition, The Oldest Irish Tradition: A Window on the Iron Age, 28 February 2011, 9780521134934, 23, Cambridge University Press, The association of dice and cards with gambling led to all dice games except backgammon being treated as lotteries by dice in the gaming acts of 1710 and 1845.WEB, Neilson, W Bryce, GAMING HISTORY & LAW,www.gamesboard.org.uk/articles/gaming-law-bryce-neilson-aug-2020.pdf, live,web.archive.org/web/20201001082026/https://www.gamesboard.org.uk/articles/gaming-law-bryce-neilson-aug-2020.pdf, 2020-10-01, 15 February 2022, Gamesboard.org, Early board game producers in the second half of the eighteenth century were mapmakers. The global popularization of Board Games, with special themes and branding, coincided with the formation of the global dominance of the British Empire.JOURNAL, Kentel, Koca, Fall 2018, Empire on a Board: Navigating the British Empire through Geographical Board Games in the Nineteenth Century,dx.doi.org/10.17613/M6JW86M71, The Portolan, 102, 27–42, 10.17613/M6JW86M71, John Wallis was an English board game publisher, bookseller, map/chart seller, printseller, music seller, and cartographer. With his sons John Wallis Jr. and Edward Wallis, he was one of the most prolific publishers of board games of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} John Betts’ A Tour of the British Colonies and Foreign PossessionsWEB, ATour Through the British Colonies and Foreign Possessions | Betts, John | V&A Explore The Collections,collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O2/O26/O262/O2628/O26285/, Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections, and William Spooner’s A Voyage of DiscoveryWEB, A Voyage of Discovery or The Five Navigators | Spooner, William | V&A Explore The Collections,collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O2/O26/O263/O2635/O26352/, Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections, were popular in the British empire. is a genre of wargaming developed in 19th century Prussia to teach battle tactics to officers.JOURNAL, Asbury, Susan, Winter 2018, It’s All a Game: The History of Board Games from Monopoly to Settlers of Catan,www.journalofplay.org/sites/www.journalofplay.org/files/pdf-articles/10-2-Book-review2.pdf, dead, Book Reviews, American Journal of Play, 10, 2, 230,web.archive.org/web/20200711112435/https://www.journalofplay.org/sites/www.journalofplay.org/files/pdf-articles/10-2-Book-review2.pdf, 11 July 2020, 5 March 2020, File:Attic Black-Figure Neck Amphora - Achilles and Ajax playing a board game overseen by Athena.jpg|Achilles and Ajax playing a board game overseen by Athena, Attic black-figure neck amphora, {{circa|510 BCE}}File:German - Box for Board Games - Walters 7193 - Bottom.jpg|Box for Board Games, c. 15th century, Walters Art MuseumFile:Gaming table with chessboard.jpg|An early games table desk (Germany, 1735) featuring chess/draughts ({{em|left}}) and nine men’s morris ({{em|right}})File:’Game of Skittles’, copy of painting by Pieter de Hooch, Cincinnati Art Museum.JPG|’Game of Skittles’, copy of 1660–68 painting by Pieter de Hooch in the Saint Louis Art Museum

American

(File:FirstAmericanPrintrunOfThe MansionOfHappiness.jpg|thumb|The Mansion of Happiness (1843))The board game Travellers’ Tour Through the United States and its sister game Traveller’s Tour Through Europe were published by New York City bookseller F. & R. Lockwood in 1822 and claim the distinction of being the first board games published in the United States.Margaret Hofer described the period of the 1880s–1920s as “The Golden Age” of board gaming in America.BOOK, Hofer, Margaret,books.google.com/books?id=icYtGRUZrZUC, The Games we Played: The Golden Age of Board and Table Games, 2003-03-01, Princeton Architectural Press, 978-1-56898-397-4, en, Board game popularity was boosted, like that of many items, through mass production, which made them cheaper and more easily available.

Chinese, Arabic, and Indian

Outside of Europe and the U.S., many traditional board games are popular. In China, Go and many variations of chess are popular. In Africa and the Middle East, mancala is a popular board game archetype with many regional variations. In India, a community game called Carrom is popular.WEB, 12 September 2020, The most popular board games in non-Western cultures,boardgametheories.com/most-popular-board-games-in-other-cultures/, 1 October 2020, BoardGameTheories,

Modern

File:Board_games_with_expansions_1944-2017.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|The number of board games published by year (1944–2017), as listed on BoardGameGeekBoardGameGeekIn the late 1990s, companies began producing more new games to serve a growing worldwide market.WEB, Smith, Quintin, October 2012, The Board Game Golden Age,www.shutupshow.com/post/34426556753/su-sd-present-the-board-game-golden-age, dead,www.shutupshow.com/post/34426556753/su-sd-present-the-board-game-golden-age," title="web.archive.org/web/20130601124655www.shutupshow.com/post/34426556753/su-sd-present-the-board-game-golden-age,">web.archive.org/web/20130601124655www.shutupshow.com/post/34426556753/su-sd-present-the-board-game-golden-age, 1 June 2013, 10 May 2013, WEB, A look into the golden age of boardgames {{!, BGG |url=https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/1943195/look-golden-age-boardgames |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=BoardGameGeek |language=en-US}} In the 2010s, several publications said board games were amid a new Golden Age or “renaissance”.JOURNAL, Konieczny, Piotr, 2019, Golden Age of Tabletop Gaming: Creation of the Social Capital and Rise of Third Spaces for Tabletop Gaming in the 21st Century,bazekon.icm.edu.pl/bazekon/element/bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171561541, Polish Sociological Review, EN, 2, 199–215, 10.26412/psr206.05, 31 January 2024, 1231-1413, Board game venues also grew in popularity; in 2016 alone, more than 5,000 board game cafés opened in the U.S.,WEB, The Board Game Biz is Booming, and Chicago’s Ready to Play,news.wttw.com/2020/02/11/board-game-biz-booming-and-chicago-s-ready-play, 1 March 2020, WTTW News, en, and they were reported to be very popular in China as well.WEB, Six Reasons China Loves Board Game Cafés,flamingogroup.com/six-reasons-china-loves-board-game-cafes#, dead,flamingogroup.com/six-reasons-china-loves-board-game-cafes," title="web.archive.org/web/20160520043014flamingogroup.com/six-reasons-china-loves-board-game-cafes,">web.archive.org/web/20160520043014flamingogroup.com/six-reasons-china-loves-board-game-cafes, 20 May 2016, 22 April 2016, Flamingo, Board games have been used as a mechanism for science communication.JOURNAL, Coon, Jo Thompson, Orr, Noreen, Shaw, Liz, Hunt, Harriet, Garside, Ruth, Nunns, Michael, Gröppel-Wegener, Alke, Whear, Becky, 2022-04-04, Bursting out of our bubble: using creative techniques to communicate within the systematic review process and beyond, Systematic Reviews, 11, 1, 56, 10.1186/s13643-022-01935-2, 2046-4053, 8977563, 35379331, free,

Luck, strategy, and diplomacy

Some games, such as chess, depend completely on player skill, while many children’s games such as Candy Land and snakes and ladders require no decisions by the players and are decided purely by luck.WEB, 26 January 2009, The case against Candy Land,boingboing.net/2009/01/26/the-case-against-can.html, BoingBoing, File:Board game damah at Souq Waqif.jpg|thumb|Two Qataris playing the traditional board game of damah]]Many games require some level of both skill and luck. A player may be hampered by bad luck in backgammon, Monopoly, or Risk; but over many games, a skilled player will win more often.WEB, Luck vs. Skill in Backgammon,bkgm.com/articles/Simborg/LuckVsSkill/index.html, 19 May 2020, bkgm.com, The elements of luck can also make for more excitement at times, and allow for more diverse and multifaceted strategies, as concepts such as expected value and risk management must be considered.{{Facts|date=August 2022}}Luck may be introduced into a game by several methods. The use of dice of various sorts goes back to the earliest board games. These can decide everything from how many steps a player moves their token, as in Monopoly, to how their forces fare in battle, as in Risk, or which resources a player gains, as in Catan. Other games such as Sorry! use a deck of special cards that, when shuffled, create randomness. Scrabble does something similar with randomly picked letters. Other games use spinners, timers of random length, or other sources of randomness. German-style board games are notable for often having fewer elements of luck than many North American board games.WEB, Kirkpatrick, Karen, 27 April 2015, What’s a German-style board game?,entertainment.howstuffworks.com/german-style-board-game.htm, 20 July 2021, HowStuffWorks.com, “They feature little or no luck, and economic, not military, themes. In addition, all players stay in the game until it’s over.”, Luck may be reduced in favour of skill by introducing symmetry between players. For example, in a dice game such as Ludo, by giving each player the choice of rolling the dice or using the previous player’s roll.Another important aspect of some games is diplomacy, that is, players, making deals with one another. Negotiation generally features only in games with three or more players, cooperative games being the exception. An important facet of Catan, for example, is convincing players to trade with you rather than with opponents. In Risk, two or more players may team up against others. Easy diplomacy involves convincing other players that someone else is winning and should therefore be teamed up against. Advanced diplomacy (e.g., in the aptly named game Diplomacy) consists of making elaborate plans together, with the possibility of betrayal.NEWS, McLellan, Joseph, 1986-06-02, Lying and Cheating by the Rules, en-US, Washington Post,www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1986/06/02/lying-and-cheating-by-the-rules/78ab5e73-b64d-4448-875e-aae12ab43476/, 2022-12-29, 0190-8286, In perfect information games, such as chess, each player has complete information on the state of the game, but in other games, such as Tigris and Euphrates or Stratego, some information is hidden from players. This makes finding the best move more difficult and may involve estimating probabilities by the opponents.{{Facts|date=August 2022}}

Software

Many board games are now available as video games. These are aptly termed digital board games, and their distinguishing characteristic compared to traditional board games is they can now be played online against a computer or other players. Some websites (such as boardgamearena.com, yucata.de, etc.)WEB, 25 February 2019, 6 Best Sites to Play Board Games Online for Free,mykindofmeeple.com/play-modern-board-games-online/, 23 January 2021, Mykindofmeeple.com, allow play in real time and immediately show the opponents’ moves, while others use email to notify the players after each move.WEB, U3a International Chess by Email,www.u3abroadbeach.com/chess-by-email.html, dead,www.u3abroadbeach.com/chess-by-email.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20141015070203www.u3abroadbeach.com/chess-by-email.html,">web.archive.org/web/20141015070203www.u3abroadbeach.com/chess-by-email.html, 15 October 2014, 8 October 2014, The Internet and cheaper home printing has also influenced board games via print-and-play games that may be purchased and printed.WEB, Print & Play,boardgamegeek.com/boardgamecategory/1120/print-play, 8 October 2014, Boardgamegeek.com, Some games use external media such as audio cassettes or DVDs in accompaniment to the game.WEB, DVD Board Games,boardgamegeek.com/boardgamefamily/7348/dvd-board-games, 8 October 2014, WEB, Audio Cassette Board Games,boardgamegeek.com/boardgamefamily/7477/audio-cassette-board-games, 8 October 2014, Boardgamegeek.com, {{anchor|Virtual tabletop}}There are also virtual tabletop programs that allow online players to play a variety of existing and new board games through tools needed to manipulate the game board but do not necessarily enforce the game’s rules, leaving this up to the players. There are generalized programs such as Vassal, Tabletop Simulator and Tabletopia that can be used to play any board or card game, while programs like Roll20 and Fantasy Grounds that are more specialized for role-playing games.WEB, Hall, Charlie, 22 April 2015, D&D now on Steam, complete with dice and a Dungeon Master,www.polygon.com/2015/4/22/8470473/dungeons-dragons-virtual-tabletop-fantasy-grounds, 10 April 2017, Polygon (website), Polygon, WEB, Hall, Charlie, 1 December 2016, Tabletopia is slick as hell, and it’s free on Steam,www.polygon.com/2016/12/1/13806190/tabletopia-steam-board-games-free-to-play, 7 September 2017, Polygon (website), Polygon, Some of these virtual tabletops have worked with the license holders to allow for use of their game’s assets within the program; for example, Fantasy Grounds has licenses for both Dungeons & Dragons and Pathfinder materials, while Tabletop Simulator allows game publishers to provide paid downloadable content for their games.WEB, SmiteWorks USA, LLC,www.fantasygrounds.com/press/, 21 July 2017, Fantasy Grounds, SmiteWorks, WEB, O’Conner, Alice, 1 October 2015, Cosmic Encounter Officially Invades Tabletop Simulator,www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/10/01/cosmic-encounter-tabletop-simulator/, 1 August 2016, Rock Paper Shotgun, However, as these games offer the ability to add in the content through user modifications, there are also unlicensed uses of board game assets available through these programs.WEB, Wawro, Alex, 3 July 2015, Mod Mentality: How Tabletop Simulator was made to be broken,gamasutra.com/view/news/247109/Mod_Mentality_How_Tabletop_Simulator_was_made_to_be_broken.php, 8 July 2015, Gamasutra,

Market

File:Nepomuk 280 - Osadníci z Katanu.jpg|thumb|left|The modern German board game CatanCatanWhile the board gaming market is estimated to be smaller than that for video games, it has also experienced significant growth from the late 1990s. A 2012 article in The Guardian described board games as “making a comeback”.NEWS, 9 December 2012, Why board games are making a comeback, The Guardian,www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/dec/09/board-games-comeback-freeman, Freeman, Will, Other expert sources suggest that board games never went away, and that board games have remained a popular leisure activity which has only grown over time.WEB, 1 August 2018, Not Bored Of Board Games,www.toyindustryjournal.com/not-bored-of-board-games/, dead,web.archive.org/web/20210302164229/https://www.toyindustryjournal.com/not-bored-of-board-games/, 2 March 2021, 5 January 2021, Toyindustryjournal.com, Another from 2014 gave an estimate that put the growth of the board game market at “between 25% and 40% annually” since 2010, and described the current time as the “golden era for board games”.NEWS, 25 November 2014, Board games’ golden age: sociable, brilliant and driven by the internet, The Guardian,www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/25/board-games-internet-playstation-xbox, Duffy, Owen, The rise in board game popularity has been attributed to quality improvement (more elegant mechanics, {{boardgloss|components}}, artwork, and graphics) as well as increased availability thanks to sales through the Internet. Crowd-sourcing for board games is a large facet of the market, with $233 million raised on Kickstarter in 2020.WEB, Hall, Charlie, 22 December 2020, Games broke funding records on Kickstarter in 2020, despite the pandemic,www.polygon.com/2020/12/22/22195749/kickstarter-top-10-highest-funded-campaigns-2020-video-games-board-games, live,web.archive.org/web/20201222221453/https://www.polygon.com/2020/12/22/22195749/kickstarter-top-10-highest-funded-campaigns-2020-video-games-board-games, 22 December 2020, 8 August 2021, Polygon (website), Polygon, A 1991 estimate for the global board game market was over $1.2 billion.BOOK, Scanlon, Jennifer, The Guide to United States Popular Culture, Popular Press, 2001, 978-0-87972-821-2, Browne, Ray Broadus, 103, Board games, Browne, Pat,books.google.com/books?id=U3rJxPYT32MC&pg=PA103, A 2001 estimate for the United States “board games and puzzle” market gave a value of under $400 million, and for United Kingdom, of about £50 million.WEB, So you’ve invented a board game. Now what?,www.amherstlodge.com/games/reference/gameinvented.htm, dead,www.amherstlodge.com/games/reference/gameinvented.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20141115210052www.amherstlodge.com/games/reference/gameinvented.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20141115210052www.amherstlodge.com/games/reference/gameinvented.htm, 15 November 2014, 26 November 2014, A 2009 estimate for the Korean market was put at 800 million won,NEWS, 22 July 2009, Educational Games Getting Popular, The Korea Times,koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_48931.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20160105035853/https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_48931.html, 5 January 2016, and another estimate for the American board game market for the same year was at about $800 million.WEB, Monopoly, Candy Land May Offer Refuge to Families in Recession,www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a2HEzwndjrVQ, dead,www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a2HEzwndjrVQ," title="archive.today/20141126045211www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a2HEzwndjrVQ,">archive.today/20141126045211www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a2HEzwndjrVQ, 26 November 2014, Bloomberg News, A 2011 estimate for the Chinese board game market was at over 10 billion yuan.WEB, Chinese Board Game Market Overview,www.lpboardgame.com/board-games-simple-chinese-board-game-market-overview/, dead,www.lpboardgame.com/board-games-simple-chinese-board-game-market-overview/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160221075513www.lpboardgame.com/board-games-simple-chinese-board-game-market-overview/,">web.archive.org/web/20160221075513www.lpboardgame.com/board-games-simple-chinese-board-game-market-overview/, 21 February 2016, LP Board Game, A 2013 estimate put the size of the German toy market at 2.7 billion euros (out of which the board games and puzzle market is worth about 375 million euros), and Polish markets at 2 billion and 280 million zlotys, respectively.WEB, 16 April 2013, PamiÄ™tacie Eurobiznes? Oto wielki powrót gier planszowych, dla których oni zarywajÄ… noce,menstream.pl/wiadomosci-reportaze-i-wywiady/pamietacie-eurobiznes-oto-wielki-powrot-gier-planszowych-dla-ktorych-oni-zarywaja-noce,0,1288179.html, dead,menstream.pl/wiadomosci-reportaze-i-wywiady/pamietacie-eurobiznes-oto-wielki-powrot-gier-planszowych-dla-ktorych-oni-zarywaja-noce%2C0%2C1288179.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160105041205menstream.pl/wiadomosci-reportaze-i-wywiady/pamietacie-eurobiznes-oto-wielki-powrot-gier-planszowych-dla-ktorych-oni-zarywaja-noce%2C0%2C1288179.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160105041205menstream.pl/wiadomosci-reportaze-i-wywiady/pamietacie-eurobiznes-oto-wielki-powrot-gier-planszowych-dla-ktorych-oni-zarywaja-noce%2C0%2C1288179.html, 5 January 2016, Menstream.pl, In 2009, Germany was considered to be the best market per capita, with the highest number of games sold per individual.MAGAZINE, 23 March 2009, Monopoly Killer: Perfect German Board Game Redefines Genre,archive.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/magazine/17-04/mf_settlers?currentPage=all, dead, WIRED,archive.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/magazine/17-04/mf_settlers?currentPage=all," title="web.archive.org/web/20150510075137archive.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/magazine/17-04/mf_settlers?currentPage=all,">web.archive.org/web/20150510075137archive.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/magazine/17-04/mf_settlers?currentPage=all, 10 May 2015, 23 April 2015,

Hobby board games

Some academics, such as Erica Price and Marco Arnaudo, have differentiated “hobby” board games and gamers from other board games and gamers.JOURNAL, Price, Erica, 2020-10-01, The Sellers of Catan: The Impact of on the United States Leisure and Business Landscape, 1995-2019, Board Game Studies Journal, en, 14, 1, 61–82, 10.2478/bgs-2020-0004, free, WEB, Arnaudo, Marco, 2017-11-29, The Experience of Flow in Hobby Board Games,analoggamestudies.org/2017/11/the-experience-of-flow-in-hobby-board-games/, 2023-09-03, Analog Game Studies, en-US, A 2014 estimate placed the U.S. and Canada market for hobby board games (games produced for a “gamer” market) at only $75 million, with the total size of what it defined as the “hobby game market” (“the market for those games regardless of whether they’re sold in the hobby channel or other channels,“) at over $700 million.WEB, Hobby Games Market Hits $700M,icv2.com/articles/games/view/29326/hobby-games-market-hits-700m, 2023-09-03, icv2.com, en, A similar 2015 estimate suggested a hobby game market value of almost $900 million.WEB, Hobby Games Market Climbs to $880 Million,icv2.com/articles/markets/view/32102/hobby-games-market-climbs-880-million, 2023-09-03, icv2.com, en,

Research

{{multiple image|align=right|total_width=400|image1=Mathematicians playing Konane.jpg

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Left:}} kōnane for studious competition. {{em|Right:}} kōnane for lighthearted fun.}}A dedicated field of research into gaming exists, known as game studies or ludology.{{Citation |last=Fernández-Vara |first=Clara |title=Adventure |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203114261-33/adventure-clara-fern%C3%A1ndez-vara |journal=The Routledge Companion to Video Game Studies |date=3 January 2014 |pages=232–240 |doi=10.4324/9780203114261-33 |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821035254www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203114261-33/adventure-clara-fern%C3%A1ndez-vara |url-status=dead }}While there has been a fair amount of scientific research on the psychology of older board games (e.g., chess, Go, mancala), less has been done on contemporary board games such as Monopoly, Scrabble, and Risk,BOOK, Gobet, Fernand, Moves in mind: The psychology of board games, de Voogt, Alex, Retschitzki, Jean, Psychology Press, 2004, 978-1-84169-336-1, Fernand Gobet, and especially modern board games such as Catan, Agricola, and Pandemic. Much research has been carried out on chess, partly because many tournament players are publicly ranked in national and international lists, which makes it possible to compare their levels of expertise. The works of Adriaan de Groot, William Chase, Herbert A. Simon, and Fernand Gobet have established that knowledge, more than the ability to anticipate moves, plays an essential role in chess-playing ability.WEB, Simons, Daniel, 15 February 2012, How experts recall chess positions,theinvisiblegorilla.com/blog/2012/02/15/how-experts-recall-chess-positions/, dead,theinvisiblegorilla.com/blog/2012/02/15/how-experts-recall-chess-positions/," title="web.archive.org/web/20171201041450theinvisiblegorilla.com/blog/2012/02/15/how-experts-recall-chess-positions/,">web.archive.org/web/20171201041450theinvisiblegorilla.com/blog/2012/02/15/how-experts-recall-chess-positions/, 1 December 2017, 21 November 2017, The Invisible Gorilla, Linearly arranged board games have improved children’s spatial numerical understanding. This is because the game is similar to a number line in that they promote a linear understanding of numbers rather than the innate logarithmic one.NEWS, Playing Linear Number Board Games—But Not Circular Ones—Improves Low-Income Preschoolers’ Numerical Understanding,www.psy.cmu.edu/~siegler/sieg-ram09.pdf, dead, 30 May 2011,www.psy.cmu.edu/~siegler/sieg-ram09.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20110524170555www.psy.cmu.edu/~siegler/sieg-ram09.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20110524170555www.psy.cmu.edu/~siegler/sieg-ram09.pdf, 24 May 2011, Research studies show that board games such as Snakes and Ladders result in children showing significant improvements in aspects of basic number skills such as counting, recognizing numbers, numerical estimation, and number comprehension. They also practice fine motor skills each time they grasp a game piece.WEB, LeFebvre, J.E., Parenting the preschooler,parenting.uwex.edu/parenting-the-preschooler/documents/board_games.pdf, dead,parenting.uwex.edu/parenting-the-preschooler/documents/board_games.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20140521002940parenting.uwex.edu/parenting-the-preschooler/documents/board_games.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20140521002940parenting.uwex.edu/parenting-the-preschooler/documents/board_games.pdf, 21 May 2014, 10 March 2015, UW Extension, Playing board games has also been tied to improving children’s executive functionsWEB, Lahey, Jessica, 16 July 2014, How Family Game Night Makes Kids into Better Students,www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/07/how-family-game-night-makes-kids-into-better-students/374525/, 13 May 2019, The Atlantic, and help reduce risks of dementia for the elderly.JOURNAL, Dartigues, Jean François, Foubert-Samier, Alexandra, Le Goff, Mélanie, Viltard, Mélanie, Amieva, Hélène, Orgogozo, Jean Marc, Barberger-Gateau, Pascale, Helmer, Catherine, 2013, Playing board games, cognitive decline and dementia: a French population-based cohort study, BMJ Open, en, 3, 8, e002998, 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002998, 2044-6055, 3758967, 23988362, JOURNAL, Altschul, Drew M, Deary, Ian J, 2020, Taler, Vanessa, Playing Analog Games Is Associated With Reduced Declines in Cognitive Function: A 68-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study, The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, en, 75, 3, 474–482, 10.1093/geronb/gbz149, 1079-5014, 7021446, 31738418, Related to this is a growing academic interest in the topic of game accessibility, culminating in the development of guidelines for assessing the accessibility of modern tabletop gamesJOURNAL, Heron, Michael James, Belford, Pauline Helen, Reid, Hayley, Crabb, Michael, 27 April 2018, Meeple Centred Design: A Heuristic Toolkit for Evaluating the Accessibility of Tabletop Games, The Computer Games Journal, en, 7, 2, 97–114, 10.1007/s40869-018-0057-8, 2052-773X, free, 10059/2886, free, and the extent to which they are playable for people with disabilities.JOURNAL, Heron, Michael James, Belford, Pauline Helen, Reid, Hayley, Crabb, Michael, 21 April 2018, Eighteen Months of Meeple Like Us: An Exploration into the State of Board Game Accessibility,discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/27828635/Heron2018_Article_EighteenMonthsOfMeepleLikeUsAn.pdf, live, The Computer Games Journal, en, 7, 2, 75–95, 10.1007/s40869-018-0056-9, 2052-773X,discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/27828635/Heron2018_Article_EighteenMonthsOfMeepleLikeUsAn.pdf," title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/27828635/Heron2018_Article_EighteenMonthsOfMeepleLikeUsAn.pdf,">ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/27828635/Heron2018_Article_EighteenMonthsOfMeepleLikeUsAn.pdf, 2022-10-09, 5011817, Additionally, board games can be therapeutic. Bruce Halpenny, a games inventor said when interviewed about his game, The Great Train Robbery:With crime you deal with every basic human emotion and also have enough elements to combine action with melodrama. The player’s imagination is fired as they plan to rob the train. Because of the gamble, they take in the early stage of the game there is a build-up of tension, which is immediately released once the train is robbed. Release of tension is therapeutic and useful in our society because most jobs are boring and repetitive.NEWS, December 1976, Stealing the show, 2, 2, Toy Retailing News, 4, Playing games has been suggested as a viable addition to the traditional educational curriculum if the content is appropriate and the gameplay informs students on the curriculum content.MAGAZINE, Harris, Christopher, n.d., Meet the New School Board: Board Games Are Back – And They’re Exactly What Your Curriculum Needs,eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ850549, School Library Journal, 55, 5, 24–26, 0362-8930, 23 April 2015, JOURNAL, Mewborne, Michael, Mitchell, Jerry T., 3 April 2019, Carcassonne: Using a Tabletop Game to Teach Geographic Concepts,doi.org/10.1080/19338341.2019.1579108, The Geography Teacher, 16, 2, 57–67, 10.1080/19338341.2019.1579108, 1933-8341, 181375208, Categories There are several ways in which board games can be classified, and considerable overlap may exist, so that a game belongs to several categories.The namesake of the board game, gameboards would seem to be a necessary and sufficient condition of the genre, though card games that do not use a standard deck of cards (as well as games that use neither cards nor a gameboard) are often colloquially included, with some scholars therefore referring to said genre as that of “table and board games” or “tabletop games”, or seeing board games as a subgenre or tabletop games.BOOK, Woods, Stewart,books.google.co.kr/books?id=GPdRVOl8fU0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=gameboard+%22board+games%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjz6LapgYeGAxWnr1YBHTEcDlA4FBDoAXoECAQQAg#v=snippet&q=%22game%20board%22&f=false, Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games, 2012-08-30, McFarland, 978-0-7864-6797-6, en, {{Rp|page=5}}BOOK, Engelstein, Geoffrey,books.google.co.kr/books?id=OpEIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP10&dq=%22tabletop+games%22+%22game+board%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjs9JyDhYeGAxWxk68BHbifB48Q6AF6BAgKEAI#v=onepage&q=%22tabletop%20games%22%20%22game%20board%22&f=false, Game Production: Prototyping and Producing Your Board Game, 2020-12-21, CRC Press, 978-1-000-29098-1, en, {{Rp|page=1}}H. J. R. Murray’s A History of Board Games Other Than Chess (1952) has been called the first attempt to develop a “scheme for the classification of board games”.WEB, SFE: Board Game,sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/board_game, 2022-08-21, sf-encyclopedia.com, David Parlett’s Oxford History of Board Games (1999) defines four primary categories: race games (where the goal is to be the first to move all one’s pieces to the final destination), space games (in which the object is to arrange the pieces into some special configuration), chase games (asymmetrical games, where players start the game with different sets of pieces and objectives) and displace games (where the main objective is the capture the opponents’ pieces). Parlett also distinguishes between abstract and thematic games, the latter having a specific theme or frame narrative (ex. regular chess versus, for example, Star Wars-themed chess).The following is a list of some of the most common game categories:{{Div col|colwidth=25em}} Abstract strategy games – e.g. chess, checkers, Go, reversi, tafl games, or modern games such as Abalone, Dameo, Stratego, Hive, or GIPF Alignment games – e.g. renju, gomoku, Connect6, Nine men’s morris, or tic-tac-toe (:Category:Auction board games|Auction games) – e.g. Hoity Toity, Power Grid Chess variants – traditional variants e.g. shogi, xiangqi, or janggi; modern variants e.g. Chess960, Grand Chess, Hexagonal chess, or Alice Chess Configuration games – e.g. Lines of Action, Hexade, or Entropy Connection games – e.g. TwixT, Hex, or Havannah Cooperative games – e.g. Max the Cat, Caves and Claws, or Pandemic Count and capture games – e.g. mancala games Cross and circle games – e.g. Yut, Ludo, or Aggravation (:Category:Deduction board games|Deduction games) – e.g. Mastermind or Black Box Dexterity games – e.g. Tumblin’ Dice or Pitch Car (:Category:Economic simulation board games|Economic simulation games) – e.g. The Business Game, Monopoly, The Game of Life, Power Grid, or Food Chain Magnate Educational games – e.g. Arthur Saves the Planet, Cleopatra and the Society of Architects, or Shakespeare: The Bard Game Elimination games – e.g. draughts, Alquerque, Fanorona, Yoté, or Surakarta Family games – e.g. Roll Through the Ages, Birds on a Wire, or For Sale (:Category:Fantasy board games|Fantasy games) – e.g. Shadows Over Camelot German-style board games or Eurogames – e.g. Catan, Carcassonne, Decatur • The Game, Carson City, or Puerto Rico Guessing games – e.g. Pictionary or Battleship Hidden-movement games – e.g. Clue or Escape from the Aliens in Outer Space Hidden-role games – e.g. Mafia or The Resistance Historical simulation games – e.g. Through the Ages or Railways of the World Horror games – e.g. Arkham HorrorWEB, 3 August 2018, Arkham Horror’s 3rd Edition Gives the Game a Dramatic and Awesome Overhaul - Gen Con 2018,www.ign.com/articles/2018/08/03/arkham-horrors-3rd-edition-gives-the-game-a-dramatic-and-awesome-overhaul-gen-con-2018, Ign.com, en, WEB, 20 December 2019, The Best Horror and Zombie Board Games,www.ign.com/articles/the-best-horror-and-zombie-board-games, Ign.com, en, Large multiplayer games – e.g. Take It Easy or Swat (2010) Learning/communication non-competitive games – e.g. The Ungame (1972) Mancala games – e.g. Wari, Oware, or The Glass Bead Game Multiplayer games – e.g. Risk, Monopoly, or Four-player chess Musical games – e.g. Spontuneous (:Category:Negotiation tabletop games|Negotiation games) – e.g. Diplomacy Paper-and-pencil games – e.g. tic-tac-toe or dots and boxes (:Category:Board games of physical skill|Physical skill games) – e.g. Camp Granada Position games (no captures; win by leaving the opponent unable to move) – e.g. kōnane, mÅ« tōrere, or the L game Race games – e.g. Pachisi, backgammon, snakes and ladders, hyena chase, or Worm Up Role-playing games – e.g. Dungeons & Dragons (:Category:Roll-and-move board games|Roll-and-move) games – e.g. Monopoly or Life Running-fight games – e.g. bul Share-buying games (games in which players buy stakes in each other’s positions) – typically longer economic-management games, e.g. Acquire or Panamax Single-player puzzle games – e.g. peg solitaire or Sudoku Space games - e.g. Terraforming Mars (board game) Spiritual development games (games with no winners or losers) – e.g. Transformation Game or Psyche’s Key Stacking games – e.g. Lasca or DVONN Storytelling games – e.g. Dixit or Tales of the Arabian Nights Territory games – e.g. Go or Reversi (:Category:Tile-based board games|Tile-based games) – e.g. Carcassonne, Scrabble, Tigris and Euphrates, or Evo Train games – e.g. Ticket to Ride, Steam, or 18xx Trivia games – e.g. Trivial Pursuit Two-player-only themed games – e.g. En Garde or Dos de Mayo Two-player-only abstract games - e.g. Checkers Unequal forces (or “hunt“) games – e.g. fox and geese or tablut Wargames – ranging from Risk, Diplomacy, or Axis & Allies, to Attack! or Conquest of the Empire Word games – e.g. Scrabble, Boggle, Anagrams, or What’s My Word? (2010) {{div col end}} Glossary {{anchor|Common terms}} {{further|Glossary of board games}}Although many board games have a jargon all their own, there is a generalized terminology to describe concepts applicable to basic game mechanics and attributes common to nearly all board games. See also {{div col|colwidth=27em}} Board game awards BoardGameGeek—a website for board game enthusiasts Going Cardboard—a documentary movie History of games Interactive movie—DVD games List of board games List of game manufacturers Mind sport {{div col end}} References {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} Further reading Austin, Roland G. “Greek Board Games.” Antiquity 14. September 1940: 257–271 BOOK, Bell, R. C., Board and Table Games From Many Civilizations, Dover Publications Inc, 1979, 978-0-671-06030-5, Revised, I, Robert Charles Bell, 1st Pub. 1960, Oxford University Press, London, BOOK, Bell, R. C., Board and Table Games From Many Civilizations, Dover Publications Inc, 1979, 978-0-671-06030-5, Revised, II, Robert Charles Bell, 1st Pub. 1969, Oxford University Press, London, BOOK, Bell, R. C., The Boardgame Book, Exeter Books, 1983, 978-0-671-06030-5, Robert Charles Bell, BOOK, Falkener, Edward,archive.org/details/GamesAncientAndOriental, Games Ancient and Oriental and How to Play Them, Dover Publications Inc, 1961, 978-0-486-20739-1, Edward Falkener, 1892, Fiske, Willard. Chess in Iceland and in Icelandic Literature—with historical notes on other table-games. Florentine Typographical Society, 1905. BOOK, Gobet, Fernand, Moves in mind: The psychology of board games, de Voogt, Alex, Retschitzki, Jean, Psychology Press, 2004, 978-1-84169-336-1, Fernand Gobet, Alexander de Voogt, amp, Golladay, Sonja Musser, etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file%3A%2F%2F%2Fdata1%2Fpdf%2Fetd%2Fazu_etd_2444_1_m.pdf&type=application%2Fpdf" title="web.archive.org/web/20110717133812etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file%3A%2F%2F%2Fdata1%2Fpdf%2Fetd%2Fazu_etd_2444_1_m.pdf&type=application%2Fpdf">“Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X’s Book of Games” (PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2007) MAGAZINE, Gordon, Stewart, July–August 2009, Saudi Aramco World : The Game of Kings,www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm, dead, Saudi Aramco World, Houston, Aramco Services Company, 60, 4, 18–23,www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090720035407www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20090720035407www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm, 20 July 2009, BOOK, Grunfeld, Frederic V.,archive.org/details/gamesofworldhowt0000unse, Games of the World, Holt McDougal, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975, 978-0-03-015261-0, registration, BOOK,archive.org/details/waytoplayillustr00diag, The Way to Play, Paddington Press Ltd, 1975, 978-0-8467-0060-9, Midgley, Ruth, BOOK, Mohr, Merilyn Simonds,archive.org/details/newgamestreasury0000mohr, The New Games Treasury, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997, 978-1-57630-058-9, registration, BOOK, Murray, H. J. R., A History of Chess, Oxford University Press, 1913, 978-0-19-827403-2, Reissued, H. J. R. Murray, BOOK, Murray, H. J. R., A History of Board-Games other than Chess, Hacker Art Books Inc, 1978, 978-0-87817-211-5, Reissued, H. J. R. Murray, BOOK, Parlett, David,archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb0000parl, The Oxford History of Board Games, Oxford University Press Inc, 1999, 978-0-19-212998-7, David Parlett, registration, BOOK, Pritchard, D. B., Brain Games, Penguin Books Ltd, 1982, 978-0-14-005682-2, David Pritchard (chess player), BOOK, Pritchard, David, The Family Book of Games, Brockhampton Press, 1994, 978-1-86019-021-6, David Pritchard (chess player), Rollefson, Gary O., “A Neolithic Game Board from Ain Ghazal, Jordan”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 286. (May 1992), pp. 1–5. BOOK, Sackson, Sid, A Gamut of Games, Arrow Books, 1983, 978-0-09-153340-3, Sid Sackson, 1st Pub. 1969, Random House, New York, BOOK, Schmittberger, R. Wayne,archive.org/details/newrulesforclass00rway, New Rules for Classic Games, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1992, 978-0-471-53621-5, External links {{commons category|Board games}} {{curlie|Games/Board_Games|Board Games}} BoardGameGeek BoardGameTheories International Board Game Studies Association {{Tabletop games by type}}{{Authority control}}

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