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{{Short description|1980 video game}}{{For|articles with similar titles|Battle zone (disambiguation)}}

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>JPSega/TaitoBATTLE ZONE WEBSITE=MEDIA ARTS DATABASE AGENCY FOR CULTURAL AFFAIRS >LANGUAGE=JA, 16 July 2021, }}Arcade video game>Arcade, Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Atari 2600, Atari ST, Commodore 64, IBM PC, VIC-20, ZX SpectrumArcade {{vgrelease>NAPUBLISHER=ATARIYEAR=1999ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20130120084729/HTTP://WWW.ATARIGAMES.COM/ATARINUMBERS90S.PDFCASH BOX >DATE=NOVEMBER 8, 1980 URL=HTTPS://WORLDRADIOHISTORY.COM/ARCHIVE-ALL-MUSIC/CASH-BOX/80S/1980/CB-1980-11-08.PDF#PAGE=36, Late 1980February 1981}} Atari 2600 {{vgrelease19831983}} C64, VIC-20 {{vgreleaseMay 1984YEAR-END INDEX >MAGAZINE=COMPUTER ENTERTAINER VOLUME=3 PAGE=156,weblink }} Atari 8-bit1987Vehicular combat game>Vehicular combatFirst-person shooterHTTPS://WWW.ENGADGET.COM/2016/12/15/BATTLEZONE-CLASSIC-MODE-FULFILLS-THE-PROMISE-OF-80S-VR/ > TITLE = 'BATTLEZONE' CLASSIC MODE FULFILLS THE PROMISE OF '80S VR FIRST= ANDREW ACCESS-DATE = SEPTEMBER 23, 2017 ENGADGET > QUOTE = IT'S BEEN 36 YEARS SINCE ATARI RELEASED BATTLEZONE AND EFFECTIVELY CREATED THE FIRST-PERSON SHOOTER IN THE PROCESS., HTTP://WWW.GAMESRADAR.COM/BULLETS-BOMBS-HISTORY-FIRST-PERSON-SHOOTERS/ > TITLE = A 43-YEAR HISTORY OF FIRST-PERSON SHOOTERS - FROM MAZE WAR TO DESTINY 2 DATE = MAY 1, 2017 PUBLISHER = GAMESRADAR BATTLEZONE GIVES LIFE TO THE FPS., HTTP://WWW.ABC.NET.AU/TECHNOLOGY/ARTICLES/2012/10/26/3619291.HTM LAST = WALKER DATE = OCTOBER 26, 2012 WORK = ABC NEWS (AUSTRALIA) > QUOTE = BUT THE ONE GAME THAT MANY GENERATION X'ERS WILL IDENTIFY WITH WHEN IT COMES TO FIRST-PERSON SHOOTERS BELONGS TO ATARI AND THE GREEN, WIRE-FRAME WORLDS WITHIN BATTLEZONE., Single-player video game>Single-playerEd RotbergRoger Hector}}| programmer = Ed RotbergMorgan Hoff| composer = Jed Margolin}}Battlezone is a first-person shooter tank combat game released for arcades in November 1980 by Atari, Inc. The player controls a tank which is attacked by other tanks and missiles. Using a small radar scanner along with the terrain window, the player can locate enemies and obstacles around them in the barren landscape. Its innovative use of 3D graphics made it a huge hit, with approximately 15,000 cabinets sold.With its use of three-dimensional vector graphics, the game is considered to be the first true 3D arcade game with a first-person perspective,{{sfn|Hanson|2021|p=104}} the "first big 3D success" in the video game industry,WEB,weblink The evolution of 3D games, 2010-07-11, Tech Radar, 2020-03-19, and the first successful first-person shooter video game in particular, making it a milestone for first-person shooter games.{{sfn|Hanson|2021|p=104}}The game was primarily designed by Ed Rotberg, who was mainly inspired by Atari's top-down shooter game Tank (1974). Battlezone was distributed in Japan by Sega and Taito in 1981. The system was based on vector hardware designed by Howard Delman which was introduced in Lunar Lander and saw success with Asteroids. The 3D hardware that drove the program saw use in following games, including Red Baron, released in 1981.{{sfn|Wolf|2008|p=68}}

Gameplay

(File:Atari-bz-arcade.jpg|thumb|Two joysticks control the player's tank. Instructions on their use are printed on the cabinet.)The game uses wireframe vector graphics displayed on a black and white vector monitor. A colored overlay tints the display green for the bottom {{frac|4|5}} where the action takes place, and red for the top {{frac|5}} where the score and radar screen are displayed.{{sfn|Hanson|2021|p=104}}The player drives a tank using two joysticks, one controlling the right tread and the other the left. By moving the joysticks relative to each other, the tank can move forward or reverse (both moved in the same direction), turn on the spot to the left or right (one forward, one back) or move and turn at a slower rate (one forward or backward, one neutral). The right-side stick also has a fire button on top, which fires the player's gun in the direction the tank is currently facing.{{sfn|Hanson|2021|p=104}}Gameplay takes place on a flat plane with a mountainous horizon featuring an erupting volcano, distant crescent moon, and various geometric solids (in vector outline) like pyramids and blocks. The geometric solid obstacles are indestructible and can block the movement of a player's tank while also blocking shots and can be used as shields. The action surrounds the player in all directions, including off-screen locations, forcing the player to locate the enemy using the radar display at the top of the screen.{{sfn|Hanson|2021|p=104}}There are three types of enemy craft that appear during play, one at a time. At the start of a game, the enemy is dominated by slow tanks that are not particularly difficult to hit even when moving. As the game continues, missiles begin to appear in place of the enemy tanks; these move much faster and are more difficult to hit. Finally, the much faster supertanks appear at higher levels, which are not only harder to hit but also attack more aggressively.Periodically saucer-shaped UFOs will appear while making a distinctive sound to announce their presence; these do not appear on the radar and do not attack the user, but can be shot for bonus points. This is the only object that may appear while other enemies are already present.There is a gameplay modification at 100,000 points if the proper conditions are met. When executed properly, the next appearing supertank will not attack but will instead retreat. A tank icon will then appear at right on qualified high score listings.

Cabinet

(File:Musée Mécanique 205.JPG|thumb|upright|Battlezone uses 3D vector graphics viewed through a "periscope".)Battlezone is housed in an upright full-sized arcade cabinet with a "periscope" viewfinder. The viewfinder limited the player's view so that the display appeared to be naturally limited to that of the scope.{{sfn|Hanson|2021|p=104}} The game action can also be viewed from the sides of the viewfinder for spectators to watch. The game's periscope viewfinder is similar to earlier submarine shooting arcade games, notably Midway's arcade video game Sea Wolf (1976) and Sega's electro-mechanical game Periscope (1966).BOOK, Wolf, Mark J. P., Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming, 2012, ABC-CLIO, 978-0-313-37936-9, 1, 68–9,weblink A later version of the cabinet removed the periscope and raised the monitor to a more normal position to improve visibility to non-players and improve ergonomics for players who could not reach the periscope. A smaller, "cabaret" version of the cabinet has the screen angled upwards and no periscope.{{sfn|Hanson|2021|p=104}}The large controller handles were adapted from earlier gear-shift controllers used on racing games, modified with a new stick shape with internal ribs to make them stronger and adding rubber centering bellows. The right stick has a raised and LED illuminated fire button on top, and the controls were completed with a similar LED illuminated start button on the cabinet. There were two speakers, one each above and below the 19-inch monitor.BOOK, Attract Mode: The Rise and Fall of Coin-Op Arcade Games, Jamie, Lendino, 122, Steel Gear Press, 2020,

Development

With the success of the Cinematronics vector graphics games, Atari's Grass Valley engineering labs decided to build their own version of a vector display system known as "QuadraScan" that offered a resolution of 1024 x 768.{{sfn|Fulton|2008}} Once it was up and running, they delivered the prototype unit to Atari headquarters where it was given to Howard Delman and Rick Moncrief to develop it into a unit suitable for arcade video game use.{{sfn|Delman|2007}} Delman decided to reimplement the driver system using analog electronics instead of digital, simplifying it and lowering its cost.{{sfn|Fulton|2008}}While working on the system, Delman suggested they use it to implement a version of Lunar Lander. While Delman worked on the driver hardware and Moncrief on the display system, Rich Moore wrote the software for the game.{{sfn|Delman|2007}} Lunar Lander was released in August 1979, Atari's first vector game, but was not a great success with only 4,830 units manufactured.{{sfn|Fulton|2008}}Another team at Atari consisting of Lyle Rains, Ed Logg, and Steve Callfee was working on a raster graphics game called Planet Grab. When they saw Lunar Lander they asked about using the same system for their game, and the result was Asteroids. Released in November 1979, it went on to be Atari's most successful game, with 55,000 units sold.{{sfn|Fulton|2008}}With the system now proving a huge success in the arcades, Morgan Hoff organized a brainstorming session at Atari to consider additional uses for the hardware. Around the same time, Atari had also been experimenting with early 3D displays using a custom math chip known simply as "the math box", developed by Jed Margolin and Mike Albaugh. The idea of using the math box with the vector hardware seemed like a winner, and the idea of a tank game was raised at the meeting, although Hoff could not remember exactly who introduced the idea.{{sfn|Fulton|2008}}The game's design was led by Ed Rotberg. He cited Atari's top-down arcade shooter game Tank (1974) as the primary inspiration behind Battlezone, essentially a 3D version of that game. While Battlezone also has similarities to a first-person tank simulation for the PLATO system, Panther, Rotberg said he had never played that game before but had heard of it; he said it "may have inspired whoever originally suggested the idea at the brainstorming meeting where it was proposed, but I seriously doubt it".BOOK, Wolf, Mark J.P., BattleZone and the Origins of First-Person Shooting Games, Call, Joshua, Voorhees, Gerald A., Whitlock, Katie, Guns, Grenades, and Grunts: First-Person Shooter Games, 9 August 2012, Bloomsbury Academic, 978-1-4411-4224-5, 25-40 (35-6), Owen Rubin, who shared an office with Ed Rotberg, came up with the idea of making the volcano in the background erupt, and coded the animation for it.MAGAZINE, Steven, Kent, Retroview: The Owen Rubin Memorial Gameroom, Next Generation (magazine), Next Generation, 35, Imagine Media, November 1997, 34,

Ports

In the 1980s, Battlezone was ported to the Apple II, Atari 2600, Commodore 64, VIC-20, IBM PC compatibles, ZX Spectrum, and later the Atari 8-bit computers and Atari ST. The ports to non-Atari systems were from Atarisoft. The ZX Spectrum version was published by Quicksilva.The Atari 8-bit version was released on cartridge in 1987 in the styling of the then-new Atari XEGS.WEB, Battlezone,weblink Atari Mania, An Atari 5200 port was scheduled for release in November 1983, but was cancelled.WEB, Reichert, Matt, Battlezone, AtariProtos.com,weblink 2007-07-05, The Atari 2600 version uses raster graphics instead of vectors and has a third person view where the tank is visible.The Atari ST port contains large parts of the original 6502 code which is emulated.WEB,weblink Spiced up games,

Reception

Battlezone was released in November 1980 and was a hit. Although not as successful as Asteroids, Battlezone eventually produced another 15,000 sales for Atari.{{sfn|Fulton|2008}}Battlezone was well received, earning an Honorable Mention for "Best Commercial Arcade Game" in 1982 at the Third Annual Arkie Awards. It was runner-up, behind Pac-Man.JOURNAL, Kunkel, Bill, Bill Kunkel (journalist), Laney Jr., Frank, Arnie Katz, January 1982, Arcade Alley: The Third Annual Arcade Awards, Video (magazine), Video, Reese Communications, 5, 10, 28, 76–77, 0147-8907, {{rp|76}} David and Sandy Small called it "addictive" and mentioned the Battlezone Tunnel Vision, which makes the players drive strangely during rush hour.MAGAZINE, Creative Computing, January 1982, 18, The Expert's Guide to Beating Asteroids, Battlezone, Galazian, RipOff and Space Invaders, David, Small, Sandy, Small,weblink In a more recent review, Eurogamer stated that "Atari's designers came up with some incredibly inventive and interesting games before their decline. Battlezone is one of the finer examples" and rate it 8 out of 10.NEWS,weblink Peter, Parrish, Battlezone, Tanks for the memories, Eurogamer.net, 25 October 2007, Fox gives it a 4 out of 5 rating in The Video Games Guide, although he admits this might perturb some readers.BOOK, Matt, Fox, The Video Games Guide, 24, McFarland, 2013, In 1996, GamesMaster ranked the arcade version 97th on their "Top 100 Games of All Time".JOURNAL, July 1996, Top 100 Games of All Time,weblink GamesMaster, 44, 74,

The Bradley Trainer

A version called The Bradley Trainer (also known as Army Battlezone or Military Battlezone) was designed for use by the U.S. Army as targeting training for gunners on the Bradley Fighting Vehicle.WEB, www.safestuff.com/bradley.htm,weblink 2007-09-17, It was commissioned by a consultant group of retired generals.MAGAZINE, Army Armed with Quarters!, Next Generation (magazine), Next Generation, 26, Imagine Media, February 1997, 49, Approaching Atari in December 1980, some developers within Atari refused to work on the project because of its association with the Army,WEB, Jung, Robert, The Army Battlezone Q & A,weblink 2007-09-17,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071031094945weblink">weblink 31 October 2007, dead, most notably original Battlezone programmer Ed Rotberg.WEB, Hague, James, Halcyon Days: Ed Rotberg,weblink 2007-09-17,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070927005914weblink">weblink 27 September 2007, live, Rotberg only joined the project after he was promised by management that he would never be asked to do anything with the military in the future.BOOK, Kent, Steven L., Steven L. Kent, The Ultimate History of Video Games,weblink limited, Prima Publishing, 2001, 153–155, 0-7615-3643-4, According to Rotberg, it took him three months of constant work to develop the prototype version of The Bradley Trainer. Only two were produced; one was delivered to the Army and is presumed lost, and the other is in the private collection of Scott Evans,WEB, Evans, Scott, Bradley Trainer,weblink 2007-09-17, WEB, MAWS Bradley Trainer ROM set info,weblink 2007-10-09,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071016075845weblink">weblink 16 October 2007, dead, who found it by a dumpster in the rear parking lot at Midway Games.The gunner yoke was based on the Bradley Fighting Vehicle control and was later re-used in the popular Star Wars game. The Bradley Trainer differs dramatically from the original Battlezone as it features helicopters, missiles, and machine guns; furthermore, the actual tank does not move but the guns simply rotate.

Legacy

Because of its use of first-person pseudo 3D graphics combined with a "viewing goggle" that the player puts his or her face into, Battlezone is sometimes considered the first virtual reality arcade video game.BOOK, British Film Institute, The New Media Book, Dan Harries, 2002,

Related games and rereleases

• In 1993, the replicated version of Battlezone was included in Microsoft Arcade for PC with Windows 3.1 and Windows 95, and Mac version for Apple Macintosh.
• Battlezone 2000 for the Atari Lynx was released in 1995.WEB,weblink Atari Lynx - Battlezone 2000, AtariAge,
• It was included in the 1996 Battlezone / Super Breakout combo for the Game Boy.MAGAZINE, October 1996, Review Crew: Battlezone / Super Breakout, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Ziff Davis, 87, 66,
• Activision developed an authorized Battlezone game in 1998. Despite having the same name, it is not an arcade game, but a more complicated tank piloting strategy game. (Battlezone II: Combat Commander) is the 1999 sequel.
• A re-imagining of Battlezone was developed by Paradigm Entertainment and released for the PlayStation Portable.WEB, Dobson, Jason, May 4, 2006, Pre-E3: Battlezone Re-imagined, Charlotte's Web, Codemasters Finds Bliss,weblink Gamasutra, 2010-01-29,
• In 2008, an updated version of Battlezone was released on Xbox Live Arcade by Atari.WEB,weblink Xbox – Battlezone Game Detail Page,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080414030612weblink">weblink April 14, 2008, dead,
• In 2013, Rebellion Developments bought the Battlezone franchise from the Atari bankruptcy proceedings.JOURNAL,weblink Wargaming and Rebellion claim Atari IPs, MCV, 22 July 2013, In 2016, a virtual reality game titled Battlezone was released for the PlayStation 4.WEB, Battlezone Critic Reviews for PlayStation 4,weblink Metacritic, CBS Interactive, 15 February 2018, It was ported to Microsoft Windows in 2017.WEB, Battlezone Hits HTC Vive and Oculus Rift with an Exciting Launch Trailer,weblink DualShockers, 11 May 2017, 15 February 2018, It supports Oculus Rift, HTC Vive and PlayStation VR.

Clones and inspired games

• 3D Combat Zone (1983) by Jon Ritman published by Artic Computing for the ZX Spectrum.WEB,weblink 3D Combat Zone - World Of Spectrum Classic,
• Stellar 7 (1983) for the Apple II and Commodore 64.
• Robot Tank (1983) by Activision for the Atari 2600 is similar to the official port of Battlezone.
• Encounter! (1983) for the Atari 8-bit computers and Commodore 64 is also similar to 2600 Battlezone, with solid character-mode graphics instead of wireframe 3D graphics. It includes the missiles and saucers of the original.
• 3D Tank Zone (1983) for the Acorn Electron and BBC Micro by Dynabyte; Battlezone (2023) remake by Rocketeer.WEB, Atari Battlezone - stardot.org.uk,weblink 2023-07-20, stardot.org.uk,
• 3D Tank Duel (1984) and Rommel's Revenge (1983) for the ZX Spectrum.
• Rommel 3D (1985) for the TRS-80 Color Computer.
• bzone for Domain/OS, later rewritten for the X Window System and Macintosh.WEB,weblink /mac/game/war/00index.txt,
• Spectre (1991) for the Macintosh.
• BZ for the Silicon Graphics workstations added network play.WEB,weblink SGI TPL View (6 bz), dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070930200941weblink">weblink 2007-09-30,
• Stramash Zone (2018) was self-published for the Vectrex.WEB,weblink Shop – clockworkrobot,

See also

• Golden age of arcade video games

References

Citations

{{reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

• ENCYCLOPEDIA

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• INTERVIEW

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• MAGAZINE

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• ENCYCLOPEDIA

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External links

• {{KLOV game|id=7059|name=Battlezone}}
• Battlezone at the Arcade History database
• {{WoS game|id=0000466|name=Battlezone}}
• {{Coinop game|id=100013|name=Battlezone}}
• Battlezone software disassembly and analysis

{{Battlezone}}{{Authority control}}