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{{Short description|Battle of the War of 1812}}{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}

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|map_type =|map_relief =|latitude =|longitude =|map_size =|map_marksize =|map_caption =|map_label =|territory =|result = British victory |status =|combatants_header =United States23px}}United KingdomUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland>United KingdomSamuel Smith (Maryland politician)>Samuel SmithJohn StrickerRobert Ross (British Army officer)>Robert Ross {{KIA}}Arthur Brooke|strength1 =3,200DEPARTMENT=1814 BRITISH DEAD FIRST=KATHY LEE URL-STATUS=DEAD ARCHIVE-DATE=APRIL 4, 2004, |casualties1 =24 killed139 wounded50 captured|casualties2 =39–46 killed251–295 woundedJames (1818), p. 513, reproducing in its entirety "Return of the killed and wounded, in action with the enemy, near Baltimore, on the 12th of Sept., 1814, Public Record Office, WO 1"James (1818), p. 5211 missingThe London Gazette, Issue 16947, October 17, 1814. p. 2079|notes =|campaignbox ={{Campaignbox War of 1812: Chesapeake campaign}}}}The Battle of North Point was fought on September 12, 1814, between General John Stricker's Maryland Militia and a British force led by Major General Robert Ross. Although the Americans retreated, they were able to do so in good order having inflicted significant casualties on the British, killing one of the commanders of the invading force, significantly demoralizing the troops under his command and leaving some of his units lost among woods and swampy creeks, with others in confusion.This combination prompted British colonel Arthur Brooke to delay his advance against Baltimore, buying valuable time to properly prepare for the defense of the city as Stricker retreated back to the main defenses to bolster the existing force. The engagement was a part of the larger Battle of Baltimore, an American victory in the War of 1812.

Background

British movements

Major General Robert Ross had been dispatched to Chesapeake Bay with a brigade of veterans from the Duke of Wellington's army early in 1814, reinforced with a battalion of Royal Marines. He had defeated a hastily assembled force of Maryland and District of Columbia militia at the Battle of Bladensburg on August 24, 1814, and burned Washington. Having disrupted the American government, he withdrew to the waiting ships of the Royal Navy at the mouth of the Patuxent River before heading further up the Chesapeake Bay to the strategically more important port city of Baltimore, although the Americans managed to defeat a British landing at Caulk's Field before doing so.Ross's army of 3,700 troops and 1,000 marinesCrawford (2002) p. 273 refers to the number of Marines from each specific ship detachment landed at North Point at the end of the peninsula between the Patapsco River and the Back River on the morning of September 12, 1814, and began moving toward the city of Baltimore.Brooks and Hohwald, p. 199

American defenses

Major General Samuel Smith of the Maryland militia anticipated the British move, and dispatched Brigadier General John Stricker's column to meet them. Stricker's force consisted of five regiments of Maryland militia, a small militia cavalry regiment from Maryland, a battalion of three volunteer rifle companies and a battery of six 4-pounder field guns.Elting, p. 230 Stricker deployed his brigade halfway between Hampstead Hill, just outside Baltimore, where there were earthworks and artillery emplacements, and North Point. At that point, several tidal creeks narrowed the peninsula to only a mile wide, and it was considered an ideal spot for opposing the British before they reached the main American defensive positions.Stricker received intelligence that the British were camped at a farm just {{convert|3|mi|km}} from his headquarters. He deployed his men between Bear Creek and Bread and Cheese Creek, which offered cover from nearby woods, and had a long wooden fence near the main road. Stricker placed the 5th Maryland Regiment and the 27th Maryland Regiment and his six guns in the front defensive line, with two regiments (the 51st and 39th) in support, and one more (the 6th) in reserve. He placed his men in mutually supporting positions, relying on numerous swamps and the two streams to stop a British flank attack, all of which he hoped would help avoid another disaster such as Bladensburg.Brooks and Hohwald, p. 200The riflemen initially occupied a position some miles ahead of Stricker's main position, to delay the British advance. However, their commander, Captain William Dyer, hastily withdrew on hearing a rumour that British troops were landing from the Back River behind him, threatening to cut off his retreat. Stricker posted them instead on his right flank.Elting, p. 232

Battle

(File:Figure of Major General Robert Ross in 1814.jpg|thumb|upright|A figure of British Major General Robert Ross as he appeared in the Baltimore campaign)

Opening skirmish

At about midday on the 12th, Stricker heard the British had halted while the soldiers had a meal, and some sailors attached to Ross's force plundered nearby farms. He decided it would be better to provoke a fight rather than wait for a possible British night attack. At 1:00 pm, he sent Major Richard Heath with 250 men and one cannon to draw the British to Stricker's main force.Heath advanced down the road and soon began to engage the British pickets. When Ross heard the fighting, he quickly left his meal and ran to the scene. His men attempted to drive out the concealed American riflemen. Rear Admiral George Cockburn, second in command of the Royal Navy' American Station who usually accompanied Ross, was cautious about advancing without more support and Ross agreed that he would leave and bring back the main army. However, Ross never got the chance, as an American rifleman shot him in the chest. Mortally wounded, Ross turned command over to Colonel Arthur Brooke and died soon after.WEB,weblink Film stirs flap over killing of general in 1814, Baltimore Sun, September 17, 2004, January 16, 2021, Their names do not pop up until the 1850s, when a political movement bent on keeping immigrants in general and Catholics in particular out of positions of power resurrected their memory.,

Main battle

Brooke reorganized the British troops and prepared to assault the American positions at 3:00 pm. He decided to use his three cannon to cover an attempt by his 4th Regiment to get around the American flank, while two more regiments and the naval brigade would assault the American center. The British frontal assault took heavy casualties as the American riflemen fired into the British ranks, and lacking canister the Americans loaded their cannon with broken locks, nails and horseshoes, firing scrap metal at the British advance. Nevertheless, the British 4th Regiment managed to outflank the American positions and sent many of the American regiments fleeing. Stricker was able to conduct an organized retreat, with his men firing volleys as they continued to fall back. This proved effective, killing one of the British commanders and leaving some units lost among woods and swampy creeks, with others in confusion.Not all the militia regiments performed with equal distinction. The 51st Regiment and some men of the 39th broke and ran under fire. However, the 5th and 27th held their ground and retreated in good order, having inflicted significant casualties on the enemy.George, p. 143 Only one American gun was lost.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}Corporal John McHenry of the 5th Regiment wrote of the battle:Our Regiment, the 5th, carried off the praise from the other regiments engaged, so did the company to which I have the honor to belong cover itself with glory. When compared to the [other] Regiments we were the last that left the ground... had our Regiment not retreated at the time it did we should have been cut off in two minutes.Brooke did not follow the retreating Americans. He had advanced to within a mile of the main American position, but he had suffered heavier casualties than the Americans. As it was getting dark, he chose to wait until Fort McHenry was expected to be neutralized,Brooks, Hohwald p. 201 while Stricker withdrew to Baltimore's main defences.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

Casualties

The official British Army casualty report, signed by Major Henry Debbeig, gives 39 killed and 251 wounded. Of these, 28 killed and 217 wounded belonged to the British Army; 6 killed and 20 wounded belonged to the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the Royal Marines; 4 killed and 11 wounded belonged to the contingents of Royal Marines detached from Cockburn's fleet; and 1 killed (Elias Taylor) and 3 wounded belonged to the Royal Marine Artillery. As was normal, the Royal Navy submitted a separate casualty return for the engagement, signed by Rear-Admiral Cockburn, which gives 4 sailors killed and 28 wounded but contradicts the British Army casualty report by giving 3 killed (1 and 2 from HMS Madagascar and HMS Ramillies respectively) and 15 wounded for the Royal Marines detached from the ships of the Naval fleet.James (1818), p. 521, reproducing in its entirety "a return of killed and wounded belonging to the navy, disembarked with the army under Major General Ross, on the 12th of Sept., 1814, Public Record Office, ADM 1/507" A subsequent casualty return from Cochrane to the Admiralty, dated September 22, 1814, gives 6 sailors killed, 1 missing and 32 wounded, with Royal Marines casualties of 1 killed and 16 wounded.{{London Gazette|issue=16947|startpage=2078|endpage=2080|date=October 17, 1814}} The total British losses, as officially reported, were 43 killed and 279 wounded; 42 killed and 283 wounded; or 44 killed, 287 wounded and 1 missing: depending upon which of the versions of the casualty returns was accurate. Historian Franklin R. Mullaly gives still another version of the British casualties, 46 killed and 295 wounded, despite using these same sources.JOURNAL, Franklin R., Mullaly,weblink The Battle of Baltimore, Maryland Historical Magazine, March 1959, 90, Mullaly's sources are: "1. Return of the killed and wounded, in action with the enemy, near Baltimore, on the 12th of Sept., 1814, Public Record Office, WO 1; also, 2. a return of killed and wounded belonging to the navy, disembarked with the army under Major General Ross, 12 Sept., 1814, Public Record Office, ADM 1/507"James (1837), p. 319 quotes from "the total loss of the British on shore amount to 46 killed, and 300 wounded" which appears to be the totals from Debbeig and Cochrane's casualty returns, thereby double-counting the Royal Marine casualties. The American loss was 24 killed, 139 wounded and 50 taken prisoner.

Aftermath

File:WilliamCharlesJohnBullAndTheBaltimoreans.jpg|thumb|left|Political cartoon JOHN BULL and the BALTIMOREANS (1814) by William Charles, praising the stiff resistance in Baltimore, and satirizing the British retreat]]The battle had been costly for the British. Apart from the other casualties, losing General Ross was a critical blow to the British. He was a respected leader of British forces in the Peninsular War and the War of 1812. Ross's death proved a blow to British morale as well. The combined effect of the blow suffered at North Point and the failure of the Royal Navy to capture or get past Fort McHenry at the entrance to Baltimore harbor, despite a 25-hour bombardment, proved to be the turning point of the Battle of Baltimore. During the bombardment on Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key was detained on a British ship at the entrance to Baltimore and penned the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner".{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}The day after the battle, Brooke advanced cautiously towards Baltimore. There was no more opposition from Stricker, but when the British came into view of the main defenses of Baltimore, Brooke estimated them to be manned by up to 22,000 militia, with 100 cannon. He prepared to make a night assault against the defenses at Loudenslager Hill, but asked Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane to send boats and bomb ketches to silence an American battery, "Roger's Bastion", on the flank of his proposed attack. Despite a stiff fight between the boats, commanded by Captain Charles John Napier and the American batteries, the Bastion was unharmed and Brooke called off the attack and withdrew before dawn.Elting, pp. 238–242 The British re-embarked at North Point.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}{{clear}}

Legacy

The battle is commemorated through the Maryland state holiday of Defenders Day, as well as on the patch of the Baltimore County Sheriff's Office. The lineage of the 5th Maryland is perpetuated by the 175th Infantry Regiment (MD ARNG), one of nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.The Maryland Museum of Military History, housed in the Fifth Regiment Armory in Baltimore, Maryland, features an exhibit on the Battle of Baltimore which was installed to mark the 200th anniversary of the battle.

Notes

{{Reflist}}

References and further reading

• BOOK, Brooks, Victor, Hohwald, Robert, How America Fought Its Wars, 1998, Da Capo Press, 1-58097-002-8,weblink
• BOOK, Crawford, Michael J., The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, Vol. 3, 2002, Naval Historical Center (United States Government Printing Office, GPO), Washington, 978-0-16-051224-7,
• BOOK, Elting, John R., Amateurs to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812, New York, Da Capo Press, 1995, 0-306-80653-3, registration,weblink
• BOOK, George, Christopher T., 2001, Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, White Mane, 1-57249-276-7,
• BOOK, Gleig, George Robert, George Robert Gleig, The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, 1814–1815, 1827, J. Murray, London, 0-665-45385-X,
• BOOK, William James (naval historian), James, William, 1818,weblink A Full and Correct Account of the Military Occurrences of the Late War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, II, London, Printed for the author, 0-665-35743-5,
• BOOK, none, James, William, 1902, 1837, The naval history of Great Britain (1813–1827), New six volume, 6, London, Macmillan,weblink 493526150,
• WEB, Liston, Kathy Lee Erlandson,weblink Where Are the British Soldiers Killed in the Battle of North Point Buried?, 2006, February 6, 2010, Myedgemere.com, Fort Howard, Maryland, November 26, 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101126123458weblink">weblink dead,
• BOOK, Walter, Lord, Walter Lord, 1994, The Dawn's Early Light, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 978-0-80-184864-3,
• McCavitt, John, and Christopher T. George. The Man Who Captured Washington: Major General Robert Ross and the War of 1812. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016. {{ISBN|9780806151649}} see online review
• BOOK, Pitch, Anthony S., 2000, The Burning of Washington, Annapolis, Naval Institute Press, 1-55750-425-3,
• BOOK, Whitehorne, Joseph A., 1997, The Battle for Baltimore 1814, Baltimore, Nautical & Aviation Publishing, 1-877853-23-2,

External links

{{Commons category}}

• Detailed Study of the Battle of North Point by John Pezzola
• National Guard Heritage Series painting at the United States Army Center of Military History
• Society of the War of 1812
• Wells & McComas
• Surgeon's Journal of HM troop ship Diomede. (Archive reference ADM 101/96/6 parts 2-5) Transcription of 'Folios 16-17: list of men wounded at Chesapeake on 13 September 1814'

{{Battles of the War of 1812}}{{Authority control}}