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{{Short description|Office in the Episcopal Church of Scotland}}{{hatnote|“Primate of Scotland” redirects here; not to be confused with the president of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Scotland or the Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church.}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}{{Use British English|date=November 2012}}File:Carving of Saint Andrew.JPG|thumb|160px|Saint AndrewSaint AndrewThe Bishop of St. Andrews (, ) was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of St Andrews in the Catholic Church and then, from 14 August 1472, as Archbishop of St Andrews (), the Archdiocese of St Andrews.The name St Andrews is not the town or church’s original name. Originally it was Cellrígmonaid (“church of the king’s mounth” hence Cill Rìmhinn) located at Cennrígmonaid (“head of the king’s mounth“); hence the town became Kilrymont (i.e. Cellrígmonaid) in the non-Gaelic orthography of the High Middle Ages. Today St Andrews has replaced both Kilrymont (and variants) as well as the older English term Anderston as the name of the town and bishopric.The bishopric itself appears to originate in the period 700–900. By the 11th century, it is clear that it was the most important bishopric in Scotland.

List of known abbots

There had been a monastery there since the 8th century. It was probably taken over by Céli Dé monks in the 9th or 10th centuries, and these survive into the 14th century. It is the Gaelic abbey, rather than the continental priory, that the abbot was in charge of; the importance of the Céli Dé abbey has come down into the modern era in the street names of St. Andrews.Only a few abbots are known. It is often thought that the position of Abbot and Bishop were the same until the Norman era, but clear evidence for this is lacking.{| class=“wikitable” style="width:95%;” border=“1” cellpadding=“2” align=left! width=“35%“|Incumbent! width=“25%“|Dates! width=“40%“|Notes valign=top bgcolor=“#ffffec”

Túathalán>	|His death in the Annals of Ulster constitutes our first literary evidence of any religious establishment at St. Andrews (then called by the Scoto-Pictish name Cennrigmonaid).

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	|Probably all the bishops before Fothad II, and perhaps before Turgot, were also abbots of the Céli Dé community.

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Gille Críst>	|That he is called abbot is evidence that the Céli Dé community were maintaining their independence from the priory in the period.

List of known bishops

The pre-11th century “bishop of the Scots” may have had no fixed seat before finally settling at St Andrews.{| class=“wikitable” style="width:95%;” border=“1” cellpadding=“2” align=left! width=“35%“|Incumbent! width=“25%“|Dates! width=“40%“|Notes valign=top bgcolor=“#ffffec”

Cellach I>		Giric of Scotland>Giric, and was still bishop in 906.

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Fothad I>		Indulf of Scotland>Idulb. The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba has his death in the period 962–966. According to the Annals of the Four Masters, he died in 963.

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Máel Ísu I (bishop of the Scots)>Máel Ísu I	955/6–963/4	According to Bower, he reigned for 8 years.

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Cellach II>	|According to Bower, he reigned for 25 years.

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Máel Muire (bishop of the Scots)>Máel Muire	fl. late-10th century

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Máel Ísu II (bishop of the Scots)>Máel Ísu II	fl. late 10th century/early 11th century

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Ailín (bishop)>Ailín	fl. early 11th century

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Máel Dúin (bishop of the Scots)>Máel Dúin	d. 1055	The Annals of Tigernach place his death at 1055.

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Túathal (bishop of the Scots)>Túathal	1055–59	The Annals of Tigernach place his predecessor’s death at 1055, and Bower tells us he was bishop for 4 years, which makes a bishopric of 1055–59 likely, although it is possible that he did not succeed immediately.

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Fothad II>		Malcolm III of Scotland to Saint Margaret of Scotland>Margaret (c. 1070). According to the Annals of Ulster, died in 1093.

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Giric (bishop of the Scots)>Giric	1093–1107	He appears in Version A of the Foundation Legend of St. Andrews. He is almost certainly the Gregorius mentioned by Bower.

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Cathróe (bishop of the Scots)>Cathróe	1093–1107	He is one of four bishops-elect listed by Bower (Giric, Cathróe, Eadmer and Godric). As the list is in chronological order, only Cathróe can have been bishop elect before Turgot, Eadmer being bishop-elect in 1120, after the death of Turgot.

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Turgot of Durham>	|

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Eadmer>	|Never consecrated.

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Robert of Scone>	|Previously Prior of Scone.

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Ernald>		Waltheof of Melrose>Waltheof of Melrose was offered the position before Ernald, but refused it.

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Richard the Chaplain>	|

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Hugh the Chaplain>	|Opposed by John the Scot

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John Scotus (bishop of Dunkeld)>John Scotus	1178–1188	Opposed to Bishop Hugh. Never took possession of the see.

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Roger de Beaumont (bishop)>Roger de Beaumont	1189–1202

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Geoffrey de Liberatione>	|Bishop of Dunkeld, his postulation was rejected by the Pope, so he remained at Dunkeld.

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William de Malveisin>	|Previously Bishop of Glasgow.

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David de Bernham>		Lord High Chamberlain of Scotland>Chamberlain

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Robert de Stuteville>	|not consecrated; never took possession of the see.

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Abel de Gullane>	|

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Gamelin (bishop)>Gamelin	1255–1271

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William Wishart>	|

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William Fraser (bishop of St Andrews)>William Fraser	1279–1297

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William de Lamberton>	|

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Alexander de Kininmund (died 1344)>Alexander de Kininmund	el. 1328	Appears to have been elected but was superseded by John Bane.

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James Bane>	|

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William Bell (bishop)>William Bell	el. 1332–1342	bishop-elect, spent ten years at the papal court, probably without obtaining confirmation

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William de Landallis>	|

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During the Western Schism			(1378–1417), Scotland recognized the Avignon Papacy>Pope at Avignon, who recognized the following bishops:

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Stephen de Pa>	|Not consecrated; never took possession of the see. Was captured by pirates on his way to continental Europe, and kept prisoner in England.

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Walter Trail>	|

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Thomas Stewart (bishop of St Andrews)>Thomas Stewart	el. 1401–1402	Never consecrated. He was the bastard son of King Robert II of Scotland, and renounced his rights soon after his election.

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Walter de Danielston>	|Not consecrated.

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Gilbert de Greenlaw>		Bishop of Aberdeen, but Avignon Pope Benedict XIII>Pope Benedict XIII refused to confirm his postulation, and instead appointed Henry Wardlaw.

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Henry Wardlaw>	|

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In opposition, the Pope at Rome appointed the following bishops, none of whom took possession of their see.

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Alexander Neville>	|Exiled Archbishop of York, Pope Urban VI appointed him to St. Andrews. Died in 1392.

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Thomas Arundel>	| Exiled Archbishop of Canterbury, Pope Boniface IX appointed him to St. Andrews before being restored to Canterbury the next year.

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John Trevor (died 1410)>John Trevor	trans. 1408–1410	Formerly Bishop of St. Asaph. Died in 1410.

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After the conclusion of the Schism, the pope recognized the following bishops.

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James Kennedy (bishop)>James Kennedy	1440–1465

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Patrick Graham (bishop)>Patrick Graham	1465–1472/8	Elevated to archbishop in 1472.

List of archbishops

The bishopric of St Andrews was elevated into an archbishopric in 1472 by Pope Sixtus IV. The Scottish church broke with Rome in the Scottish Reformation of 1560.{| class=“wikitable” style="width:95%;” border=“1” cellpadding=“2” align=left! width=“35%“|Incumbent! width=“25%“|Dates! width=“40%“|Notes valign=top bgcolor=“#ffffec”

Patrick Graham (bishop)>Patrick Graham	1472–1478	Deposed for corruption and insanity in 1478.

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William Scheves>		Coadjutor bishop>Coadjutor since 1476.

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James Stewart, Duke of Ross>	|

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Alexander Stewart (archbishop of St Andrews)>Alexander Stewart	1504–1513	Killed at the Battle of Flodden

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John Hepburn (prior)>John Hepburn	el. 1513	Elect, not accepted by the Pope.

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Innocenzo Cybo>	|He was the nephew of Pope Leo X, and appointed by the Pope instead of John Hepburn. Owing to lack of support in Scotland, an exchange was made with Archbishop Forman of Bourges.

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William Elphinstone>		Bishop of Aberdeen>bishopric of Aberdeen but died without possession on 25 October 1514. It is not known whether or not the Pope would have accepted his translation.

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Gavin Douglas>	|Received crown nomination after death of Elphinstone; was not accepted by the Pope and became Bishop of Dunkeld instead.

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Andrew Forman>	|Bishop of Moray, Archbishop of Bourges, obtained St Andrews through exchange with Cibo.

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James Beaton>	|

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David Beaton>		Fasti (2003), p. 386 Also became a cardinal in 1538{{EB1911>inline=1	volume=3	papal legate in 1544.CAMPBELL	TITLE=DAVID BEATON – SCOTTISH CARDINAL AND STATESMAN	ENCYCLOPEDIA=ENCYCLOPæDIA BRITANNICA	LANGUAGE=EN, 25 May 2020,

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John Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)>John Hamilton	1547–1571

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Gavin Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)>Gavin Hamilton	1571	Coadjutor since 1551.

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John Douglas (archbishop of St Andrews)>John Douglas	1571–1574

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Patrick Adamson>	|

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George Gledstanes>	|

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John Spottiswoode>	|

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Abolition of Episcopacy 1638–1661

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James Sharp (bishop)>James Sharp	1661–1679	First Archbishop of the Restoration Episcopacy.

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Alexander Burnet>	|

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Arthur Rose>	|

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In 1689, episcopacy was declared abolished in the Church of Scotland, but continued in the Scottish Episcopal Church: see Archbishop of St Andrews (Episcopal Church)

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In 1878, 300 years after the Scottish Reformation, the Roman Catholic hierarchy was re-established. For the bishops (and their predecessors prior to the restoration of the Catholic see) of St Andrews in the continued Catholic tradition, see Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh

See also

• Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh (for modern Catholic Archbishopric of St Andrews and Edinburgh)
• Bishop of St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane (for modern Episcopalian Bishopric of St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane)

References

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• Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922), vol. i
• Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie, “St. Andrews before Alexander I”, in G. W. S. Barrow (ed.), The Scottish Tradition, (Edinburgh, 1994), pp. 1–13
• Barrow, G. W. S., “The Clergy of St. Andrews”, in The Kingdom of the Scots, 2nd Ed., (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 187–202
• Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
• Keith, Robert, An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops: Down to the Year 1688, (London, 1824)
• Lawrie, Sir Archibald, Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905)
• Macqueen, John, MacQueen, Winifred & Watt, D.E.R. (eds.), Scottichronicon by Walter Bower in Latin and English, Vol. 3, (Aberdeen, 1995)
• Watt, D. E. R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969)
• Watt, D. E. R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, Revised Edition, Scottish Record Society, (Edinburgh, 2003)

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