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{{Short description|Chemical compound}}{{Redirect2|NH3|Ammoniac|{{chem2|NH4+}}|Ammonium|the gum ammoniac|Ammoniacum||NH 3 (disambiguation)|and|Ammonia (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020|cs1-dates=l}}{{Use British English|date=May 2012}} {{Chembox|Watchedfields = changed|verifiedrevid = 4453674488|ImageFileL2 = Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png|ImageNameL2 = Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule|ImageFileR2 = Ammonia-3D-vdW.png|ImageNameR2 = Space-filling model of the ammonia molecule|Name = Ammonia|ImageFile1 = Ammonia-2D.svg|ImageSize1 = 150px|ImageName1 = Stereo structural formula of the ammonia molecule| −50|703.69|4.463|4.35×10−7|0.547|1.74×10−7|2.6|| −40|691.68|4.467|4.06×10−7|0.547|1.78×10−7|2.28|| −30|679.34|4.476|3.87×10−7|0.549|1.80×10−7|2.15|| −20|666.69|4.509|3.81×10−7|0.547|1.82×10−7|2.09|| −10|653.55|4.564|3.78×10−7|0.543|1.83×10−7|2.07||0|640.1|4.635|3.73×10−7|0.54|1.82×10−7|2.05||10|626.16|4.714|3.68×10−7|0.531|1.80×10−7|2.04||20|611.75|4.798|3.59×10−7|0.521|1.78×10−7|2.02|2.45×10−3|30|596.37|4.89|3.49×10−7|0.507|1.74×10−7|2.01||40|580.99|4.999|3.40×10−7|0.493|1.70×10−7|2||50|564.33|5.116|3.30×10−7|0.476|1.65×10−7|1.99

ARCHIVE-DATE=2022-10-09

TITLE=NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS 2005, |SystematicName = Azane

Hydrogen nitride

R717 (refrigerant)

Hydrogen amine|Nitrogen hydride}}|Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers|InChI = 1/H3N/h1H3|InChIKey = QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYAF|CASNo = 7664-41-7

correct|CAS}}|PubChem = 222

correct|EBI}}|ChEMBL = 1160819|ChemSpiderID = 217

correct|chemspider}}|UNII = 5138Q19F1X

correct|FDA}}|EINECS = 231-635-3|UNNumber = 1005|KEGG = D02916

correct|kegg}}|MeSHName = Ammonia

correct|EBI}}|ChEBI = 16134|RTECS = BO0875000|SMILES = N

correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI = 1S/H3N/h1H3

correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey = QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N|Beilstein = 3587154|Gmelin = 79|3DMet = B00004}}|Section2 = {{Chembox Properties

NH3}}

H=3|Appearance = Colourless gas|Odour = Strong pungent odour

0.86 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at boiling point)

ACCESS-DATE=3 MARCH 2016,

0.6819 g/cm3 at −33.3 Â°C (liquid)HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=QPGZHL3Y50YC&PG=PA132>PAGE=132

AUTHOR=YOST, DON M.

PUBLISHER=READ BOOKS

ISBN=978-1-4067-7302-6, See also Ammonia (data page)

YEAR=1975

JOURNAL=RADIATION EFFECTS AND DEFECTS IN SOLIDS

ISSUE=4

BIBCODE=1975RADEF..24..277B, }}|MeltingPtC = −77.73|MeltingPt_notes = (Triple point at 6.060 kPa, 195.4 K)|BoilingPtC = −33.34

132.4

K}}, {{convert

atm

abbr=on}}

530g/l(20 Â°C)

ACCESS-DATE=20 MARCH 2024

URL=HTTPS://WWW.ACS.ORG/MOLECULE-OF-THE-WEEK/ARCHIVE/A/AMMONIA.HTML, }}

chloroform, diethyl ether>ether, ethanol, methanol|pKa = 32.5 (−33 Â°C),Perrin, D. D., Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution; 2nd Ed., Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1982. 9.24 (of ammonium)|pKb = 4.75|ConjugateAcid = Ammonium

Azanide>Amide|RefractIndex = 1.3327

10.07 ÂµPa·s (25 Â°C)IWASAKI>FIRST1=HIROJI

FIRST2=MITSUO

JOURNAL=THE REVIEW OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF JAPAN

ISSUE=1

0.276 mPa·s (−40 Â°C)}}|VaporPressure = 857.3 kPa

-18.0

u=cm3/mol}}}}|Section3 = {{Chembox Structure

Trigonal pyramid (chemistry)>Trigonal pyramid

Debye>D|PointGroup = C3v}}|Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry

PUBLISHER = HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY

ISBN = 978-0-618-94690-7, A22, |Entropy = 193 J/(mol·K)}}| Section5 = {{Chembox Hazards|GHSPictograms = {{GHS04}} {{GHS05}} {{GHS06}} {{GHS09}}|GHSSignalWord = Danger

H280

H331 | H410}}

P260

P280

P304 + P340 + P311 | P305 + P351 + P338 + P310}}

id=294993

access-date=27 December 2021}}|ExternalSDS = ICSC 0414 (anhydrous)|NFPA-H = 3|NFPA-F = 1|NFPA-R = 0|NFPA-S = COR|FlashPtC = 132|AutoignitionPtC = 651|ExploLimits = 15.0–33.6%

0028}}|PEL = 50 ppm (25 ppm ACGIH- TLV; 35 ppm STEL)

WEBSITE=UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, April 19, 2024, |REL = TWA 25 ppm (18 mg/m3) ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m3)|IDLH = 300 ppm

40,300 ppm (rat, 10 min)

20,300 ppm (rat, 40 min)

7338 ppm (rat, 1 hr)

9859 ppm (rabbit, 1 hr)

2000 ppm (rat, 4 hr)

7664417|Ammonia}}}}| LCLo = 5000 ppm (mammal, 5 min)5000 ppm (human, 5 min)}}|Section6 = {{Chembox Related|OtherFunction = HydrazineHydrazoic acid|OtherFunction_label = nitrogen hydrides

Ammonium hydroxide

Phosphine>Arsine

Stibine>Bismuthine}}}}}}{{see also|Ammonia solution}}Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula {{Chem2|NH3|auto=1}}. A stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinctive pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to fertilisers.WEB, Hannah, Ritchie, Hannah Ritchie, How many people does synthetic fertilizer feed?,weblink Our World in Data, 4 September 2021, Around 70% of ammonia produced industrially is used to make fertilisersWEB,weblink Ammonia Technology Roadmap – Analysis, in various forms and composition, such as urea and diammonium phosphate. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil.Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many chemicals.Ammonia occurs in nature and has been detected in the interstellar medium. In many countries it is classified as an extremely hazardous substance.WEB, United States Government Publishing Office, Government Printing Office, 40 C.F.R.: Appendix A to Part 355—The List of Extremely Hazardous Substances and Their Threshold Planning Quantities,weblink Ammonia is produced biologically in a process called nitrogen fixation, but even more is generated industrially by the Haber process. The process helped revolutionize agriculture by providing cheap fertilizers. The global industrial production of ammonia in 2021 was 235 million tonnes.WEB,weblink Global ammonia annual production capacity, WEB,weblink Mitsubishi Heavy Industries BrandVoice: Scaling Ammonia Production for the World's Food Supply, Forbes, Industrial ammonia is transported in tank cars or cylinders.BOOK, R. Norris Shreve, Joseph Brink, Joseph Brink, Chemical Process Industries, 1977, 978-0-07-057145-7, 276, McGraw-Hill, 4th, R. Norris Shreve, See also Gas carrier and Bottled gas.{{chem2|NH3}} boils at {{convert|−33.34|°C|°F|3}} at a pressure of one atmosphere, but the liquid can often be handled in the laboratory without external cooling. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of {{chem2|NH3}} in water. Etymology Pliny, in Book XXXI of his Natural History, refers to a salt named hammoniacum, so called because of the proximity of its source to the Temple of Jupiter Amun (Greek Ἄμμων Ammon) in the Roman province of Cyrenaica.WEB,weblink Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XXXI. REMEDIES DERIVED FROM THE AQUATIC PRODUCTION, CHAP. 39. (7.)—THE VARIOUS KINDS OF SALT; THE METHODS OF PREPARING IT, AND THE REMEDIES DERIVED FROM IT. TWO HUNDRED AND FOUR OBSERVATIONS THERE UPON., www.perseus.tufts.edu, However, the description Pliny gives of the salt does not conform to the properties of ammonium chloride. According to Herbert Hoover's commentary in his English translation of Georgius Agricola's De re metallica, it is likely to have been common sea salt.BOOK, Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica – Translated from the first Latin edition of 1556, Hoover, Herbert, Dover Publications, 1950, 978-0486600062, New York, 560, In any case, that salt ultimately gave ammonia and ammonium compounds their name. Natural occurrence (abiological) Traces of ammonia/ammonium are found in rainwater. Ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac), and ammonium sulfate are found in volcanic districts. Crystals of ammonium bicarbonate have been found in Patagonia guano.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=861}}Ammonia is found throughout the Solar System on Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, among other places: on smaller, icy bodies such as Pluto, ammonia can act as a geologically important antifreeze, as a mixture of water and ammonia can have a melting point as low as {{convert|−100|C|F K}} if the ammonia concentration is high enough and thus allow such bodies to retain internal oceans and active geology at a far lower temperature than would be possible with water alone.Shannon, Francis Patrick (1938) Tables of the properties of aqua–ammonia solutions. Part 1 of The Thermodynamics of Absorption Refrigeration. Lehigh University studies. Science and technology seriesAn ammonia–water slurry may swirl below Pluto's icy surface. Purdue University (9 November 2015) Substances containing ammonia, or those that are similar to it, are called ammoniacal.WEB, July 2023, ammoniacal (adj.),weblink Oxford English Dictionary, 10.1093/OED/3565252514, Properties {{multiple image | align = left | width = 80 | footer = Two visible states of NH3 | image1 = Liquid ammonia.png | alt1 = Liquid ammonia | caption1 = Liquid NH3 | image2 = Solid ammonia.png | alt2 = Solid ammonia | caption2 = Solid NH3 }}Ammonia is a colourless gas with a characteristically pungent smell. It is lighter than air, its density being 0.589 times that of air. It is easily liquefied due to the strong hydrogen bonding between molecules. Gaseous ammonia turns to a colourless liquid, which boils at {{convert|-33.1|°C|°F|2}}, and freezes to colourless crystals{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=861}} at {{convert|-77.7|°C|°F|2}}. Little data is available at very high temperatures and pressures, but the liquid-vapor critical point occurs at 405 K and 11.35 MPa.JOURNAL, Pimputkar, Siddha, Nakamura, Shuji, Decomposition of supercritical ammonia and modeling of supercritical ammonia–nitrogen–hydrogen solutions with applicability toward ammonothermal conditions, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, January 2016, 107, 17–30, 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.07.032, free, Solid The crystal symmetry is cubic, Pearson symbol cP16, space group P213 No.198, lattice constant 0.5125 nm.JOURNAL, 10.1107/S0567739479001340, The crystal structure of deuteroammonia between 2 and 180 K by neutron powder profile refinement, 1979, Hewat, A. W., Riekel, C., Acta Crystallographica Section A, 35, 4, 569, 1979AcCrA..35..569H, Liquid Liquid ammonia possesses strong ionising powers reflecting its high ε of 22 at {{Convert|-35|C|F}}.JOURNAL, Billaud, Gerard, Demortier, Antoine, December 1975, Dielectric constant of liquid ammonia from -35 to + 50.deg. and its influence on the association between solvated electrons and cation,weblink The Journal of Physical Chemistry, en, 79, 26, 3053–3055, 10.1021/j100593a053, 0022-3654, Liquid ammonia has a very high standard enthalpy change of vapourization (23.5 kJ/mol;{{Nist|id=C7664417|name=Ammonia}} for comparison, water's is 40.65 kJ/mol, methane 8.19 kJ/mol and phosphine 14.6 kJ/mol) and can be transported in pressurized or refrigerated vessels; however, at standard temperature and pressure liquid anhydrous ammonia will vaporize.WEB, Jepsen, S. Dee, McGuire, Kent, November 27, 2017, Safe Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia,weblink Ohio State University Extension, Solvent properties Ammonia readily dissolves in water. In an aqueous solution, it can be expelled by boiling. The aqueous solution of ammonia is basic, and may be described as aqueous ammonia or ammonium hydroxide.WEB, January 12, 2017, Medical Management Guidelines for Ammonia,weblink Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, The maximum concentration of ammonia in water (a saturated solution) has a specific gravity of 0.880 and is often known as '.880 ammonia'.BOOK, Hawkins, Nehemiah,weblink Hawkins' Mechanical Dictionary: A Cyclopedia of Words, Terms, Phrases and Data Used in the Mechanic Arts, Trades and Sciences, 1909, T. Audel, 15, en, Table of thermal and physical properties of saturated liquid ammonia:{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|Temperature (°C)|Density (kg/m3)|Specific heat (kJ/(kg·K))|Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)|Thermal conductivity (W/(m·K))|Thermal diffusivity (m2/s)|Prandtl Number|Bulk modulus (K−1)

Table of thermal and physical properties of ammonia ({{chem2|NH3}}) at atmospheric pressure:{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"|Temperature (K)|Density (kg/m3)|Specific heat (kJ/(kg·K))|Dynamic viscosity (kg/(m·s))|Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)|Thermal conductivity (W/(m·K))|Thermal diffusivity (m2/s)|Prandtl Number|273|0.7929|2.177|9.35×10−6|1.18×10−5|0.022|1.31×10−5|0.9|323|0.6487|2.177|1.10×10−5|1.70×10−5|0.027|1.92×10−5|0.88|373|0.559|2.236|1.29×10−5|1.30×10−5|0.0327|2.62×10−5|0.87|423|0.4934|2.315|1.47×10−5|2.97×10−5|0.0391|3.43×10−5|0.87|473|0.4405|2.395|1.65×10−5|3.74×10−5|0.0467|4.42×10−5|0.84|480|0.4273|2.43|1.67×10−5|3.90×10−5|0.0492|4.74×10−5|0.822|500|0.4101|2.467|1.73×10−5|4.22×10−5|0.0525|5.19×10−5|0.813|520|0.3942|2.504|1.80×10−5|4.57×10−5|0.0545|5.52×10−5|0.827|540|0.3795|2.54|1.87×10−5|4.91×10−5|0.0575|5.97×10−5|0.824|560|0.3708|2.577|1.93×10−5|5.20×10−6|0.0606|6.34×10−5|0.827|580|0.3533|2.613|2.00×10−5|5.65×10−5|0.0638|6.91×10−5|0.817Liquid ammonia is a widely studied nonaqueous ionising solvent. Its most conspicuous property is its ability to dissolve alkali metals to form highly coloured, electrically conductive solutions containing solvated electrons. Apart from these remarkable solutions, much of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in aqueous solutions. Comparison of the physical properties of {{chem2|NH3}} with those of water shows {{chem2|NH3}} has the lower melting point, boiling point, density, viscosity, dielectric constant and electrical conductivity. These differences are attributed at least in part to the weaker hydrogen bonding in {{chem2|NH3}}. The ionic self-dissociation constant of liquid {{chem2|NH3}} at −50 Â°C is about 10−33.(File:Ammonia Train.jpg|thumb|A train carrying anhydrous ammonia){| class="wikitable"!! Solubility (g of salt per 100 g liquid {{chem2|NH3}})| Ammonium acetate| 253.2| Ammonium nitrate| 389.6| Lithium nitrate| 243.7| Sodium nitrate| 97.6| Potassium nitrate| 10.4| Sodium fluoride| 0.35| Sodium chloride| 157.0| Sodium bromide| 138.0| Sodium iodide| 161.9| Sodium thiocyanate| 205.5Liquid ammonia is an ionising solvent, although less so than water, and dissolves a range of ionic compounds, including many nitrates, nitrites, cyanides, thiocyanates, metal cyclopentadienyl complexes and metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides.JOURNAL, Neufeld, R., Michel, R., Herbst-Irmer, R., Schöne, R., Stalke, D., 2016, Introducing a Hydrogen-Bond Donor into a Weakly Nucleophilic Brønsted Base: Alkali Metal Hexamethyldisilazides (MHMDS, M = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) with Ammonia, Chem. Eur. J., 22, 35, 12340–12346, 10.1002/chem.201600833, 27457218, Most ammonium salts are soluble and act as acids in liquid ammonia solutions. The solubility of halide salts increases from fluoride to iodide. A saturated solution of ammonium nitrate (Divers' solution, named after Edward Divers) contains 0.83 mol solute per mole of ammonia and has a vapour pressure of less than 1 bar even at {{convert|25|C|0|abbr=on}}.Liquid ammonia will dissolve all of the alkali metals and other electropositive metals such as Ca,ENCYCLOPEDIA, 2001, Calcium–Ammonia, Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 10.1002/047084289X.rc003, 978-0471936237, Edwin M. Kaiser, Sr, Ba, Eu and Yb (also Mg using an electrolytic processJOURNAL, Combellas, C, Kanoufi, F, Thiébault, A, 2001, Solutions of solvated electrons in liquid ammonia, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 499, 144–151, 10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00504-0, ). At low concentrations (