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widows and orphans
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widows and orphans
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{{Short description|In typography, an isolated line of text starting/ending a page}}{{other uses|Masonic Widows and Orphans Home|Widow-and-orphan stock|Widow (disambiguation)|Orphan (disambiguation)}}(File:Orphan-typesetting.png|thumb|The word lorem at the end of the first paragraph is an orphan.The last line of a paragraph continuing on to a new page (highlighted in yellow) is a widow.)In typesetting, widows and orphans are single lines of text from a paragraph that dangle at the beginning or end of a block of text, or form a very short final line at the end of a paragraph. When split across pages, they occur at either the head or foot of a page or column, unaccompanied by additional lines from the same paragraph. The pairing of the two terms with their definitions has no consistent standard across the industry; some sources use the opposite meanings as others.- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Definitions
For the purposes of this article, the following meanings are given to the two terms. Some sources have these reversed due to a lack of industry standardization.- Widow (sometimes called orphan): A paragraph-ending line that falls at the beginning of the following page or column, thus separated from the rest of the text. Mnemonically, a widow is "alone at the top" (of the family tree but, in this case, of the page).
- Orphan (sometimes called widow): A paragraph-opening line that appears by itself at the bottom of a page or column, thus separated from the rest of the text. Mnemonically, an orphan is "alone at the bottom" (of the family tree but, in this case, of the page).
- Alternately, a word, part of a word, or very short line that appears by itself at the end of a paragraph. Mnemonically still "alone at the bottom", just this time at the bottom of a paragraph. Orphans of this type give the impression of too much white space between paragraphs.
Guidelines
Regarding page design and the layout of the text, the 15th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (2003) indicates that an edited manuscript should have neither widows nor orphans, even if their elimination leaves blank space at the bottom of the page or of the column of text.The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., 2003, University of Chicago Press. 3.11 Overall appearance: "A page should not begin with the last line of a paragraph unless it is full measure and should not end with the first line of a new paragraph." The 16th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (2011) proposes the acceptability that the layout of some pages can conclude with the first line of a new paragraph at the foot of the page.The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed., 2011, University of Chicago Press. 2.113: "A page should not begin with the last line of a paragraph unless it is full measure. (A page can, however, end with the first line of a new paragraph.)"The techniques for eliminating widows include:- Forcing a page break early, producing a shorter page;
- Adjusting the leading, the space between lines of text;
- Adjusting the spacing between words to produce tighter or looser paragraphs;
- Adjusting the hyphenation within the paragraph;
- Adjusting the margins of the page;
- Subtle scaling of the page without distorting the letters;
- Rewriting a portion of the paragraph;
- Reduce the letter-spacing (tracking) of the words;
- Adding a pull quote to the text (usual in magazines); and
- Adding a floating block (figure) to the text, or resizing an existing figure.
References
{{Reflist}}{{Typography terms}}- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "widows and orphans" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
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- "widows and orphans" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 1:20am EDT - Sun, May 05 2024
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