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{{Short description|Group of wagons travelling together}}{{About|the group of animal-powered vehicles travelling together|other uses}}{{Redirect|Baggage train|the military use of the term|Train (military)}}{{more footnotes|date=May 2012}}(File:Pioneers Crossing the Plains of Nebraska by C.C.A. Christensen.png|right|thumbnail|Pioneers Crossing the Plains of Nebraska)File:WagonTrn.jpg|thumb|1912 Pioneer Day re-enactment of a wagon train in UtahUtahA wagon train is a group of wagons traveling together. Before the extensive use of military vehicles, baggage trains followed an army with supplies and ammunition.In the American West, settlers traveling across the plains and mountain passes in covered wagons banded together for mutual assistance. Although wagon trains are associated with the Old West, the Trekboers of South Africa also traveled in caravans of covered wagons.

In migration

Transit, traces and trails

Wagon trains followed several trails in the American West, nearly all originating at Independence, Missouri.WEB, Billock, Jennifer, Nine Places Where You Can Still See Wheel Tracks from the Oregon Trail, Smithsonian magazine,www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/follow-relics-oregon-trail-180960589/, October 3, 2016, May 18, 2019, Perhaps the most famous wagon train trail was the Oregon Trail which had a span of over {{cvt|2,000|mi|km}}.Brown, Dee Alexander, and Martin Ferdinand Schmitt. The American West. New York: Scribner, 1994. Print. Other paths included the Santa Fe Trail, the Chisholm Trail, the California Trail (which split southwestward from the Oregon Trail), the Mormon Trail, and the Old Spanish Trail.Although “wagon train” suggests a line of wagons, when terrain permitted, wagons would often fan out and travel abreast to minimize the amount of dust blown onto other wagons. Travel by wagon train occurred primarily between the 1840s–1880s, diminishing after completion of the first transcontinental railroad. Some remnants of wagon ruts along the well-travelled trails are still visible today.

Organization

Originally, westward movement began in small groups, but well-funded travelers with 100 or more wagons could employ professional wagon masters (or trail masters) and ostlers.Overland emigrants discovered smaller groups of 20 to 40 wagons were more manageable than larger ones, especially without professional wagon masters. Many operated under democratic principles, creating bylaws and electing a captain. In reality, a captain had limited authority. His role was largely confined to getting everyone moving in the morning and selecting when and where to camp at night.“Life and Death on the Oregon Trail, “Provisions for births and lethal circumstances”, OCTA.” Oregon-California Trails Association (OCTA) – Oregon Trail History. Oregon-California Trails Association, n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2013. .Membership of wagon trains was generally fluid and wagons frequently joined or left trains depending on the needs and wishes of their owners. An accident or illness, for instance, might force someone to fall behind and wait for the next train, or an emigrant might “whip up” to overtake a forward train after a quarrel. Some might break away to settle in Colorado Territory or other territories along the way.At night, wagon trains were often formed into a circle or square for shelter from wind or weather, and to corral the emigrants’ animals in the center to prevent them from running away or being stolen by native Americans. While native Americans might attempt to raid horses under cover of darkness, they rarely attacked a train. Contrary to popular belief, wagons were seldom circled defensively.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=VwfAiNwRpGIC&pg=PA209, Stupid History: Tales of Stupidity, Strangeness, and Mythconceptions Through the Ages, Andrews McMeel Publishing, Jun 15, 2009, 2 December 2013, Gregory, Leland, 209, 978-0-7407-9210-6,

Modern-day treks

Today, covered wagon trains are used to give an authentic experience for those desiring to explore the West as it was in the days of the pioneers and other groups traveling before modern vehicles were invented.{{center|(File:“Indian teams hauling 60 miles to market the 1100 bushels of wheat raised by the school. It brought four cents more than - NARA - 519190.tif|thumb|Native American teams hauling 60 miles to market the 1100 bushels of wheat raised by the school at Seger Colony,Oklahoma Historical Society’s Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture:Washita County Oklahoma Territory, circa 1900.|448x448px)}}

Baggage trains

The advent of gunpowder warfare meant that an army could no longer rely solely on foraging in the surrounding countryside, and required a regular supply of munitions.BOOK, Huston, James A., Logistics of Liberty: American Services of Supply in the Revolutionary War and After, 1991, University of Delaware Press, Newark, 0-87413-381-5, 15–18, In the 18th century, organized commissary and quartermaster departments were developed to centralize delivery of supplies. The delivery took the form of “baggage trains”, large groups of wagons that traveled at the rear of the main army.

In popular media

Westward-bound collective treks are reflected in numerous books, films and television programs about the journeys. Examples include: Emerson Hough’s 1922 novel and James Cruze’s silent film based on it, The Covered Wagon (1923); Raoul Walsh’s film The Big Trail (1930); Robert N. Bradbury’s film Westward Ho (1935); John Ford’s Wagon Master (1950) and the television series it inspired, Wagon Train (1957–1965); William Wellman’s film, Westward the Women (1951); A. B. Guthrie Jr.’s 1949 novel The Way West and Andrew V. McLaglen’s 1967 film based on it; and the “Wagons West” series of 24 novels written by Noel Gerson (under the pseudonym Dana Fuller Ross) between 1979 and 1989.

See also

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• Cavalcade
• Conestoga wagon
• Convoy
• Covered wagon
• Laager
• War wagon

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References

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Further reading

• BOOK, Rutgers van der Loeff, A., Children on the Oregon Trail, London, University of London Press, 1961,
• BOOK, Stewart, George R., The California Trail: An Epic With Many Heroes, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1962, 479007,
• BOOK, Unruh, John D. Jr., (The Plains Across (book), The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60), Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1993, 0-252-06360-0,

External links

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• Wagon Train at Spartacus Educational
• Wagon train in britannica.com

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