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{{Short description|Fermented drink}}File:Ripe Water kefir (also known as Tibicos), after 2 days.jpg|thumb|Fermented water kefir with grains on the bottom and a floating piece of grapefruitgrapefruit(File:Wasserkefir-Kristalle.jpg|right|thumb|Tibicos grains average {{convert|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} in dimension.)Tibicos, or water kefir, is a traditional fermented drink made with water and a water kefir grains held in a polysaccharide biofilm matrix created by the bacteria. It is sometimes consumed as an alternative to milk-based probiotic drinks or tea-cultured products such as kombucha. Water kefir is typically made as a probiotic homebrew beverage. The finished product, if bottled, will produce a carbonated beverage.

Cultures

Tibicos cultures are found around the world, with no two being exactly the same; but typical tibicos have a mix of Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Pediococcus and Leuconostoc bacteria, with yeasts from Saccharomyces, Candida, Kloeckera and possibly others. Lactobacillus brevis bacteria has been identified as the species responsible for the production of the dextran polysaccharide that forms the “grains”.JOURNAL, Horisberger, M., Bauer, H., Bauer, Heinz, The structural organization of the Tibi grain as revealed by light, scanning and transmission microscopy, Archives of Microbiology, 128, 2, 157–161, December 1980, 10.1007/BF00406153, 1980ArMic.128..157M, 30407268, JOURNAL, The microbial flora of sugary kefir grain (the gingerbeer plant): biosynthesis of the grain from Lactobacillus hilgardii producing a polysaccharide gel, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 5, 223–38, June 1989, 10.1007/BF01741847, 2, Pidoux, M., 83381986, As with milk kefir “grains”, the microbes present in tibicos act in symbiosis to maintain a stable culture. Tibicos can do this in many different sugary liquids like coconut water or straight fruit juice yet the most common one is definitely sugar and water,(it’s important to use organic cane sugar or unrefined sugar, which will benefit the fermentation){{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} feeding off the sugar to produce lactic acid, alcohol (ethanol), and carbon dioxide gas, which carbonates the drink.

Origin

The origin of tibicos grains is not known exactly.JOURNAL, Laureys, David, De Vuyst, Luc, April 2014, Microbial Species Diversity, Community Dynamics, and Metabolite Kinetics of Water Kefir Fermentation, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80, 8, 2564–2572, 10.1128/AEM.03978-13, 0099-2240, 3993195, 24532061, 2014ApEnM..80.2564L, The grains called ginger beer plant, which according to Martinus BeijerinckJOURNAL, Fiorda, Fernanda Assumpção, de Melo Pereira, Gilberto Vinicius, Thomaz-Soccol, Vanete, Rakshit, Sudip Kumar, Pagnoncelli, Maria Giovana Binder, de Souza Vandenberghe, Luciana Porto, Soccol, Carlos Ricardo, September 2017, Microbiological, biochemical, and functional aspects of sugary kefir fermentation - A review, Food Microbiology, 66, 86–95, 10.1016/j.fm.2017.04.004, 28576377, were brought by the British soldiers while returning to their country from the Crimean War in 1855 (although this was dismissed as an unsubstantiated myth by Harry Marshall Ward as early as 1892 JOURNAL, Ward, Harry Marshall, 1 January 1892, The ginger-beer plant, and the organisms composing it: A contribution to the study of fermentation-yeasts and bacteria., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 183, 125–197, 10.1098/rstb.1892.0006, free, and its real origins remain a mystery), were defined by Harry Marshall Ward as “beverage containing a symbiotic mixture of yeast and bacteria, and containing sufficient amounts of nitrogenous organic matter and beet sugar or cane sugar in its aqueous solution”.JOURNAL, Ward, Harry Marshall, 1 January 1892, The ginger-beer plant, and the organisms composing it: A contribution to the study of fermentation-yeasts and bacteria., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 183, 125–197, 10.1098/rstb.1892.0006, free, This description is probably the first published account of the water kefir culture.JOURNAL, Cufaoglu, Gizem, Erdinc, Ayse Nur, An alternative source of probiotics: Water kefir, Food Frontiers, 4, 8 January 2023, 21–31, 10.1002/fft2.200, 255676470, free, As a different theory, Lutz (1899) reported “Tibi grains” which were plucked from the leaves of a Mexican cactus (Opuntia).JOURNAL, Lutz, L., 1899, Recherches biologiques sur la constitution du Tibi, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France, 15, 68–72, These granules then could be reconstituted in a sugar-water solution for propagating the tibicos grains. Another study found a similar tibicos culture made from bacteria cultured from known stocks with similar properties.JOURNAL, Stacey, M., Youd, F. R., A note on the dextran produced from sucrose by Betacoccus arabinosaceous haemolyticus, Biochem. J., 32, 11, November 1938, 1264277, 1943–1945, 16746830, 10.1042/bj0321943, Tibicos are also known as tibi, water kefir grains, sugar kefir grains, Japanese water crystals and California bees, and in older literature as bébées, African bees, Australian bees, ginger bees, vinegar bees, bees, Japanese beer seeds, beer seeds, beer plant, ale nuts, eternity grains,BOOK,www.nb.no/nbsok/nb/1d18171283506655979729d92c7fd67a?index=1#87, Hjemmelagning av øl og vin, Sopp, J.O., Norli, 1917, Kristiania, Norway, 83, and Balm of Gilead.JOURNAL, Kebler, L. F., California bees., J. Pharm. Sci., 10, 12, 939–943, June 1921, 10.1002/jps.3080101206,zenodo.org/record/1427691, Pidoux in 1898 also identified the sugary kefir grains with the ginger beer plant. Different ingredients or hygienic conditions might also change the bacteriological composition possibly leading to the different names found in scientific literature.Tibicos are used to brew a variety of tepache known as tepache de tibicos.JOURNAL, Romero-Luna, Haydee Eliza, Hernández-Sánchez, Humberto, Dávila-Ortiz, Gloria, 3 August 2017, Traditional fermented beverages from Mexico as a potential probiotic source, Annals of Microbiology, 67, 9, 577–586, 10.1007/s13213-017-1290-2, 256073930, The ginger beer plant is also a form of tibicos. Kebler attests that they were used in Kentucky circa 1859 to brew a “home drink” and were referred to as “Japanese beer seeds.”

Preparation

{{sources needed|section|date=September 2020}} The basic preparation method is for tibicos to be added to a sugary liquid and fermented 24 to 48 hours. The water is kept at a room temperature range of {{convert|20-30|C|F|round=5}}. If the temperature is towards the upper end of this range, the fermentation period is shortened.WEB,www.culturesforhealth.com/learn/water-kefir/encouraging-water-kefir-grains-to-multiply/, Encouraging Water Kefir Grains to Multiply: 7 Tips for Happy & Healthy Grains, 23 June 2022, A typical recipe might contain the tibicos culture, a citrus fruit, dried fruit, and water.WEB, Gross, Ivo, The ultimate guide to water kefir,letsgotomato.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-water-kefir/, Letsgotomato.com, 11 July 2023, 6 September 2023, Some ingredients will inhibit fermentation, such as chlorine in tap water or preservatives in dried fruit (sulfites). The fruits used are changed and mixed to create different flavors.WEB,fermentaholics.com/how-to-brew-water-kefir-at-home/, How to Brew Water Kefir: Your #1 Guide to DIY Water Kefir, 8 February 2021, Additional precautions are taken to keep the cultures healthy. The use of reactive metals such as aluminium, copper, or zinc are minimised. The acidity of the solution will react with the metals forming metal ions, which could be potentially damaging to the culture. Instead, plastic, lead-free ceramic, or glass containers are commonly used. It is recommended to culture grains in a glass jar and use clean plastic or silicone utensils when handling the grains.Researchers demonstrated antimicrobial activity during tibicos fermentation, using tibicos grains to ferment different sugar sources, namely, molasses, demerara sugar, and brown sugar. Brown sugar promoted the greatest antimicrobial activities, against the microorganisms Candida albicans, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.JOURNAL, Silva, Karoline, Rodrigues, Sheila, Filho, Lauro Xavier, Lima, Alvaro S., Antimicrobial Activity of Broth Fermented with Kefir Grains, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 152, 316–325, 29 July 2008, 2, 10.1007/s12010-008-8303-3, 18663417, 19989453, For tibicos grains to grow, a certain water buffer capacity and/or calcium concentration are required.JOURNAL, Laureys, David, Aerts, Maarten, Vandamme, Peter, De Vuyst, Luc, The Buffer Capacity and Calcium Concentration of Water Influence the Microbial Species Diversity, Grain Growth, and Metabolite Production During Water Kefir Fermentation, Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 2876, 13 December 2019, 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02876, 31921054, free, 6923659, If necessary, buffer capacity can be improved by adding some hydrogen carbonate-rich mineral water.JOURNAL, Beer, Andre-Michael, Uebelhack, Ralf, Pohl, Ute, Efficacy and tolerability of hydrogen carbonate-rich water for heartburn, World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, 7, 171–180, 15 February 2016, 1, 10.4291/wjgp.v7.i1.171, 26909240, 4753184, free,

See also

• Kefir
• Kombucha

External links

• An alternative source of probiotics: Water kefir
• Water Kefir: A Review of its Microbiological Profile, Antioxidant Potential and Sensory Quality
• An update on water kefir: Microbiology, composition and production
• Development of new non-dairy beverages from Mediterranean fruit juices fermented with water kefir microorganisms
• Characterization of kefir-like beverages produced from vegetable juice
• Functional Exploitation of Carob, Oat Flour, and Whey Permeate as Substrates for a Novel Kefir-Like Fermented Beverage: An Optimized Formulation
• Development, Characterization, and Bioactivity of Non-Dairy Kefir-Like Fermented Beverage Based on Flaxseed Oil Cake
• Antioxidant potency of water kefir
• Water Kefir and Derived Pasteurized Beverages Modulate Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Permeability and Cytokine Production In Vitro
• Study of anti-inflammatory activity of Tibetan mushroom, a symbiotic culture of bacteria and fungi encapsulated into a polysaccharide matrix
• Probiotic Potential of Lactobacillus paracasei CT12 Isolated from Water Kefir Grains (Tibicos)
• Evaluation of Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Activities of Water Kefir as Probiotic on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
• Water kefir: Factors affecting grain growth and health-promoting properties of the fermented beverage
• Anti-Inflammatory and Cicatrizing Activities of a Carbohydrate Fraction Isolated from Sugary Kefir
• Antimicrobial Activity of Broth Fermented with Kefir Grains
• Microbial Species Diversity, Community Dynamics, and Metabolite Kinetics of Water Kefir Fermentation
• The Buffer Capacity and Calcium Concentration of Water Influence the Microbial Species Diversity, Grain Growth, and Metabolite Production During Water Kefir Fermentation
• Pollution Abatement of Heavy Metals in Different Conditions by Water Kefir Grains as a Protective Tool against Toxicity
• Quantitative insights on the interaction between metal ions and water kefir grains: kinetics studies and EPR investigations

References

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