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{{short description|Earthwork or mound intended to support a structure or activity}}File:Chromesun kincaid site 01.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Kincaid site in Massac County, Illinois, showing platform mounds. Illustration by artist Herb RoeHerb RoeA platform mound is any earthwork or mound intended to support a structure or activity. It typically refers to a flat-topped mound, whose sides may be pyramidal.

Eastern North America

(File:Mississippian culture mound components HRoe 2011.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A diagram showing the various components of Eastern North American indigenous ceremonial substructure mounds)File:15 30 186 ocamulgee.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Temple Mound at Ocmulgee National MonumentOcmulgee National MonumentThe indigenous peoples of North America built substructure mounds for well over a thousand years, starting in the Archaic period and continuing through the Woodland period. Many different archaeological cultures (Poverty Point culture, Troyville culture, Coles Creek culture, Plaquemine culture and Mississippian culture) of North Americas Eastern Woodlands are specifically well known for using platform mounds as a central aspect of their overarching religious practices and beliefs. These platform mounds are usually four-sided truncated pyramids, steeply sided, with steps built of wooden logs ascending one side of the earthworks. When Europeans first arrived in North America, the peoples of the Mississippian culture were still using and building platform mounds. Documented uses for Mississippian platform mounds include semi-public chief’s house platforms, public temple platforms, mortuary platforms, charnel house platforms, earth lodge/town house platforms, residence platforms, square ground and rotunda platforms, and dance platforms.JOURNAL, Owen Lindauer, John H. Blitz,anthropology.ua.edu/reprints/18.pdf, 2011-11-02, Journal of Archaeological Research, 5, 2, 1997, Higher Ground: The Archaeology of North American Platform Mounds, Many of the mounds were the result of multiple episodes of mound construction, with the mound becoming larger with each event. The site of a mound was usually a site with special significance, either a pre-existing mortuary site or civic structure. This site was covered with a layer of basket-transported soil and clay known as mound fill, and a new structure constructed on its summit. At periodic intervals, averaged about twenty years, these structures would be removed, possibly ritually destroyed as part of renewal ceremonies, and a new layer of fill added, along with a new structure on the now higher summit. Sometimes the surface of the mounds would get a several inches thick coat of brightly colored clay.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=3JH-TPFjLk4C&q=construction+of+platform+mounds&pg=PA741, Handbook of North American Indians : Southeast, Raymond Fogelson, Smithsonian Institution, September 20, 2004, 978-0-16-072300-1, 741, JOURNAL, Florida Anthropologist, The Etowah Site, Mound C :Barlow County, Georgia, Henry van der Schalie, Paul W. Parmalee, 8, September 1960, 37–39,ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00135/1j, These layers also incorporated layers of different kinds of clay, soil and sod, an elaborate engineering technique to forestall slumping of the mounds and to ensure their steep sides did not collapse. This pattern could be repeated many times during the life of a site.WEB,projectpast.org/gvogel/Cavanaugh/mounds.htm, Cavanaugh : A Late Prehistoric Platform Mound in Western Arkansas, Gregory Vogel, 2011-10-26, dead,projectpast.org/gvogel/Cavanaugh/mounds.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20120415174449projectpast.org/gvogel/Cavanaugh/mounds.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20120415174449projectpast.org/gvogel/Cavanaugh/mounds.htm, 2012-04-15, The large amounts of fill needed for the mounds left large holes in the landscape now known by archaeologists as “borrow pits”. These pits were sometimes left to fill with water and stocked with fish.WEB, Alabama Archaeology: Prehistoric Alabama,bama.ua.edu/~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/mississippian.htm, 2011-10-26, dead,bama.ua.edu/~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/mississippian.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20111223214303bama.ua.edu/~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/mississippian.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20111223214303bama.ua.edu/~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/mississippian.htm, 2011-12-23, Some mounds were developed with separate levels (or terraces) and aprons, such as Emerald Mound, which is one large terrace with two smaller mounds on its summit; or Monks Mound, which has four separate levels and stands close to {{convert|100|ft|m}} in height. Monks Mound had at least ten separate periods of mound construction over a 200-year period. Some of the terraces and aprons on the mound seem to have been added to stop slumping of the enormous mound.JOURNAL, Skele, Mike,archive.org/details/greatknobinterpr0000skel/page/102, The Great Knob, Studies in Illinois Archaeology, 4, Springfield, Illinois, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, 1988, 978-0-942579-03-1, 102–103, Although the mounds were primarily meant as substructure mounds for buildings or activities, sometimes burials did occur there. Intrusive burials occurred when a grave was dug into a mound and the body or a bundle of defleshed, disarticulated bones was deposited into it. Mound C at Etowah has been found to have more than 100 intrusive burials into the final layer of the mound, with many grave goods added, such as Mississippian copper plates (Etowah plates), monolithic stone axes, ceremonial pottery and carved whelk shell gorgets. Also interred in this mound was a paired set of white marble Mississippian stone statues.

Interpretations

A long-standing interpretation of Mississippian mounds comes from Vernon James Knight, who stated that the Mississippian platform mounds were one of the three “sacra”, or objects of sacred display, of the Mississippian religion – also see Earth/fertility cult and Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. He based his theory on analogy to ethnographic and historic data on related Native American tribal groups in the Southeastern United States.Knight suggests a microcosmic ritual organization based around a “native earth” autochthony, agriculture, fertility, and purification scheme, in which mounds and the site layout replicate cosmology. Mound rebuilding episodes are construed as rituals of burial and renewal, while the four-sided construction acts to replicate the flat earth and the four quarters of the earth.THESIS, Knight, Vernon J. Jr., 1981, Mississippian Ritual, Ph.D., University of Florida, JOURNAL, Knight, Vernon J. Jr., 1986, The Institutional Organization of Mississippian Religion, American Antiquity, 51, 4, 675–687, 10.2307/280859, 280859, 126495746,

Platform mounds - other cultures

The use of platform mounds is documented elsewhere in the world, including:

• in Mesoamerica, the Olmec and other groups - see Mesoamerican pyramids
• the Norte Chico
• the Hohokam
• in periods of Ancient China - see Chinese pyramids

See also

• Artificial dwelling hill

References

{{reflist}}

External links

• JOURNAL,www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/35-1/Rice.pdf, Platform mounds in the Arizona Desert, Expedition, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 35, 1, 1993, Rice, Glenn, Redman, Charles,
• THESIS, Pursell, Corin, Masters, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2004,siu.academia.edu/CorinPursell/Papers/502312/Geographic_distribution_and_symbolism_of_colored_mound_architecture_in_the_Mississippian_Southeast, Geographic distribution and symbolism of colored mound architecture in the Mississippian Southeast,
• THESIS,ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/09/73/79/00001/mississippiancap00paynrich.pdf, Mississippian capitals : an archaeological investigation of Precolumbian political structure, Payne, Claudine, Doctoral, University of Florida, 1994,
• JOURNAL,anthropology.ua.edu/reprints/13.pdf, John H. Blitz, American Antiquity, Sociopolitical implications of Mississippian mound volume, Patrick Livingood,
• THESIS, Raised ground, Razed structure :Ceramic chronology, occupation and chiefly authority on Mound P at Moundville, Steven Porth,rla.unc.edu/Mdvlfiles/ma/Porth%202011%20MA.pdf, Masters, 11–12,
• BOOK,archive.org/details/cahokiamirrorofc0000chap/page/51, Kitt Chappell, Sally A., Cahokia : Mirror of the Cosmos, 2002, 978-0-226-10136-1, 51–65, registration,

{{Coles Creek and Plum Bayou cultures}}{{Mississippian and related cultures}}{{Pre-Columbian North America}}{{Pre-Columbian}}{{Native american styles}}