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{{short description|Floor plan that makes use of large open spaces}}(File:OpenPlanRedBalloon1.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The team-oriented “bullpen”, an example of open plan in use)File:Sea-of-cubicles-2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A sea of cubiclessea of cubiclesFile:office-landscape-plan.jpg|thumb|250px|right|An office landscapeoffice landscape(File:Verisure information technology department at Châtenay-Malabry - 2019-01-10.jpg|thumb|250px|right|An information technology department in a French company in 2019)Open plan is the generic term used in architectural and interior design for any floor plan that makes use of large, open spaces and minimizes the use of small, enclosed rooms such as private offices. The term can also refer to landscaping of housing estates, business parks, etc., in which there are no defined property boundaries, such as hedges, fences, or walls.Open-plan office designs (e.g., tables with no visual barriers) reduce short-term building costs, compared to cubicles or private offices, but result in persistently lower productivity, dramatically fewer face-to-face interactions among staff, and a higher number of sick days.JOURNAL, Bodin Danielsson, Christina, Chungkham, Holendro Singh, Wulff, Cornelia, Westerlund, Hugo, 2014-02-01, Office design’s impact on sick leave rates,www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00140139.2013.871064, Ergonomics, en, 57, 2, 139–147, 10.1080/00140139.2013.871064, 24460745, 0014-0139, An open office plan may have permanently assigned spaces at a table, or it may be used as a flex space or hot desking program.In residential design, open plan or open concept (the term used mainly in Canada)Definition of open-concept at Dictionary.com describes the elimination of barriers such as walls and doors that traditionally separated distinct functional areas, such as combining the kitchen, living room, and dining room into a single great room.

Homes

Many pre-industrial homes were huts that consisted of a single room, but this was usually small. Already in the Middle Ages, however, there were some single-room hearth-heated hall houses, for example in England, that were large enough so they could develop into multi-room houses. Multi-room houses however didn’t become popular until later when the country industrialized, as a result of which more people could afford them.In the 1880s,{{clarify|in England?|date=December 2019}} small public rooms of the home with specific functions began to be replaced by larger rooms that fulfilled multiple uses, but kitchens, bedrooms, and bathrooms remained enclosed private spaces.BOOK, Ward, Peter, A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home,books.google.com/books?id=1Hl7qIzfs0oC&pg=PA37, 1 June 2014, 2011-01-01, UBC Press, 9780774841825, 37–, Larger rooms were made possible by advances in centralized heating that allowed larger spaces to be kept at comfortable temperatures.Frank Lloyd Wright was one of the early advocates for open plan design in houses,BOOK, Schwartz, Tony, Gomes, Jean, McCarthy, Catherine, Be Excellent at Anything: The Four Keys To Transforming the Way We Work and,books.google.com/books?id=X77VlJIwrVkC&pg=PA224, 1 June 2014, 2011-02-01, Simon and Schuster, 9781451639452, 224–, expanding on the ideas of Charles and Henry Greene and shingle style architecture.JOURNAL, Breaking Down Walls, Old-House Journal, Elliott, Lynn,books.google.com/books?id=fuAAoicT8rkC&pg=PA50, 1 June 2014, May–June 2002, Active Interest Media, Inc., 50–53, Wright’s designs were based on a centralized kitchen open to other public spaces of the home where the housewife could be “more hostess ‘officio’, operating in gracious relation to her home, instead of being a kitchen mechanic behind closed doors.“BOOK, Schoenauer, Norbert, 6,000 Years of Housing,books.google.com/books?id=AutEEtg5FM4C&pg=PA384, 1 June 2014, 2003-06-24, W.W. Norton, 9780393731200, 384–, Not having a dividing wall between the kitchen and a combined living-dining room became more popular especially in the United States in the 1970s.A home with this type of layout has one or more large, open rooms that function as multiple rooms within a single living space. The most common design is a great room that combines the kitchen, dining room, and living room into one shared space. Such floor plans usually work well in homes with a smaller area, while larger homes have more leeway to work with{{clarify|date=December 2019}} when integrating great rooms into a floor plan.WEB,www.casedesign.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-open-floor-plans/, The Pros and Cons of Open Floor Plans | Case Design/Remodeling, 3 April 2012, The removal of interior walls increases views and allows sunlight from windows in the exterior walls to spread throughout the house.In the late 2010s, the open plan design became less common. Complaints about open plan designs include that they make it more difficult for different people to engage in different activities and make it difficult to hide clutter or a dirty kitchen.WEB,www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/06/miss-walls-cry-for-help-from-woman-living-home-with-open-floor-plan/qLl9QX8REvsQ5gKmaeCvFL/story.html, People in open-concept homes are realizing the walls were there for a reason, The Boston Globe, Walls are useful to contain noise and smells and to provide privacy, and small rooms are more efficient to heat and cool (especially when kitchen appliances are in use).The Case for Rooms A follow-on trend among relatively wealthy homeowners is to build a second “mess kitchen” where the actual activity of food preparation takes place, while entertaining happens in a clean kitchen that is part of the open concept space.WEB,www.housebeautiful.co.uk/decorate/kitchen/news/a134/the-new-home-trend-two-kitchens/, The new home trend: two kitchens, August 14, 2014, House Beautiful,

Office spaces

Development of open-plan workspace types

Prior to the 1950s open-plan offices mostly consisted of large regular rows of desks or benches where clerks, typists, or technicians performed repetitive tasks.Duffy, F. (1997). The new office. London Conran Octopus Such designs were rooted in the work of industrial engineers or efficiency experts such as Frederick Winslow Taylor and Henry Ford. In the 1950s a German team named Quickborner developed the office landscape, which used conventional furniture, curved screens, large potted plants, and organic geometry to create work groups on large, open floors. Office landscape was quickly supplanted by office-furniture companies which developed cubicles based on panel-hung or systems furniture. Many terms (mostly derisive) have been used over time for offices using the old-style, large arrays of open cubicles.An increase in knowledge work and the emergence of mobile technology during the late 20th-century led to an evolution in open-plan offices.Gillen, N. M. (2006). “The Future Workplace, Opportunities, Realities and Myths: A Practical Approach to Creating Meaningful Environments.” In J. Worthington (Ed.), Reinventing the Workplace (2nd ed., pp. 61–78). Oxford: Architectural Press.Davis, M. C., Leach, D. J., & Clegg, C. W. (2011). “The Physical Environment of the Office: Contemporary and Emerging Issues.” In G. P. Hodgkinson & J. K. Ford (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 26, pp. 193–235). Chichester, UK: Wiley. {{doi|10.1002/9781119992592.ch6}} Some companies experimented with designs that provided a mix of cubicles, open workstations, private offices, and group workstations. In some cases, these are not assigned to one particular individual, but are available to any employee of the company on either a reservable or “drop-in” (first come, first served) basis. Terms for this strategy include hoteling, “alternative officing“WEB,instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/dea453_653/01students/zach_jason/, Cornell study, and “hot desking”.Michael Bloomberg used a team-oriented bullpen style – where employees can see and hear each other freely, but desks are grouped into teams – at his media company Bloomberg L.P. and for his staff while Mayor of New York CityNagourney, Adam. “Bloomberg Vows to Work at Center of Things”, New York Times (in office: 2002–2013).

Evaluation

A systematic survey of research upon the effects of open-plan offices found frequent negative effects in some traditional workplaces: high levels of noise, stress, conflict, high blood pressure and a high staff turnover.{{citation|url=www.news.qut.edu.au/cgi-bin/WebObjects/News.woa/wa/goNewsPage?newsEventID=23175 |title= Why your office could be making you sick |author= Vinesh Oommen |work= Asia-Pacific Journal of Health Management |date= 13 Jan 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url=www.news.qut.edu.au/cgi-bin/WebObjects/News.woa/wa/goNewsPage?newsEventID=23175" title="web.archive.org/web/20090218071604www.news.qut.edu.au/cgi-bin/WebObjects/News.woa/wa/goNewsPage?newsEventID=23175">web.archive.org/web/20090218071604www.news.qut.edu.au/cgi-bin/WebObjects/News.woa/wa/goNewsPage?newsEventID=23175 |archive-date= February 18, 2009 }}WEB,insciences.org/article.php?article_id=1363, Why your office could be making you sick: study, Vinesh Oommen, Asia-Pacific Journal of Health Management, 2015-11-11, 2016-01-21,insciences.org/article.php?article_id=1363," title="web.archive.org/web/20160121082734insciences.org/article.php?article_id=1363,">web.archive.org/web/20160121082734insciences.org/article.php?article_id=1363, dead, The noise level in open-plan offices greatly reduces productivity. Productivity in an open-office plan has been estimated to be one-third what the same workers would achieve in quiet rooms.WEB,www.ted.com/talks/julian_treasure_the_4_ways_sound_affects_us/transcript?language=en, The 4 ways sound affects us, Treasure, Julian, TED.com, TED Talks, 16 October 2009, TED, 2015-06-16, You are one third as productive in open-plan offices as in quiet rooms., , Some design goals of open plan offices include letting everyone see what everyone else is doing at any given moment, reducing information silos by letting everyone overhear what everyone else is saying, and flattening organizational hierarchies.WEB,www.adventureassoc.com/open-office-plans-the-advantages-disadvantages-and-research/, Open Office Plans: Advantages, Disadvantages, & Research, June 4, 2015, Adventure Associates, Although promoted as a way to encourage collaboration, speed decision-making, and increase the group’s collective intelligence, open-plan offices result in a dramatic reduction in face-to-face interactions, as employees turn to digital communication, such as sending e-mail messages.JOURNAL, Bernstein, Ethan S., Turban, Stephen, 2018-08-19, The impact of the ‘open’ workspace on human collaboration, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, en, 373, 1753, 20170239, 10.1098/rstb.2017.0239, 0962-8436, 6030579, 29967303, Open-plan offices have frequently been found to reduce the confidential or private conversations which employees engage in, and to reduce job satisfaction, concentration and performance, whilst increasing auditory and visual distractions.JOURNAL, Kim, Jungsoo, de Dear, Richard, Workspace satisfaction: The privacy-communication trade-off in open-plan offices, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2013, 36, 18–26, 10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.06.007, 18616604,escholarship.org/content/qt2gq017pb/qt2gq017pb.pdf?t=nx704p, JOURNAL, Elsbach, K. D., Pratt, M. G., 2007, Chapter 4: The Physical Environment in Organizations,escholarship.org/uc/item/9kx9p8hg, The Academy of Management Annals

issue = 1

doi=10.1080/078559809, Open-plan offices elevate the risk of employees needing to take time off for sickness.JOURNAL, Mauss, Daniel, Jarczok, Marc N., Genser, Bernd, Herr, Raphael, 2022-06-09, Association of open-plan offices and sick leave - a systematic review and meta-analysis, Industrial Health, 61, 3, 173–183, 10.2486/indhealth.2022-0053, 1880-8026, 35675991, 10269830, free, JOURNAL, Bodin Danielsson, Christina, Chungkham, Holendro Singh, Wulff, Cornelia, Westerlund, Hugo, Office design’s impact on sick leave rates, Ergonomics, 2014, 57, 2, 139–147, 10.1080/00140139.2013.871064, 24460745, 20019920, The more people working in a single room, the more sick time is needed. People who work in open-office plans containing more than six people take over 160% as many sick days as those who work in private offices.JOURNAL, Pejtersen, Jan H, Feveile, Helene, Christensen, Karl B, Burr, Hermann, September 2011, Sickness absence associated with shared and open-plan offices – a national cross sectional questionnaire survey,www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3167, Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, en, 37, 5, 376–382, 10.5271/sjweh.3167, 21528171, 0355-3140, free, Different plans have slightly different risks; for example, men working in a flex space have a significantly increased risk for short-term illnesses (e.g., the common cold or influenza). Easily spread respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 may militate against working in open-plan offices.NEWS, Richtel, Matt, Matt Richtel, Goodbye open plan, hello cubicles: What will offices look like after Covid-19?,www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/health-family/goodbye-open-plan-hello-cubicles-what-will-offices-look-like-after-covid-19-1.4245483, The Irish Times, 7 May 2020, 28 May 2020, Some negative aspects of open plan offices can be addressed with interior design, such as establishing separate places for face-to-face discussions or using materials that absorb noise.JOURNAL , The Rise of Office Design in High-Performance, Open-Plan Environments , March 28, 2019, Buildings, 100, 9, 100 , 10.3390/buildings9040100, Candido C., Chakraborty P. , Tjondronegoro D., free , The majority of papers found in this Scopus search point to several shortcomings of open-plan offices, sometimes suggesting solutions to address dissatisfaction.

hdl-access=free, References {{reflist}}