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neogrammarian
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{{Short description|School of German historical linguists}}The Neogrammarians (, {{IPA-de|ËjÊÅÉ¡ÊaËmatɪkÉ|pron|De-Junggrammatiker.ogg}}, {{Literal translation|young grammarians}}) were a German school of linguists, originally at the University of Leipzig, in the late 19th century who proposed the Neogrammarian hypothesis of the regularity of sound change.{{Citation |last=Clackson |first=James |title=Methodology in Linguistic Subgrouping |date=2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/indoeuropean-language-family/methodology-in-linguistic-subgrouping/0397257B6912B8708F1AB073EF45B472 |work=The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective |pages=18â32 |editor-last=Olander |editor-first=Thomas |access-date=2023-12-12 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49979-8}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Overview
According to the Neogrammarian hypothesis, a diachronic sound change affects simultaneously all words in which its environment is met, without exception. Verner's law is a famous example of the Neogrammarian hypothesis, as it resolved an apparent exception to Grimm's law. The Neogrammarian hypothesis was the first hypothesis of sound change to attempt to follow the principle of falsifiability according to scientific method.Subsequent researchers have questioned this hypothesis from two perspectives. First, adherents of lexical diffusion (where a sound change affects only a few words at first and then gradually spreads to other words) believe that some words undergo changes before others. Second, some believe that it is possible for sound changes to observe grammatical conditioning. Nonetheless, both of these challenges to exceptionlessness remain controversial, and many investigators continue to adhere to the Neogrammarian doctrine.{{efn|For a discussion and rejection of grammatical conditioning see JOURNAL, Hill, Nathan W., 2014,weblink Grammatically conditioned sound change, Language and Linguistics Compass, 8, 6, 211â229, 10.1111/lnc3.12073, 19324261, }}Other contributions of the Neogrammarians to general linguistics were:- The object of linguistic investigation is not the language system, but rather the idiolect, that is, language as it is localized in the individual, and therefore is directly observable.
- Autonomy of the sound level: being the most observable aspect of language, the sound level is seen as the most important level of description, and absolute autonomy of the sound level from syntax and semantics is assumed.
- Historicism: the chief goal of linguistic investigation is the description of the historical change of a language.
- Analogy: if the premise of the inviolability of sound laws fails, analogy can be applied as an explanation if plausible. Thus, exceptions are understood to be a (regular) adaptation to a related form.
- Otto Behaghel (1854â1936)
- Wilhelm Braune (1850â1926)
- Karl Brugmann (1849â1919)
- Berthold Delbrück (1842â1922)
- August Leskien (1840â1916)
- Adolf Noreen (1854â1925)
- Hermann Osthoff (1847â1909)
- Hermann Paul (1846â1921)
- Eduard Sievers (1850â1932)
Notes
{{notelist}}Further reading
- Hermann Paul: Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte. (1880).
- Jankowsky, Kurt R. (1972). The neogrammarians. A re-evaluation of their place in the development of linguistic science. The Hague, Mouton.
- Karl Brugmann und Bertold Delbrück: Grundrià der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. (1897â1916).
- JOURNAL, Vorwort, Preface, Hermann, Osthoff, Karl, Brugmann, Morphologische Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen, 1, 1878, iiiâxx,weblink (the "Neogrammarian manifesto", written by Brugmann)
- Hugo Schuchardt: "", in ., ed. Leo Spitzer. Halle (Saale) 1922.
- Harald Wiese: Eine Zeitreise zu den Ursprüngen unserer Sprache. Wie die Indogermanistik unsere Wörter erklärt, Logos Verlag Berlin, 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-8325-1601-7}}.
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