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{{Short description|Phrase in Nazi Germany}}{{use dmy dates |date=December 2021}}{{Distinguish|Wrongful life|Wrongful birth}}File:EuthanasiePropaganda.jpg|thumb|200px|This poster (published in the NSDAP’s Office of Racial Policy’s monthly magazine Neues Volk around 1938) urges support for Nazi eugenics to control the public expense of sustaining people with genetic disorders. The poster says: “This person who suffers a hereditary disease has a lifelong cost of 60,000 Reichsmarks to the National Community. Fellow German, that is your money as well.”]]{{The Holocaust sidebar}}The phrase ”life unworthy of life” () was a Nazi designation for the segments of the populace which, according to the Nazi regime, had no right to live. Those individuals were targeted to be murdered by the state (“euthanized“), usually through the compulsion or deception of their caretakers. The term included people with serious medical problems and those considered grossly inferior according to the racial policy of Nazi Germany. This concept formed an important component of the ideology of Nazism and eventually helped lead to the Holocaust. It is similar to but more restrictive than the concept of Untermensch, subhumans, as not all “subhumans” were considered unworthy of life (Slavs, for instance, were deemed useful for slave labor.).The “euthanasia” program was officially adopted in 1939 and came through the personal decision of Adolf Hitler. It grew in extent and scope from Aktion T4 (which ended officially in 1941 when public protests stopped the program), through the Aktion 14f13 against concentration camp inmates.BOOK, Ley, Astrid, “Euthanasie” und Holocaust, 2021, Brill Schöningh, 195–210,brill.com/display/book/9783657791880/BP000015.xml, 31 October 2023, The “euthanasia” of certain cultural and religious groups and those with physical and mental disabilities continued more discreetly until the end of World War II. The methods used initially at German hospitals such as lethal injections and bottled gas poisoning were expanded to form the basis for the creation of extermination camps where cyanide gas chambers were purpose-built to facilitate the extermination of the Jews, Romani, communists, anarchists, and political dissidents.{{rp|page=31}}Henry Friedlander (1995), BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC&q=%22richard+jenne%22&pg=PA163, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution, September 1997, University of North Carolina Press, 163, 9780807846759, BOOK, Evans, Suzanne E.,books.google.com/books?id=cANnAAAAMAAJ&q=Richard+Jenne, Forgotten crimes: the Holocaust and people with disabilities, January 2004, 1566635659, 93, Historians estimate that 200,000 to 300,000 people were murdered under this program in Germany and occupied Europe.WEB, Exhibition catalogue in German and English,www.stiftung-denkmal.de/fileadmin/user_upload/projekte/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/pdf/T4_Flyer_2015_EN_Web.pdf, Memorial for the Victims of National Socialist ›Euthanasia‹ Killings, Berlin, Germany, 2018, WEB, Euthanasia Program,www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206303.pdf, Yad Vashem, 2018, WEB, Remembering the ‘forgotten victims’ of Nazi ‘euthanasia’ murders,www.dw.com/en/remembering-the-forgotten-victims-of-nazi-euthanasia-murders/a-37286088, Jefferson, Chase, Deutsche Welle, 26 January 2017, {{efn|As many as 100,000 people may have been killed directly as part of Aktion T-4. Mass euthanasia killings were also carried out in the Eastern European countries and territories Nazi Germany conquered during the war. Categories are fluid and no definitive figure can be assigned but historians put the total number of victims at around 300,000.}}

History

The expression first appeared in print via the title of a 1920 book, Die Freigabe der Vernichtung Lebensunwerten Lebens (Allowing the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Life) by two professors, the jurist Karl Binding (retired from the University of Leipzig) and psychiatrist Alfred Hoche from the University of Freiburg.Cover of Die Freigabe der Vernichtung Lebensunwerten Lebens (Allowing the Destruction of Life Unworthy of Life) (:de:Datei:BindingHoche FreigabeCoverAufl22.jpg|at German Pseudopedia). According to Hoche, some living people who were brain damaged, intellectually disabled and psychiatrically ill were “mentally dead”, “human ballast” and “empty shells of human beings”. Hoche believed that killing such people was useful. Some people were simply considered disposable.Dr S D Stein, www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/mord.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20130310151949www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/mord.htm">“Life Unworthy of Life” and other Medical Killing Programmes. UWE Faculty of Humanities, Languages, and Social Science – via Internet Archive. Later the killing was extended to people considered ‘racially impure’ or ‘racially inferior’ according to Nazi thinking.The concept culminated in Nazi extermination camps, instituted to systematically murder those who were unworthy to live according to Nazi ideologists. It also justified various human experimentation and eugenics programs, as well as Nazi racial policies.

Development of the concept

According to the author of Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton, the policy went through a number of iterations and modifications:

See also

• Aktion T4
• Nazi concentration camp badges
• Holocaust victims
• Department of Film (Nazi Germany)
• Glossary of Nazi Germany: Useless eaters
• Nazi eugenics
• Nazism and race
• Sagamihara stabbings
• Social cleansing
• Am Spiegelgrund clinic

References

Notes

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External links

• www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/mord.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20130310151949www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/mord.htm">“Life Unworthy of Life” and other Medical Killing Programmes by Dr. Stuart D. Stein, University of the West of England
• Contemporary English translation of “Allowing the Destruction of Life Unworthy of life” by Dr. Cristina Modak
• German text online of Die Freigabe der Vernichtung Lebensunwerten Lebens

{{World War II}}